THE MAP OF MYANMAR

SIGNIFICANT GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES

Myanmar, a country located in Southeast Asia, is characterized by a diverse range of
geographical features. Here are some significant ones and its own significance in
Myanmar:
1. Ayeyarwady River (Irrawaddy): is the longest river in Myanmar, flowing from north to
south through the center of the country. The Ayeyarwady River is significant for
Myanmar's transportation, economy, and culture. It serves as a major navigable
waterway, facilitating the movement of goods and people. The river also supports
 agriculture through irrigation, contributing to the country's food production. Culturally, it
has played a central role in the lives of the people living along its banks for centuries.

2. Shan Plateau: situated in the eastern part of Myanmar, is a highland region, it is

significant for its scenic beauty, cultural diversity, and agricultural productivity. The region
is known for its picturesque landscapes, including terraced fields and serene lakes. It is
home to the Shan ethnic group, and its towns and cities offer insights into their unique
traditions, arts, and architecture. The plateau's fertile valleys support agriculture and
contribute to the country's food supply.

3. Rakhine Mountains: Located in western Myanmar, these mountains form a mountain

range along the coast of the Bay of Bengal. Rakhine mountains are significant for their
natural beauty, biodiversity, and historical heritage. They provide a habitat for a variety of
plant and animal species, including some that are endemic to the region. The mountains
also house archaeological sites and ancient temples, such as those in Mrauk U, which
reflect the rich historical and cultural heritage of Myanmar.

4. Tenasserim Hills: Stretching along the southeastern coast of Myanmar, the Tenasserim
Hills form a mountain range that separates Myanmar from Thailand these hills are
significant for their ecological importance and unique biodiversity. The dense forests in
this region support a wide array of plant and animal species, including some endangered
and endemic ones. The hills also influence weather patterns and provide natural
resources to the surrounding communities.

5. Inle Lake: is a freshwater lake located in the Shan State. Inle Lake is significant for its
ecological value, cultural heritage, and tourism. The lake is known for its floating
gardens, traditional fishing techniques, and stilt-house villages, which are unique to the
region. It supports a diverse ecosystem and is a habitat for various species. Inle Lake
attracts tourists who come to experience its natural beauty and learn about the local
culture.

6. Mandalay Hill: is a prominent landmark located in the city of Mandalay. Mandalay Hill is
significant for its religious and cultural importance. The hill is crowned with pagodas and
monasteries, making it a significant pilgrimage site for Buddhists. It offers panoramic
views of the surrounding region and has historical and spiritual significance for the
people of Myanmar.

These geographical features contribute to the natural beauty, cultural diversity, and economic
activities of Myanmar, making them significant in their respective ways.
I. PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD OR EARLY SETTLERS
During the various prehistoric periods in Myanmar, the region was inhabited by several groups
of early humans. While specific details about their clothing and way of living can be speculative,
we can make some general observations based on archaeological evidence and studies of
similar societies from other regions during those time periods:
Prehistoric Period: The earliest human settlers in Myanmar during the prehistoric period would
have been hunter-gatherers. They likely wore clothing made from animal hides and furs, using
them for warmth and protection. Their way of living would have been nomadic, following herds
of animals and gathering wild plants for food.
 Paleolithic Period: In the Paleolithic period, which extends from around 2.6 million years ago
to about 10,000 years ago, humans in Myanmar would have continued to rely on hunting and
gathering for survival. Clothing during this time would have been similar to the prehistoric
period, consisting of simple garments made from animal hides and furs. They would have lived
in small, mobile groups, moving frequently to find food and other resources.
Neolithic Period: The Neolithic period, which began around 12,000 years ago in some parts of
the world, saw the development of agriculture and the domestication of animals. In Myanmar,
early Neolithic societies would have started practicing agriculture, possibly growing crops such
as rice and millet. Clothing during this time may have become more sophisticated, with the use
of woven textiles made from plant fibers like cotton and hemp, in addition to animal hides.
Settlements would have become more permanent as people established villages and began to
cultivate the land.
Bronze Age: The Bronze Age in Myanmar, which roughly corresponds to the period from
around 1500 BCE to 600 BCE, saw further advancements in technology and social
organization. Bronze tools and weapons became more prevalent, indicating increased trade and
contact with other societies. Clothing during this time may have included more elaborate
garments made from woven textiles, possibly dyed with natural pigments. Communities would
have grown larger and more complex, with specialized roles emerging within society.
Overall, throughout these various periods, the dress and way of living of the early human
settlers in Myanmar would have been shaped by their environment, available resources, and
technological advancements. While specific details may vary, the general patterns of hunter-
gatherer lifestyles transitioning to settled agricultural societies would likely be applicable to the
region.

II. SUBSISTENCE STRATEGIES

Myanmar is an agricultural country. The agriculture sector accounts for 34 percent of its gross
domestic product (GDP) and 15.4 percent of total export earnings. It also employs 61.2 percent
of the total labor force.
The evolution of the Burmese people with their agriculture is a dynamic and complex process
that has unfolded over thousands of years. The interaction between the people, their culture,
and the agricultural practices has been influenced by historical, environmental, and socio-
economic factors. Here's a chronological overview of the evolution of the Burmese people with
their agriculture:
Early settlement and foraging (Prehistoric Period)
-Indigenous people in the region engaged in foraging, hunting, and simple forms of
agriculture. However, they experiment in cultivating plants.
Neolithic Transition and Shifting Cultivation
-There was a shift towards settled agriculture, marked by the practice of shifting
cultivation or slash-and-burn agriculture.
 Slash-and-burn—the existing vegetation is cutdown and burned off before
new seeds are sown.
—for the purpose of clearing forest land for farming
-Communities cleared small areas of land, cultivated crops for a few seasons, and
then moved to new plots to allow the land to regenerate.
Development of Wet Rice Cultivation (Ancient Period)
-The transition to wet rice cultivation marked a significant advancement. Ancient
civilizations such as the Pyu and Mon developed sophisticated irrigation systems.
- Terrace farming and the use of water buffaloes for plowing became integral to
rice cultivation.
Cultural Influences and Kingdoms
-The growth of kingdoms, such as the Mon, Pyu, and Bagan Empire, played a
crucial role in shaping agricultural practices.
-they cultivated wet rice, developed irrigation systems, canals, and reservoirs.
Colonial Period and Cash Crops (1824-1948)
-British rule had a profound impact on Burmese agriculture. Cash crops like teak,
rice, and rubber became major exports.
Cash crops—agricultural crops grown to generate income Post-Independence.
Period and Agrarian Reforms
-1948—independence of Myanmar underwent agrarian reforms, including land
redistribution and nationalization of certain sectors.
- These reforms aimed to address issues of land inequality and improve
agricultural productivity.
Modernization and Mechanized Agriculture (20th Century)
-The use of machinery, chemical fertilizers, and improved farming techniques aimed
to increase agricultural efficiency.
-Globalization and Technology transfer
Sustainable Agriculture and Conservative Efforts (Contemporary Periods)
-There has been a growing awareness of the need for sustainable agriculture and
conservation efforts.
- Initiatives promoting organic farming, agroforestry, and environmental
conservation aim to balance agricultural production with ecological sustainability
III. ETHNICITY OR RACE
THE MAJOR ETHNIC GROUP IN MYANMAR is:
>The Bamar, also known as the Burmese. They make up the largest portion of the population,
accounting for about two-thirds of the country's total population. It was the ruling majority ethnic
group that gave the country its name. The Bamar people have a rich history and have played a
significant role in shaping the culture, language, and politics of Myanmar.
The Bamar people have their own language, Burmese, which is the official language of
Myanmar. They predominantly practice Theravada Buddhism, which is the dominant religion in
the country.
Throughout history, the Bamar people have established powerful kingdoms and empires, such
as the Pagan Kingdom (9th to 13th centuries) and the Konbaung Dynasty (18th to 19th
centuries). These kingdoms expanded their territories, promoted Buddhism, and left behind
impressive architectural and cultural legacies.
The Bamar people have also been involved in various political movements and struggles for
independence and democracy in Myanmar. Notable figures like Aung San Suu Kyi, a Nobel
Peace Prize laureate, have emerged from the Bamar community and have played significant
roles in shaping the country's political landscape.

SIGNIFICANT MINORITY ETHNIC GROUPS OF MYANMAR AND WHAT WERE THEY LIKE:
• The Shan ethnic group is one of the largest minority groups in Myanmar, residing primarily in
the Shan State. They have their own language and culture, influenced by Theravada Buddhism.
The Shan people have a distinct traditional attire, engage in agriculture and trading, and have a
complex political history. The Shan State is also home to other ethnic groups, contributing to its
cultural richness. Despite facing challenges and conflicts, the Shan people have made
significant contributions to Myanmar's cultural heritage and diversity.
• The Karen ethnic group, also known as the Kayin, is one of the largest minority groups in
Myanmar. They reside primarily in the Karen State and have their own language and culture.
The Karen people have a distinct traditional attire, engage in subsistence farming, and have a
history of struggles for autonomy. They have traditional beliefs and animism, but many have
also adopted Buddhism and Christianity. The Karen people celebrate various festivals
throughout the year, showcasing their rich cultural heritage. Despite challenges, they have
preserved their traditions and maintained a strong sense of community.
• The Rakhine ethnic group, also known as the Arakanese, primarily resides in the Rakhine
State of Myanmar. They have their own language and culture, influenced by Indian, Southeast
Asian, and Burmese traditions. The Rakhine region has a significant historical significance as an
independent kingdom and has strong ties to Theravada Buddhism. The traditional attire of the
Rakhine people is elegant and intricate. They have been historically engaged in industries such
as agriculture, fishing, and maritime trade. The Rakhine people celebrate various festivals
throughout the year, showcasing their rich cultural heritage.
• The Chin ethnic group, also known as the Zo people, primarily resides in the Chin State of
Myanmar, as well as neighboring regions in India and Bangladesh. They have their own
language, which belongs to the Tibeto-Burman language family, and a rich and diverse culture.
The traditional attire of the Chin people is colorful and distinctive, with women wearing a
traditional blouse called "Puan" and men wearing a wraparound skirt called "Lungi." The Chin
people practice various religions, including Christianity, Buddhism, and traditional animist
beliefs. Agriculture, particularly rice cultivation, is the primary livelihood for many Chin people.
They celebrate a range of festivals throughout the year, with the "Chin National Day" being an
important celebration. The Chin people have a traditional governance system known as "Zomi,"
which coexists with the modern administrative structure. They have a strong sense of cultural
identity and have actively participated in political and social movements.
• The Kachin ethnic group primarily resides in the Kachin State of Myanmar, as well as
neighboring regions in China and India. They have their own language, which belongs to the
Tibeto-Burman language family, and a diverse and vibrant culture. The traditional attire of the
Kachin people is colorful and distinctive, with women wearing a traditional dress called "Hkawn"
and men wearing a traditional jacket called "Gaungbaung." The Kachin people practice various
religions, including Christianity, Buddhism, and traditional animist beliefs. Agriculture, particularly
rice cultivation, is the primary livelihood for many Kachin people. They celebrate a range of
festivals throughout the year, with the "Manau Festival" being an important celebration. The
Kachin people have a traditional governance system known as "Duwa," which coexists with the
modern administrative structure. They have a strong sense of cultural identity and have played
a significant role in the history and politics of Myanmar.
• The Mon ethnic group primarily resides in the Mon State of Myanmar and neighboring
regions in Thailand. They have their own language, which belongs to the Mon-Khmer language
family, and a rich history and culture. The Mon culture is known for its distinct traditions,
customs, music, dance, and art forms. They have a strong literary tradition with ancient Mon
scripts and manuscripts. The Mon people have a long history in Southeast Asia and established
powerful city-states and kingdoms. They played significant roles in regional trade and cultural
exchange and were influential in spreading Theravada Buddhism. The majority of Mon people
practice Theravada Buddhism, and religious festivals and ceremonies are widely celebrated.
The traditional attire of the Mon people is elegant and distinctive, with women wearing a
traditional dress called "Htamain" and men wearing a traditional shirt called "Taungshay" and a
sarong-like garment called "Pasoe." Agriculture, including rice cultivation, is the primary
livelihood for many Mon people, and they also engage in fishing, weaving, and other crafts. The
Mon people celebrate various festivals throughout the year, with the "Thingyan Water Festival"
being an important celebration. The Mon people historically had a system of governance based
on city-states and kingdoms, but now have representation within the national political structure.
The Mon people have faced challenges throughout history but have continued to preserve their
cultural heritage and strive for their rights and recognition. It is important to approach the topic
with sensitivity and respect for the diverse perspectives within the Mon community.
• The Kayah, also known as Karenni, are an ethnic group primarily residing in the Kayah State
of Myanmar and neighboring regions. They have their own language, rich culture, and a long
history. The Kayah people value their cultural heritage and have maintained their distinct identity
despite challenges and conflicts. The majority practice Theravada Buddhism, but there are also
those who follow animism. The traditional attire of the Kayah people is colorful and unique.
Agriculture, including traditional farming methods, is a significant part of their livelihood. They
also engage in weaving, pottery, and other crafts. The Kayah people celebrate various festivals
and have a traditional governance system based on village councils and elders. They have
faced challenges related to armed conflicts, displacement, and human rights issues, but
continue to strive for their rights, cultural preservation, and recognition.

IV. ORGANIZING SOCIETY

The formation of groups and societies in Myanmar among the first people was influenced by
geographical, cultural and historical factors.
- EARLY STAGES
They create or organized - Small Groups of Tribe for mutual support, cooperation hunting,
gathering and addressing shared challenges.
Governance - INFORMAL LEADERSHIP they based in skills and experience of a person
or other qualities valued by community.
- AUTONOMOUS VILLAGE
 As population increased, some groups transitioned to the establishment of autonomous
villages, operated with a degree of SELF-GOVERNANCE wherein local leaders or elders played
a role in decision making. Their focus is their communal needs.
- CHIEFDOMS
With further societal development certain groups evolved into chiefdoms. CHIEFDOMS
emerged with centralized authority with chief of headman is the one who presides many
villages.
- CITY STATES AND EMPIRES
Such as: Pyu city-states
Pagan (Bagan) Empire
Governance - These entities had more sophisticated governance structures, including
administrative systems and rulership.
> COLONIAL PERIOD
British colonized Burma in the 19th century
Governance System - was characterized by British Administration.
> INDEPENDENCE AND DEMOCRACY
(Jan 04, 1948) gained their independence, transitioning to a democratic system.
> MILITARY RULE
The military or TATMADAW seized power in a coup in (1962) leading to decades of military
rule.
> TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY
21ST CENTURY - Myanmar underwent a gradual transition towards democratic
governance.
- ELECTIONS were held
> RECENT DEVELOPMENT (2021)
Myanmar experience a military coup, leading to reestablishment of military rule and
detention of political leaders.
 PYU PEOPLE EMPIRE ERA

NANZHOU PEOPLE NEW POLITICS WHEN THEY BECAME INDEPENDENT