The Contemporary World

Module 1: DEFINING GLOBALIZATION
COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES

1. Distinguish different interpretations of and approaches to globalization
2. Describe the emergence of global economic, political, social and cultural systems
3. Analyse the various contemporary drivers of globalization
4. Assess the effects of globalization on different social units and their responses
5. Analyse contemporary news events in the context of globalization
Lesson 1: Definition of Globalization
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. Identify the various definitions of globalization
2. Adopt on a working definition of globalization for the course
DEFINING GLOBALIZATION
The term GLOBALIZATION first appeared in the dictionary in 1940’s. Since then many
thoughts about the term have prospered. Anthony Giddens defines globalizations as the
intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local
happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa. On the other hand,
Immanuel Wallerstein defined globalization as the representation of the triumph of a capitalist
world economy tied together by a global division of labor. Furthermore, Roland Robertson gave
emphasis on globalization as a concept that refers both to the compression of the world and the
intensification of consciousness of the world.
Definitions of globalization can be categorized into two (Aldama, 2018):
 Broad and inclusive – these definitions can include a variety of issues however sometimes
vague.
Ex. globalization means the onset of borderless world
 Narrow and exclusive – they are better justified and more focused but can be limiting.
Ex. globalization trend include internationalizing production, the new international division of
labor ....
Regardless of how the definition of globalization is classified, the term remains complicated
and varied since it has economic, political, and social components. Globalization is an uneven
process, which means that people in different regions of the world are affected in various ways.
Thus, structures that make up globalization have been analyzed and explained by various critics
in diverse, often conflicting ways. In fact, in a comprehensive study of 114 definitions by the
Geneva Center for Security Policy (2006), 67 of them refer to economic dimension. If that is the
case, why is it still necessary to know more about this concept? What role does this play in our
understanding of globalization?
Firstly, the perspective of the person who defines globalization shapes its definition. As a
consequence, depending on one's viewpoint, real initiatives in resolving the challenges brought
by globalization can be taken. If a person sees it as something positive, the person can say that it
is a force that brings people together; or as something negative, it could be deemed as the
reason for the growing disparities between nations.
Secondly, to restate the sociologist Cesare Poppi idea: globalization is the debate and the
debate is globalization. As Poppi (1997) wrote: “The literature stemming from the debate on
globalization has grown in the last decade beyond any individual’s capability of extracting a
workable definition of the concept. In a sense, the meaning of the concept is self-evident, in
another, it is a vague and obscure as its reaches are wide and constantly shifting. Perhaps, more
than any other concept, globalization is the debate about it.”
Thirdly, globalization is a reality that changes as the human society evolves. It has
happened long ago and it is still happening as of the moment and is expected to continue to
happen in the future which is difficult to predict.
From the various competing conceptions of globalizations, there is now a need to come up
with a working definition. A definition that is academic and non-biased as opposed to popular
0|T h e C o n t e m p o r a r y W o r l d
definitions. One that is not based upon neoliberal organizations but something that is grounded
on an interdisciplinary approach.
One objective definition is that of Steger’s (2013): “Globalization refers to the expansion
and intensification of social relations and consciousness across world-time and world-space.”
According to this definition, four core qualities or characteristics can be drawn. First, it entails the
establishment of new social networks as well as the multiplication of existing ones across
traditional political, economic, cultural, and geographic barriers. To illustrate, a Filipino minimum
wage earner may suffer from a slight price hike of basic commodities while his neighbor who
earns above the minimum might not be affected by the said increase. This adjustment in prices
of commodities can be caused by national and international economic and political events. The
second quality of globalization is reflected in the expansion and the stretching of social relations,
activities, and connections. These can be observed in the existence of non-governmental
(NGOs) that operate in the local, regional, and international, setting. For instance, the Philippine
National Red Cross, a humanitarian institution based in Switzerland. Third, globalization involves
the intensification and acceleration of social exchanges and activities. Live telecast and the shift
from snail mail to email and social media are proofs of this attribute. In the early 1990s, some
Filipinos could watch international television shows as soon as they are released. More so, mail
can be sent instantly unlike the mail courier-delivered letters of the 1980s. Fourth, globalization
processes do not occur merely on an objective, material level but they also involve the subjective
plane of human consciousness. Every person is a global citizen because he or she thinks about
the issues of the world. Europeans and Americans used #prayformarawi in social media to show
their concern for the victims of the Marawi City siege in 2017. Another instance is when
teenagers associate themselves with global trends like Twice from the K-Pop culture. They
imitate the way their K-Pop idols dress up, dance, and even talk.
Globalization may be defined and conceptualized from different lenses, but an
interdisciplinary definition is necessary. Thus, a working definition must encompass on all
definitions of notions about globalization. Steger’s definition is the most unbiased working
definition.
METAPHORS OF GLOBALIZATION
We will make use of metaphors to better understand the complexity of globalization.
“Solid” is use as an analogy to describe the epochs before the era of globalization. Similarly,
“liquid” is used to describe the global world. This is to give a clearer picture of the global age and
how it differs from previous epochs.
Prior to the current era of globalization, one may claim that one of the things that
characterized people, things, information, places, and much else was their greater solidity. That
is, all of them tended to be hard or to harden over time, and therefore tend to remain largely in
place. Thus, people either did not travel at all or if they do, they did not travel very far from where
they were born and raised; their social relationships were limited to those who were close. The
same could be said of most objects, which tended to be used where they were produced. The
solidity of most material manifestations of information such as stone tablets, newspapers,
magazines, books, and so on made them at least somewhat difficult to move very far. Moreover,
since people didn't move far, neither did information. Places were not only quite solid and
immoveable, but they tended to confront solid natural (mountains, rivers, oceans) and artificial
(walls, gates) barriers that made it difficult for people and things to exit or to enter. The best
example of this solidity was the construction and maintenance of the Berlin Wall in order to keep
East Berliners in and Western influences out. When the Wall was built, relations between West
and East Berlin were virtually frozen in place – they solidified – and there was relatively little
movement of anything between them.
On the other hand, the definition of
liquidity is opposed to any kind of fixity, be it To explore more, you may also watch:
spatial or temporal. This means that the spatial Globalization explained (explainity® explainer
and temporal dimensions of globalization are video) by explainitychannel
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JJ0nFD19eT8
constantly moving. In which liquid is forever
ready to change whatever shape it might take on
temporarily. This is demonstrated in many areas,
such as foreign trade, investment, and global financial transactions (Knorr Cetina,
1 |T h e C o n t e m p o r a r y W o r l d
2016), the globality of transactions and interactions on the Internet (e.g. Facebook, Twitter
[Axford, 2016]), and the difficulty in halting the global flow of drugs, pornography, organized
crime, and undocumented immigrants. Lastly, and the most important idea to take on is that
liquid tends to melt whatever stands in its path.
Closely related to the idea of liquidity, and integral to it, is another key concept in thinking
about globalization, the idea of flows (Appadurai, 1996; Rey and Ritzer, 2010); after all, liquids
flow easily – far more easily than solids. Because so much of the world has “melted,” or is in the
process of “melting,” and has become liquefied, globalization is increasingly characterized by
great flows of increasingly liquid phenomena of all types, including people, objects, information,
decisions, places, and so on. In many cases, the flows have become raging floods that are
increasingly unlikely to be impeded by, among other things, place‐based barriers of any kind,
including the oceans, mountains, and especially the borders of nation‐states.
ACTIVITY 1
Instruction: Write all your answers in one whole sheet yellow paper. Do not forget to
indicate your full name, program (course), year, and section.
1. Using various resources, search on the different definitions of GLOBALIZATION.

Choose 5 definitions and write it down. Indicate your reference for each definition
using the APA format. (3 points each)
2. Identify whether each definition you have selected is broad and inclusive or narrow
and exclusive. (1 point each)
3. Write the similarities between the 5 definitions you have selected
(words/concepts/phrases/ideas). (10 points)
4. Analyze the similarities and from that synthesize your own definition of
GLOBALIZATION. (5 points)
REFERENCES
Aldama, P. R. (2018). The Contemporary World. Manila: REX Book Store, Inc.
Ariola, M. M. (2018). The Contemporary World. Manila: Unlimited Books Library Services & Publishing Inc.
Altman, Daniel. 2007. Connected: 24 Hours in the Global Economy. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Axford, Barrie. 2016. “Connectivity and Consciousness: How Globalities are Constituted through
Communication Flows.” In Roland Robertson and Didem Buhari‐Gulmez, eds., Global Culture:
Consciousness and Connectivity. Ashgate: Routledge.
Brazalote , T. C., & Leonardo, R. M. (2019). The Contemporary World. Quezon City: C&E Publishing, Inc.
Claudio, L. E., & Abinales, P. N. (2018). The Contemporary World. Quezon City: C&E Publishing, Inc.
De Ocampo, F. O., Ramos, B. F., Llonora, R. L., Macaraeg, A. M., & David, M. D. (2018). Introduction to
Contemporary World. Bulacan: St. Andrew Publishing House.
Explainitychannel. (2013, July 11). Globalization explained (explainity® explainer video)[Video file].
Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JJ0nFD19eT8
Knorr Cetina, Karin. 2016. “What is a Financial Market? Global Markets as Media‐Institutional Forms.” In
Patrik Aspers and Nigel Dodd, eds., Re‐Imagining Economic Sociology. New York: Oxford University
Press.
Rey, P. J., and George Ritzer. 2010. “Conceptualizing Globalization in Terms of Flows.” Current Perspectives
in Social Theory 27: 247–271.
Steger, M. B. (2013). Globalization: A Very Short Introduction. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
Module 2: STRUCTURES OF GLOBALIZATION
1. Describe the emergence of global economic, political, social and cultural systems
3. Understand the issues confronting the nation-state
6. Analyse global issues in relation to Filipinos and the Philippines
Lesson 1: The Global Economy

1. Define economic globalization
2. Identify the factors that facilitate economic globalization
3. Identify the economic chains and networks involved in global trade
4. Define modern world system
ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
Economic globalization is the result of human innovation and technological progress. It is
the increasing integration of economies around the world, particularly through the movement of
goods, services, and capital across borders. The term sometimes also refers to the movement of
people (labor) and knowledge (technology) across international borders (IMF, 2008).
According to Benczes (2014) from the above definition one can surmise several
interconnected dimensions of economic globalization, such as:
(a) Globalization of trade of goods and services;
(b) Globalization of financial and capital markets;
(c) Globalization of technology and communication; and
(d) Globalization of production.
But this definition falls short since it fails to encompass the concept of economic
globalization being a complex, indeterminate set of processes that operates on an uneven field in
both time and space. Thus, a more substantive definition is needed instead on relying on the one
offered by the IMF.
The most fitting definition was provided by Szentes (2003): “globalization is nothing but a
process making the world economy an organic system” by extending transnational economic
processes and economic relations to more and more countries and by deepening the economic
interdependencies among men. This implies that the world economy is no longer controlled by
the nation-states, but it must be seen from a global context – the reliance and integration of world
economies.
To better understand how the world economy operates we will look at it through global
trade, production networks, and commodity flows.
TRADE SURPLUSES AND DEFICITS
TRADE SURPLUS - the amount by which the value of a country's exports exceeds the cost of its
imports. (aka POSITIVE BALANCE OF TRADE)
TRADE DEFICIT - the amount by which the cost of a country's imports exceeds the value of its
exports. (aka NEGATIVE BALANCE OF TRADE)
TRADE BALANCE = Total Value of Exports - Total Value of Imports
As far as trade surpluses and deficits are concerned, there are two global economic
giants of special interest – the United States and China. The United States had a trade deficit of
$566 billion in 2017 (Schlesinger and Torry, 2018). Since 2000, the United States has ranged
between a low trade deficit of $361.5 billion in 2001 and a high trade deficit of $761.7 billion in
2006. Meanwhile, China announced that it had a trade surplus of $422.5 billion in 2017. The
2017 US trade deficit with China alone was $375.2 billion, which was the nation's highest deficit
ever with China. The United States is negotiating
with China over the size of its deficit attributing it To explore more, you may also watch:
at least in part on Chinese monetary policies. US Imports, Exports, and Exchange Rates: Crash
views artificially undervalue the yuan thereby Course Economics #15 by CrashCourse
making Chinese exports less expensive and so https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=geoe-6NBy10
more affordable to Americans. The US
government also criticized China because it has placed illegal trade restrictions on US
chicken (China has a lucrative market for chicken feet), cold‐rolled steel, and other
industries (Tally and Magnier, 2016). In 2018, President Trump instigated several rounds
of tariffs with China on their respective imports causing a trade war and uncertainty in where
things might end. Of course, there is much more to Americans' attraction to Chinese products
because it is cheap, traceable to China's undervalued currency and low cost of labor. The fact is
that many Chinese products are attractive because their quality is high for the price being paid.
The trade deficit with China has certainly upset US industry, but it has greatly helped the
American consumer, who has access to a wide range of low‐priced imports from China (and
elsewhere).
ECONOMIC CHAINS AND NETWORKS
Trade in goods and services are vital to the
global economy. Much of that trade takes place in
one form or another of interconnected circuit. The
various chains and networks that exist in the global
economy – specifically, in global trade –
demonstrate these interconnections.
Gereffi (2005, 2012, 2015) has outlined
several of the most important economic chains and
networks involved in global trade:
 Supply Chains. A supply chain is the network
that connects all of the people, organizations,
resources, activities, and technology involved
in the creation and sale of a product or service.
It starts with the delivery of source materials
from suppliers to manufacturers until the
Image source: https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/supply-
product reaches its user. A supply chain chain
represents the steps it takes to get the product
or service to the customer.
 International/Global Production Networks. This refers to the networks of producers who
are involved in the process of creating a finished product. This also includes interrelated
functions, processes, or transactions that produce/manufacture, distribute, and consume a
given commodity, item, or service Multinational corporations (MNCs) are playing a central
role, as being the “flagships” in these networks.
2 classifications of Global Production Network
Image source:
https://transportgeography.org/contents/chapter7/freight-transportation-value-chains/location-strategies-global-production-networks/
Multidomestic – these concerns products that are easy to replicate and are costly to transport
over long distance. Operations are independent from other markets reflecting cultural and
consumer differences in preferences.
Globally integrated – production systems are located in various countries and typically involve
complex products manufactured in stages. There is the interdependency in productivity as each
component of the supply chain affects the cost and quality of the product.
 Global Commodity Chains. A network of labor and production processes that culminates
in the production of a finished product or service and is made available to consumers all
around the world. It is also the process used by firms to gather resources, transform them
into goods or commodities, and finally, distribute them to consumers. Commodity chains
can be unique depending on the product types or the types of markets. Different stages of a
commodity chain can also involve different economic sectors or be handled by the same
business.
 Global Value Chains. A set of input
actions carried out by a corporation in
order to provide value to its customers.
The word "value chain" refers to the
process through which firms receive raw
materials, add value to them through
production, manufacturing, and other
operations, and then sell the finished
product to consumers.
Gereffi (1994) argues that this is emerging
as the overarching label for all work in this area
and for all such chains. He describes global
value chains: “These highlight the relative value
of those economic activities that are required to
bring a good or service from conception,
through the different phases of production
(involving a combination of physical Image source:
transformation and the input of various producer https://transportgeography.org/contents/chapter7/freight-
services), delivery to final consumers, and final transportation-value-chains/producer-buyer-value-chains/
disposal after use” (Gereffi, 2012). The most
important advantage of the idea of global value
To explore more, you may also watch:
chains is that it encompasses both production Comparing Value Chain and Supply Chain by
and consumption (and even post‐consumption). QStock Inventory
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MC_hByD8nBY
OUTSOURCING
Outsourcing is the process of
transferring work or activities once performed by an entity to another entity in exchange for
money. While outsourcing is most prevalent in the commercial realm and is the subject of
this article, it also occurs in a variety of other organizations, including healthcare and the military.
The type of outsourcing that is most closely and significantly linked to globalization is
offshore outsourcing, which involves sending work to companies in other countries. There are
numerous benefits of offshore outsourcing to both outsourcers (e.g. the 24/7 availability of
workers) and outsourcees (e.g. job and wealth creation), and that is why it has developed so
rapidly and will certainly continue to do so in the future. However, there are a number of
consequences associated with outsourcing, particularly in the country that is outsourcing, most
notably in terms of job loss and destruction. The wide range of costs has made offshore
outsourcing a heated topic in the United States and other wealthy countries, prompting calls for
government action to limit it.
CONSUMPTION
Consumption is highly complex, involving mainly consumer objects, consumers, the
consumption process, and consumption sites (Ritzer et al., 2001). It is vital to highlight that there
has been a trend to link consumption, as well as consumer globalization, to America and
Americanization. For several decades after WWII, the United States built an unparalleled and
unrivaled consumer society, and began exporting it – and its different elements – to much of the
rest of the world. This exported consumer society came to be modified in various ways by the
countries it was introduced to, even in the immediate aftermath of WW II in the European nations
being aided through the US Marshall Plan (Kroen, 2006).
Beyond the simple reality that consumption venues, items, and the like have become both
global and increasingly comparable throughout the world, this last point gets us to the topic of
globalization and how it is entangled in all of this. In a neoliberal society, the emphasis in the
economy is on considerably increasing global flows of everything connected to consumption
while greatly reducing any obstacles to those flows. As a result, the relatively small number of
credit card brands with US roots (particularly Visa and MasterCard) are being increasingly
accepted and used in more and more parts of the world. This helps to foster not only global
consumption, but also global consumer movement.
More importantly, this helps enhance the global flow of hyper consumption (buying more
than one can afford) and hyper debt (owing more than one will be able to pay back). The global
flow of many of the same goods and services, as well as the expanding global use of credit cards
and other credit instruments, is driving more and more societies throughout the world toward
hyperconsumption and hyperdebt in the manner of the United States. As a result of globalization,
hyperconsumption and hyperdebt, as well as the difficulties that come with them, are more likely
to become worldwide phenomena.
Consumer Objects and Services. Much of consumption is focused on shopping for and
acquiring various items, but in recent years, a growing portion of consumption has been focused
on various services (legal, accounting, educational, etc.). While many items and services are still
very local, a growing number of them have gone global. On the one hand, there are global
objects like automobiles made in the US, Germany, Japan, and, increasingly, China. On the
other hand, there are global services, such as accountancy firms' and parcel delivery services'
offerings.
Of importance in terms of objects and services is the issue of brands and branding (Arviddson,
2012; Holt 2004). Brands are essential both domestically and internationally. Brand names that
are known and trusted around the world cost a lot of money and work to develop.
Consumers. In contrast to the past, when the majority of people were producers, an increasing
number of people around the world are becoming consumers. Not only are individuals spending
more time consuming, but they are also increasingly defining themselves by what they consume
rather than their jobs as producers and laborers. As a result, a worldwide consumer culture has
arisen, in which people define themselves by the items and ideas connected with consuming.
Consumers are also on the move around the world, frequently as tourists. Tourism is a kind of
consumption in and of itself, but much of it is done in order to consume goods and services
available in other places.
Consumption Processes. People are becoming more aware of what is expected of them as
consumers, and they are generally aware of what they should do during the consumption
process, regardless of where they are in the world. This includes understanding how to navigate
a shopping center, utilize a credit card, and make an online transaction. Others have yet to
encounter, let alone learn how to deal with, these processes, but many will in the not-too-distant
future. Where these processes are known, they are carried out in remarkably comparable ways
all over the world.
Consumption Sites. Shopping malls, fast food To explore more, you may also watch:
restaurants, apparel chains, discounters like What is Supply Chain Management? Definition
WalMart, Disney-style amusement parks, Las and Introduction | AIMS UK by AIMS Education, UK
Vegas-style casino hotels, and websites – are all https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lZPO5RclZEo
examples of American and Western consumption
venues that have spread throughout much of the Global Value Chains by tutor2u
world. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C3x9rsi9puk
Global Resistance on consumption sites. The

global growth of chain stores, theme parks, and other similar establishments has
sparked widespread concern and opposition in many parts of the world. All facets of
consumerism, particularly hyper consumption, are met with widespread global criticism.
THE MODERN WORLD-SYSTEM
Wallerstein's study of the modern world-system centered on a large economic entity with
a division of labor that was not constrained by political or cultural boundaries. His idea of the
world-system is that countries around the world have been divided according to their economic
power in the global arena.
The world-system is a mostly self-contained system with defined boundaries and a finite
lifespan; it does not exist indefinitely. Internally, it is made up of a number of social structures and
member groupings. It is also known as the modern capitalist world-economy. It is a system that
relies on economic domination. It includes many states and an integral process of economic
stabilization. This implies that it is an economic force that pulls people, states, and societies
toward the arena of worldwide economic transactions.
Worldwide Division of Labor and the Development of the Modern World-System
Not all countries are equal in the modern world-system. A three-level hierarchy is a
remarkable feature of this modern capitalist world-system which creates the worldwide division of
labor.
 Core. These are the regions that control the capitalist world-economy and exploit the rest of
the system (e.g., US and Japan).
 Periphery. These are the regions that provide raw materials to the core and are heavily
exploited (e.g., many countries in the African region).
 Semi-periphery. A residual category that includes a group of areas that fall midway between
exploiting and being exploited. (e.g., India).
According to Wallerstein the entire globe, even areas that had never been a part of the
external area were being dragged in. The urge for inclusion into the world economy stems not
from the nations being incorporated but ‘rather from the need of the world-economy to expand its
boundaries, a need which was itself the outcome of pressures internal to the world economy’.
RACE TO THE BOTTOM AND UPGRADING
A popular concept when it comes to thinking about less developed economies from a
global viewpoint is the so‐called “race to the bottom.” The main premise is that in order for less
developed countries to compete and flourish in the global economy, they must undercut the
competition in a variety of ways, including lower salaries, poorer working conditions, longer
hours, and ever-increasing pressure and demands, among other things. In order to capture the
attention of Multinational Corporations (MNCs), it is common for one nation to go further than the
others. The "winning" nation experiences an ever-increasing fall in salaries, working conditions,
and so on, at least until it is undercut by another prepared to go even further. To put it another
way, the countries who win the race to the bottom get the jobs. These, of course, are almost
always pyrrhic victories, since the work is acquired by exploiting the country's employees with
low pay and terrible working conditions. Furthermore, to compete with low‐salary countries,
sectors of more developed economies can also engage in the race to the bottom (Kiefer & Rada,
2015).
Upgrading in the Less Developed World
At least in part, the existing global economic system is founded on a race to the bottom
among less developed countries and their exploitation by more wealthy countries. However, we
must not ignore the fact that there is evidence of a process of upgrading in less developed
countries and their industries (Bair and Gereffi 2003; Gereffi 2012). That is to say, at least some
of them enter the global economic market at or near the bottom, but gradually rise. This is
evident in China today, where Chinese industry's early success was built on winning the race to
the bottom, but the industry is now shifting toward higher-value products, with greater pay and
better working conditions for at least some Chinese workers.
This point can be made more broadly under the title of industrial upgrading, in which
economic players — nations, corporations, and even employees “move from low‐value to
relatively high‐value activities in global production networks” (Gereffi, 2005). Various degrees of
advancement up this hierarchy can be seen depending on the country and industry in question.
Rivoli claims that in order to prosper in the long run, nations and the areas within them
must win the race to the bottom. Victory in this race, she believes, will be the "ignition switch" that
kicks the economy into gear. She comes to the conclusion that the "bottom is rising" (Rivoli,
2015). Furthermore, the idea that a "race to the bottom" always leads to better outcomes is
obviously linked to neoliberalism's philosophy and policy recommendations. As a result, it
appears to promote the race to the bottom for all developing countries, regardless of context.
This not only impoverishes them for a while, but also benefits the rich North, which is assured of
a steady supply of low-cost goods and services as one country replaces another at the bottom.
Winning the race to the bottom is no guarantee of adaptive upgrading, but it is a guarantee of low
wages and a low quality of life for an unknown amount of time (Gunawardana, 2016).
THE MYTH OF ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
There are those who do not accept the growing importance of economic globalization. For
example, Hirst et al. (2009) famously argue that globalization, especially economic globalization,
is a myth. They claim that, while it may not have been termed "global," such a highly
internationalized economy is not unprecedented. In reality, the modern global economy may be
less open than it was between 1870 and 1914. In terms of assets, production facilities, and sales,
most corporations are still based in developed countries (as Dickens also believes). Their
multinational business is based on a national foundation. Furthermore, there does not appear to
be much progress in the creation of international corporations. There has been no significant
change in investment or employment from developed to developing countries. Foreign direct
investment (FDI) is still primarily concentrated in industrialized industrial economies, rather than
in developing ones. Although China and India have risen as new superpowers, trade remains
dominated by Europe, Japan, and North America; it is not truly global. Rather, Hirst et al. (2009)
argue that the world economy is undergoing an increasing supranational regionalization, and the
most powerful states are in charge of it. While these are all valid points, they all boil down to the
fact that modern economic globalization may not be as new or as significant as many people
believe. They do not, however, refute the notion that today's economy is globalized. The
viewpoint taken here is that the economy is more global than Hirst et al. claim, and that this has
only increased since their argument was initially published a decade ago.
ACTIVITY 2
indicate your full name, program (course), year, and section. (30 points)
1. Choose one among these products:
 Nike shoes
 Samsung android phone
 Toyota car
2. List down the main ingredients or raw materials in manufacturing your chosen
product. Identify the corresponding country from which each ingredient or raw
material came from.
ex. Gold from India
Silicon from Africa
3. Identify the countries involved in manufacturing your chosen product. Indicate the
corresponding service the country does for the product.
ex. Germany – assembly of the product
Korea – manufacture of memory card
4. Aside from the Philippines, list five other countries that your chosen product is being
sold.
5. Cite the technology that made the creation of your product possible.
ex. Nanotechnology, Aerodynamics
ACTIVITY 3
1. Briefly discuss how global trade, production networks, and commodity flows facilitate
economic globalization. (20 points)
2. What is modern-world system? How does it develop? (10 points)
Lesson 2: Market Integration
1. Describe the role of international financial institutions in the development of a global
economy
2. Outline the history of global market integration in the 20th century
3. Identify the qualities of global corporations
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT DURING AND AFTER WORLD WAR II
According to Frieden, recent key events such as WWI, the Great Depression, and WWII
had a significant impact on the evolution of economic globalization. Almost all of these had a
detrimental impact on the world's major economies. As a result, several countries have moved
toward autarky, or the inward turn of a nation in order to achieve maximum economic self-
sufficiency.
A great fear was looming for every nation, especially on possible recurrence of the recent
major incidents. As a result, the impediments to trade and the unrestricted movement of money
that had grown commonplace before to those instances would be restored. As a result, every
country was focused on lowering these barriers and creating the environment for capital flow.
Another concern was the promotion of global financial stability. This was the setting for a three-
week meeting at the Mount Washington Hotel in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, in July 1944,
which resulted in the creation of the "Bretton Woods system."
BRETTON WOODS AND THE BRETTON WOODS SYSTEM
A lack of collaboration among nation-states was regarded to be a major cause of the
Depression. High tariffs and other import restrictions, as well as protectionist tactics, were linked
to the lack of collaboration. Those concerns were the backdrop for the creation of the Bretton
Woods system and its five key elements (Bordo & Eichengreen, 1993; Boughton, 2007):
(a) each participating state would establish a “par value” for its currency expressed in terms of
gold or (equivalently) in terms of the gold value of the US dollar as of July 1944” (Boughton
2007)
(b) the official monetary authority in each country (a central bank or its equivalent) would agree
to exchange its own currency for those of other countries at the established exchange rates,
plus or minus a one percent margin (Boughton, 2007)
(c) the International Monetary Fund (IMF) was created (Babb, 2007) to establish, stabilize, and
oversee exchange rates. In 1946, forty countries joined the IMF and were required to deposit
a portion of their gold reserves with the organization.
(d) the member states decided to abolish, at least eventually “all restrictions on the use of its
currency for international trade” (Boughton, 2007)
(e) the entire system was based on the US dollar
In terms of global trade, a crucial impression was the “unconditional most‐favored‐nation,”
which “required governments to offer the same trade concessions to all” (Frieden, 2006). In
terms of monetary order, the IMF was the center of attention. The objective was to provide both
safety and flexibility. The World Bank was expected to play a vital role in global investment, but
massive US help under the Marshall Plan and rapid European postwar recovery rendered its
activities in that period far less important than anticipated. Multinational businesses (MNCs),
particularly US-based organizations in industries such as automobiles and computers, built their
own plants and/or invested in companies in other countries, which was a significant development
in terms of investment.
Bretton Woods supported global openness, which aided the establishment or extension of
social welfare programs in many countries. Bretton Woods satisfied many different nations and
constituencies by combining all of these characteristics and qualities and in the process “oversaw
the most rapid rates of economic growth and most enduring economic stability in modern history”
(Frieden, 2006).
Now, let us examine some of the economic institutions that were directly or indirectly
spawned by Bretton Woods.
 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). GATT was a system for the
liberalization of trade that came into existence in 1947, growing out of Bretton Woods
(Hudec, 1975). It functioned until 1995, when the World Trade Organization (WTO) took
over. GATT was primarily concerned with goods trade, and it served as a venue for country
representatives to meet. While the GATT has been superseded, many of its aspects have
been incorporated into the WTO, which continues to alter and expand as global economic
regulations change. Over the years, WTO negotiations have focused on topics such as
lowering tariffs on goods trade, addressing nontariff obstacles, and liberalizing international
agricultural trade.
 World Trade Organization (WTO). The WTO is a multilateral organization headquartered
in Geneva, Switzerland with 164 member nations as of 2018 (Hoekman & Mavroidis 2016;
Krueger 2000). Each WTO member state has an equal vote. The WTO is, for the most part,
a member-state organization rather than a supranational body (with a few exceptions). The
agenda topics that will be voted on usually come from a number of smaller, more informal
groupings.
While GATT focused on tariff reduction, the WTO has come to focus more on non‐tariff‐
related barriers to trade. However, the WTO has been criticized for not going far enough in
countering the trade barriers retained by developed countries in such domains as
agricultural products and some services. Regardless of the conflicts within the WTO and
between its member nations, WTO operations continue to be premised on the neoliberal
idea that all nations benefit from free and open trade, and the organization is dedicated to
reducing, and ultimately eliminating, barriers to such trade. While there are winners under a
system like this, there are also losers.
 International Monetary Fund (IMF). The goal of the IMF is to promote macroeconomic
stability for both its member nations and the global economy (Reinhart & Trebesch, 2016).
More specifically, the IMF deals with exchange rates, balances of payments, international
capital flows, and the monitoring of member states and their macroeconomic policies.
 Initially, it was in charge of the Bretton Woods exchange rate system. The IMF kept a
tight eye on a country's balance of payments to ensure that it could keep the agreed-
upon exchange rate for its currency. The IMF wanted to make sure that a country
didn't exploit these issues as an excuse to reduce its exchange rate and therefore
increase its competitiveness against other countries. In the event of a fundamental
imbalance, the IMF had the authority to adjust a country's currency exchange rate.
The IMF might also provide adjustment loans to countries that were out of balance in
order to help them satisfy their international financial responsibilities. The Fund was
established on the basis of quotas for member countries. Each country's quota was
determined by its borrowing limits as well as its voting power at the IMF.
 The IMF underwent more modifications in the late twentieth century as the nature of
global economic crises changed, with a greater focus on chronic debt sustainability
issues. There were also lingering resentments over IMF initiatives that demanded
austerity budgets and other forms of fiscal restraint in exchange for loans. The
resentment, according to the Russian IMF representative, stemmed from the IMF's
typical approach: "you need our money, we tell you what to do" (Weisman 2007b:
C5).
 World Bank. The World Bank is a United Nations specialized agency. It was founded at
Bretton Woods in 1944 and commenced operations in 1946. Among the Bank's missions
are:
encouraging “development of productive facilities and resources in less developed
countries”;
funding for “productive purposes” when private capital cannot be obtained on
reasonable terms;
encouraging international investment in order to promote international trade and
development and equilibrium in balance of payments;
helping member countries improve their productivity, standard of living, and labor
conditions. (Bradlow, 2007)
 Over the years, the Bank has expanded far beyond its original focus on projects
involving physical infrastructure capable of generating income. It now deals with a
wide- range of matters related to economic development, comprising “population,
education, health, social security, environment, cultural aspects of macroeconomic
policy and structural reform … [and] poverty alleviation” (Bradlow, 2007).
10 | T h e C o n t e m p o r a r y W o r l d
Furthermore, it now makes loans to deal with a variety of governance matters, such
as “public‐sector management, corruption, legal and judicial reform, and some
aspects of human rights and broader policy reforms” (Bradlow, 2007). It also provides
aid to support women dealing with gender inequality and discrimination.
 All member states have a vote, however a state's number of votes varies fluctuates
depending on its size and importance in the global economy. The Board of Governors,
which meets once a year, is composed of governors appointed by each member state. A
24-member Board of Executive Directors is also in place, with the authority to carry out
the most critical responsibilities of the bigger and more unwieldy Board of Governors. The
Bank's president is in charge of the bank's operations. The president is appointed by the
Board for a five-year renewable term, but by convention, the President of the United
States appoints him. As expected, World Bank decision-making investigations have
revealed that the United States has the largest voting power, whereas "other borrowing
nations have limited voting power" (Strand & Retzl, 2016).
 The Bank's resources comprise a minor sum paid in by member countries as well as a
considerably greater sum that can be called in by the Bank if it finds itself in need of
funds. This money supplies the majority of the funds it utilizes to finance various types of
loans. The low interest rates offered by the Bank assist the countries that receive such
loans. Because the Bank's funds are borrowed, it is reliant on the governments to whom it
has extended loans to repay them. It bases its loan decisions on a country's ability to
repay.
 Despite so many challenges, the Bank remains a powerful worldwide influence. For
starters, it serves as a venue for a large number of countries to discuss development and
financing. Second, it continues to be a major source of revenue for poor countries. Third,
it is a great source of development knowledge and offers vital guidance and help to its
member countries. Fourth, it supports not just development, but neoliberal development
in particular.
THE ROLE OF EMERGING ECONOMIES
Emerging economies, or newly industrializing economies (Pieterse, 2012), are less
developed countries whose newer industrialization is fueling their economic growth and political
influence. Countries like Mexico, Brazil, Chile, Russia, China, India, and Vietnam (as of 2010,
South Africa joined the group). They are commonly known as BRICS countries, although they
have not announced formal trade agreements, but their leaders attend summits together and
often act in concern with one another’s interests. These countries had the kind of assets that
would propel their economies to new heights: a combination of enormous populations, abundant
natural resources, and cutting-edge technology that made them very competitive. They had also
embraced the foreign economy considerably more vigorously than they had previously.
Each of the BRICs has its own distinct qualities and a distinct future. Russia has made
the slowest progress toward developing a diverse economy capable of long-term prosperity.
Brazil appears to have made the most progress in this area, aided by the finding of oil reserves.
India and China appear to be well positioned to achieve the output levels forecast, despite
political and economic challenges. India's agricultural sectors are still substantially
underdeveloped, and rural poverty is a significant issue. China's domestic political institutions are
expected to encounter legitimacy challenges, particularly if economic growth slows. But they all
have one thing in common: their economic growth will surely give them more power in the
international system.
GLOBAL CORPORATIONS
As the world emerged from the vast destructions of World War II, economic recovery and
expansion were led overwhelmingly by American corporations which for a period from the end of
the war until the re-entry of Japanese and European corporations onto the global scene
essentially stood for what by then had come to be viewed as multinational corporations (MNCs)
(Barnet & Mueller, 1974).
Iwan (2012) offered distinction of contemporary global corporations as listed below:
 International companies are importers and exporters who do not normally invest outside of
their home country.
 Multinational companies although have made investments in various nations, they do not
have coordinated product offers in each one. They are more concerned with tailoring their
products and services to the specific needs of each local market.
 Global companies have made investments and have a presence in a number of nations.
They usually target each local market with their products and services.
 Transnational companies are more complicated firms that have engaged in international
operations, have a central corporate location, but delegate decision-making, R&D, and
marketing authority to each specific overseas market.
The development of global corporations can be examined from the sources and the levels of
foreign direct investment (FDIs) – tt entails a foreign company investing in a separate country
with the goal of establishing control over the latter's operations. Another way to gauge their
activity is through their portfolio investment – It entails the purchase of equity in enterprises in
foreign nations for the purpose of profit.
These global corporations have common To explore more, you may also watch:
attributes. Neubaer (2014) identifies three of Multinational Corporations by allensens
them – an agent of desired economic https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FCojpFwWuG0
development, an economic prominence, and a
very powerful entity that can create a crisis. One Globalization- trade and transnational corporations
cannot deny that global corporations are such an | Society and Culture | MCAT | Khan Academy
important element of the economy that their by khanacademymedicine
varied and diverse operations affect what the https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GmomzubjO1I
economy is going to be.
ACTIVITY 4
Instruction: Write all your answers in one whole sheet yellow paper. Do not forget
to indicate your full name, program (course), year, and section.
Fill out the following table: (20 points)

Economic Organization Role in the creation of global economy
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

(GATT)
World Trade Organization (WTO)
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
World Bank
ACTIVITY 5
Make an outline of the history of global market integration in the 20th century. (20
points)
ACTIVITY 6
Choose one Filipino global corporation. In an essay, discuss its history, worldwide
reach and attributes as a global corporation. (30 points)
Lesson 3:The Global Interstate System
1. Explain the effects of globalization on governments/nation states
2. Determine the institutions that govern international relations
3. Distinguish internationalism from globalism
THE NATION-STATE
The nation-state is made up of two parts: "nation" and "state." Historically, the concept of
'nation' has stressed organic relationships that bind people together and generate feelings of
loyalty and belonging. If ethnic, civic, or psychological factors underpin nationalism, and whether
the political communities in question have a dominating culture or have evolved into multi-ethnic,
cross-cultural societies. Today, however, nations are considered as socially constructed political
communities that bring individuals together across a variety of identities, including race,
language, religion, and so on. While the commonly cited definition of ‘state’ comes from Max
Weber. In Weber’s words he states that, “A compulsory political organization with continuous
operations will be called a ‘state’ if and in so far as its administrative staff successfully upholds a
claim to the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force in the enforcement of its order”
(Weber, 1997). This concept anchors the definition of state upon jurisdictional claims over land
and people, as a result there is much emphasis on its claim to sovereignty. As a result, the nation
state can be defined as a combination of the subgroups that describe themselves as a nation
and the organizational structure that makes up the state.
THREATS TO THE NATION STATE
Ohmae (1996) contends that “the uncomfortable truth is that, in terms of the global
economy, nation-states have become little more than bit actors”. He speaks of a global economy
without borders that nation-states are powerless to manage. Similar arguments were made by
Strange (1996), that the decline of the nation-state is linked to technological and financial
changes, as well as to “the accelerated integration of national economies into one single global
market economy”. While nation-states once controlled markets, it is now the markets that often
control the nation-states. Because of globalization the nation-state has become increasingly
permeable. Another threat is the increase interest in universal human rights. As a result, global
human rights groups have claimed the right to be able to have a say about what is done to
people within and between (Farr, 2005) sovereign states. Thus, in such a view, human rights are
a global matter and not exclusively a concern of the state (Levy & Sznaider, 2006). Furthermore,
the implication is that when a state breaches human rights or when a violation happens within a
state's borders and the state fails to take effective measures to address it, the international
community can and should intervene.
IN DEFENSE OF THE NATION-STATE
A variety of arguments are made, including that the nation‐state continues to be the major
player on the global stage (Gilpin, 2001), that it retains at least some power in the face of
globalization (Conley, 2002), that nation‐states vary greatly in their efficacy in the face of
globalization (Mann, 2007), and that the rumors of the demise of the nation‐state are greatly
exaggerated. Daniel Beland (2008) argues that “the role of the state enduring – and even
increasing – in advanced industrial societies”. Another argument in favor of the nation-state is
that diverse global processes are not as powerful as many people imagine. That it would be a
mistake to simply see globalization as a threat to, or constraint on, the nation-state; it can also be
an opportunity for the nation-state (Conley, 2002).
CHANGES IN GLOBAL NATION-STATE RELATIONSHIP
Now we’ll examine five important issues that show how nations' roles and connections
with citizens are changing: economic interdependence, economic and political integration,
international law and universal norms, transnational advocacy networks, and new communication
platforms. We'll also look at how expressions and practices of 'global citizenship' and the aim of
'cosmopolitan democracy' are spawning new forms of political activity.
 The State in a World of Economic Interdependence
Globalization is often associated with the rise of global free market capitalism and adherence
to neoliberal ideologies. Deregulation, privatization, and free trade are emphasized, and
globalization becomes an imposing force on states: either adapt to free-market ideals or risk
being left behind. Journalist Thomas Friedman, a well-known proponent of neoliberalism, says
that nation-states are in danger of losing major aspects of economic sovereignty as a result of
the belief that neoliberalism is unassailable as a component of globalization. Although rival
globalization narratives emphasize that it primarily gives opportunity to states and citizens, rather
than contending that exploitation is the primary impact. National governments frequently put the
interests of external stakeholders and trading partners ahead of the interests of their own citizens
as they fine-tune their competitive strategies in the global economy.
 Economic and Political Integrations
States have established regional partnerships with their neighbors from a loosely knitted
organization promoting trade and economic cooperation. One good example is the European
Union (EU) and the North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). It has created a common
citizenship that gives citizens of the member states the rights to live, work, vote and even run for
office in European parliamentary elections outside one’s native member state. Through which
member states adapt their own laws to fit supranational (transcending established national
boundaries) norms that have been established. Furthermore, it has created the so called
‘eurozone’ where the member states have agreed that euro become their basic currency.
Some notable scholars believe that the EU has strengthened the state since it empowers
member states to defend their interests in the international arena. It enables national
governments to build resources directed toward international negotiations and bolsters national
regulatory mechanisms to fulfil the resulting international commitments (Moravcsik, 1994 and
2002). The EU is a great example of how international collaboration has given nations new duties
and responsibilities, as well as how states are currently delegating specific aspects of
sovereignty to international institutions without giving up whole sovereignty.
 The Rise of International Law and Universal Principles
This may be seen in the creation of the United Nations (UN), which primarily serves as a
venue for states to voice their grievances and attempt to address them. The rise of
transgovernmental networks among participating states, according to international law scholar
Anne Marie Slaughter, helps resolve the "globalization paradox" of needing more government to
"solve collective problems that can only be addressed on a global scale" (2004) but fearing more
centralized forms of authority, such as a potential world government. She believes it increases
government competency and regulatory efficacy, as well as bringing governments all over the
world closer to international norms and conventions. As a result, the policies that the member
nations have agreed upon gradually become the common standard. This leads to more
productive and efficient working relationships between national governments and other member
states.
Ultimately, adherence to international law and conventions is a question of choice, and
governments can frequently avoid them without repercussions. While streamlined collaboration
across nations can result in greater government service delivery in some situations, it can also
result in the 'national security state' intruding on civil liberties and privacy rights in others.
 States as Targets: The Rise of Transnational Activism
Margaret Keck and Kathryn Sikkink paved the way by demonstrating how international action
can be traced back to nineteenth-century efforts against slavery, Chinese foot-binding, and
women's voting rights. The term "boomerang pattern of influence" was coined by Keck and
Sikkink (1998) to describe what can happen when domestic civil society organizations on the
losing end of political struggles in their own countries join forces with compatible advocacy
groups overseas that can exert pressure on the national governments in question. As a result,
governments are changing their policies, particularly in regards to human rights and fundamental
freedoms.
The surge in public consciousness of globalization and all its implications led growing
numbers of everyday people during this period to begin thinking of themselves as ‘global citizens’
and to link this idea substantially with concepts of awareness, responsibility, participation and
cross-cultural empathy (Schattle, 2014). Advocacy groups began an exciting new phase with the
help of the social media revolution, which energized civil society organizations at all levels.
Citizens organizations in the 'global south' have also found it easier to develop networks via
social media platforms. Political elites and ordinary citizens around the world are using new
media to navigate and renegotiate their relationships in the global age, which brings us to
another significant development in global studies: the growing interaction between the fields of
international relations and political communication. Despite the rise of shared ideals, it is
important to remember that what works in one country may not work in another.
 Communication Networks, New Media and the State

Globalization has coincided with the emergence of new forms of digital media, which have
opened up new avenues for new types of communities to connect via networks and build new
arenas for political activity, identity, and belonging. Manuel Castells concept of the ‘network
society’ (2000) believes that citizens and civil society organizations can increasingly use
networks to gain power over states by generating "alternative discourses that have the potential
to overwhelm the state's disciplinary discursive capacity as a necessary step toward neutralizing
its use of violence," according to the report (2009). He posits that new media opens possibilties
for citizens to gain leverage; it becomes the power through which they could challenge the old
ways that states exert their dominance.
States have not faltered; in this age of media globalization, they have also been attempting to
be strong and effective. States today compete in a variety of ways for economic advantage and
moral legitimacy, and they spend large sums of money conveying their distinct points of view and
attempting to gain an advantage over their rivals in the court of global public opinion. Thus,
citizens can communicate back and forth with government officials online not only to gain
information about government policies and initiatives but to articulate their concerns (Coleman &
Blumler, 2009). One must be made aware that the state-run television networks often stamp their
national thumbprints on events in ways that reinforce the world views and strategic interests of
their rulers more than the viewpoints and needs of their publics. They also often hold other
countries to critical scrutiny while downplaying or even ignoring domestic controversies in their
own backyards.
INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS (IGOs)
Intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) were formed to facilitate linkages between nation-
states. Their goal is to establish strong intergovernmental economic, political, cultural,
educational, and technical links. Examples include the Association of Southeast Asian Nations
(ASEAN), the European Union (EU), and the World Trade Organization (WTO). Some other
examples of IGOs are the International Criminal Court (ICC), North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO), and the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC).
 The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Brunei, Laos, Myanmar,
Cambodia, and Vietnam are the current members. It was formed to form a united front against
communism's growth and to maintain political, economic, and social stability in the Asia-Pacific
region, where tensions are mounting. It is now chaired by an annual rotating presidency in
Jakarta, Indonesia, with the help of a secretariat. Consultation and consensus are used to make
decisions, which are guided by the values of non-interference in internal matters and peaceful
conflict resolution.
 The European Union (EU)
It governs common economic, social, and security policies and is composed by 27 European
countries. It was formed to become more competitive in the global marketplace while also
balancing the interests of its separate fiscal and political members. The EU is governed by three
bodies. National governments are represented by the European Council, which receives the
second reading of all bills and can accept the Parliament's position. The European Parliament,
which is elected by the people, receives the first reading of all laws proposed by the Commission.
The European Commission is the EU's staff and is in charge of proposing new laws.
 The World Trade Organization (WTO)
It has 164 member nations and is the only international organization that deals with trade
rules on a worldwide scale. It ensures that commerce is as seamless, predictable, and
unrestricted as feasible.
THE CONCEPT OF INTERNATIONALISM AND GLOBALISM

The intensification of relations among nation-states gave birth to the idea of
internationalism and globalism. The former is the theory and practice of interdependent
collaboration while the latter is an attitude.
Internationalism is anchored on the opinion that the nationalism should be outrun
because links that bind people of different countries are more powerful than those that
disconnect them (Anora, 2014). Kant (1795) conceptualized the idea of liberal internationalism
which proposes that nations must give up their freedom and submit to a larger system of laws
that is embodied by common international principles. Meanwhile, Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-1872)
assumed that nationalism and international cooperation complemented each other. On the other
hand, socialist internationalism contradicts the very principles of liberal internationalism. The
conviction is that the working class must unite as a global class in order to advance in the fight
against capitalism and to put an end to global class struggle.
Meanwhile, globalism evolved as a mindset that strives to comprehend all of the modern
world's interconnections and to highlight the patterns that underpin them. It aims to define and
explain a world characterized by a web of interconnectedness that stretches across continents.
ACTIVITY 7
1. Briefly explain the effects of globalization on nation states particularly on the

changes in the roles of states and the relationships between states and citizens. (10
points)
2. Differentiate INTERNATIONALISM from GLOBALISM. (10 points)
ACTIVITY 8
Instruction: Below are organizations that govern international relations. Choose two
and compare them in terms of their objectives, roles, and functions. Write your
answers in bullet form. Use one whole sheet yellow paper. Do not forget to indicate
your full name, program (course), year, and section. (20 points)
1. International Criminal Court (ICC)

2. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
3. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
4. United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)
5. Global Environment Facility (GEF)
Lesson 4: Contemporary Global Governance
1. Identify the roles and function of the United Nations
2. Identify the challenges of global governance in the twenty-first century
3. Explain the relevance of the state amid globalization
THE UNITED NATIONS (UN)
UN began its operations on October 24, 1945. It is an entity that is concerned primarily
with four broad areas.
The first involves military issues. It was envisioned as a
vital player in maintaining peace and security, particularly
between states. Interventions in civil wars in developing nations,
"election and human rights monitoring, disarmament, and even
the assumption of governmental functions" were among the
items on the list (Weiss and Zach, 2007). It became an
institution that could guarantee the safety of its members. The
Security Council of the United Nations continues to be a
prominent international role in implementing coercive measures
such as sanctions and armed force. It can nonetheless
promulgate and promote the normative and legal foundation for
international security despite its lack of enforcement ability. In a
worldwide crisis, the UN also functions as a central coordinator and clearinghouse for information
about biological and chemical weapons, for coordinating the activities of national and functional
agencies, and for global drug and vaccine stockpiling and delivery.
The second category deals with economic concerns. Its main goal has been to support
initiatives that will reduce global inequality. It's a key participant in closing the knowledge gap
about the long-term implications of trade arrangements. It has filled in normative gaps for the
world organization by supporting norms of equity, equality, and international redistributive justice
in both development and commerce. Through the Global Compact, it has actively promoted the
corporate social responsibility norm. As a result, the United Nations Development Program
(UNDP) is perhaps more regarded now than the World Bank, but it lacks the latter's resources.
Still, the UN system has double challenges in terms of implementation and compliance, because
developing nations are wary of encroachments on their economic sovereignty, and requiring
donor countries to follow UN development policy accords is intrinsically unachievable.
The third category is environmental concerns, which are principally addressed by the
United Nations Environment Programme. As a result, the United Nations has been in the
forefront of developing a global environmental agenda. It has established itself as a key player in
accumulating and advancing knowledge concerning the reality, seriousness, and urgency of
climate change's causes and impacts. Because only the United Nations has the power to
convene and the competence to mobilize the resources needed for the intensified global
response that is sorely needed. However, in order to modify behavior and lifestyle patterns,
sovereign nations will need to make harsh decisions and form constructive alliances with
international organizations, civil society, business, and even individual people. The largely UN-
centered system of international environmental governance has generated and disseminated
increasing volumes of data and information on environmental trends, improved the systematic
monitoring and assessment of the state of the global environment, and resulted in a slew of
legally binding and non-binding instruments that provide environmental norms, principles,
procedures, guidelines, and codes of conduct.
Finally, there are issues of human protection to consider. Human rights treaties and
agreements supported by the United Nations have attempted to defend human rights all around
the world. The United Nations' instruments and strategies for enforcing human rights norms and
standards range from encouraging and persuading to naming and shaming, but they rarely result
in real punishment. While the UN is better suited to setting international human rights standards
than NGOs and other international organizations, Amnesty International and Human Rights
Watch are better suited to investigating human rights violations at the grassroots level, and the
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) has a better track record of investigating
compliance with international humanitarian law.
In the end they still call for member states to uphold the agreed human rights standards.
This call is made especially for those powerful countries, to quote Kofi Annan in her October
2014 Amnesty International report, “When the most powerful country in the world thumbs its nose
at the rule of law and human rights, it grants a license to others to commit abuse with impunity.”
Despite the UN's and NGOs' joint efforts, there is still a lengthy and continuous struggle to
construct a functioning and sustainable international human rights framework. This is why, even
while advocates strive for desired advancements in global human rights administration, they
must never lose sight of the crucial truth that human rights are about safeguarding individual
views and acts against group-sanctioned morality at the local, national, and global levels.
To further show the emphasis to the above-mentioned focuses of the UN, they composed
of six organs that would better give attention to them.
 The General Assembly – it is the central deliberative and the only organ where all member-
states have equal representation in discussion and consideration, and policy making.
 The Security Council – the organ which has the commitment to preserve peace and
security.
 The Economic and Social Council – it is the main organ for cooperation, policy review,
policy dialogue, and advice on social, economic, and environmental issues.
 The Trusteeship Council – the organ tasked to administer international oversight for 11 trust
territories and to make sure that adequate procedures are taken for independence and self-
government.
 The International Court of Justice – it is the UN’s prime judicial organ.
 The Secretariat – the organ tasked to execute the daily activities as assigned by the five
other organs.
Amidst the broad focus and the great importance of the UN, Weiss and Thakur (2014)
identified some challenges that confronts the UN based on knowledge, norms, policy, institutions,
and compliance:
 In terms of managing knowledge. The UN's convening capacity and mobilizing power are
undervalued in terms of how they are used to assist funnel and integrate outside knowledge
and ensure its discussion and dissemination among states.
 In terms of developing norms. The contrasting moral structure of social behavior in
different member-states complicate the formulation of a normative standard that can be
applicable to all.
 In terms of promulgating recommendations. Problems occur when only the member-
states are heard. The United Nations dismisses the assistance of non-governmental
organizations (NGOs) and lobal popular opinion. Recommendations aren't always followed
through on.
 In terms of institutionalizing ideas. Institutions can also be a place where ideas are stifled
and forgotten. There is no mechanism or method for enforcing compliance with international
norms and regulations. In truth, some UN employees defy, deceive, and challenge them.
THE IDEA OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE

Governance refers to the “processes and institutions, formal and informal, whereby rules
are created, compliance is elicited, and goods are provided in pursuit of collective goals” (Hale
and Held, 2011). Also known as legal pluralism (Reyntjens, 2016), global governance goes
beyond the traditional forms of cooperation between sovereign nation‐states to include a broader
variety of networked organizations and individuals that had not previously participated directly in
creating and enforcing norms and rules (Cox & Schilthuis, 2012).
The starting point of the emergence for global governance is mainly because the
governance for the planet is weak, There is no central authority, and there is minimal
enforcement, to assist nation-states in resolving their problems. As a result, global governance
becomes a kind of surrogate by giving solutions to collective problems that are sometimes
insurmountable for governments to solve on their own through authority and enforcement for the
contemporary world.
There are at least three new forms of global or transnational governance:
(a) there is governance through multi-stakeholder initiatives, which brings together various public
and private actors into public policy networks and partnerships. It usually involves at least
one state actor and various international institutions, as well as INGOs (international
nongovernmental organizations) and private sector organizations of various sorts. Multi-
stakeholder initiatives provide governance in the form of service provision (e.g. the Global
Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria), industrial standards (e.g. the World
Commission on Dams), and labor standards in global value chains (Philips, 2016).
(b) most common form of global governance involves the creation of voluntary regulations. In
voluntary regulatory systems, MNCs agree to a set of social and/or environmental practices
that go beyond the stated or enforced set of laws in the area in which they operate.
Sometimes, these standards are created directly by the companies in each sector and are
little more than public‐relations tools. But in other cases, the standards are developed,
monitored, and enforced through an extensive network of international organizations.
(c) there are transnational arbitration bodies, where global governance has been accorded to
courts and lawyers, but their authority is not based in international law (Hale & Held, 2011).
For example, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) has an environmental
side‐agreement that strives to make sure that member countries follow their own
environmental laws (Hale, 2011).
The rise in demand for more global governance is due to a number of more specific
issues. The weakening power of nation-states is at the top of the list. If governments become
less capable of handling diverse responsibilities, there is a chance that some form of global
governance will develop to fill the hole. The massive movement of all kinds of things into and
often right through the borders of nation-states is a second element. In these situations, there is
a growing need for some degree of order, some type of effective authority, and at least some
promise for human life improvement. Another issue that has prompted calls for global
governance is the occurrence of horrific events within nation-states that the nations themselves
either encourage and carry out or are unable to control. Then there are global issues that no
single country can hope to solve on its own. The first is global recessions, such as the Great
Recession, which occur on a regular basis. Some countries have been and continue to be
victims of such crises; unable to help themselves, they require support from some form of global
government. Nation-states have long battled to cope with difficulties like these through various
interstate systems, but a recent tendency has been toward the development of truly global
structures and ways for dealing with diverse concerns and problems.
ACTIVITY 9
Instruction: Identify the concept described in each number. Write your answers in a 1/4
sheet yellow paper. Do not forget to indicate your full name, program (course), year,
and section.
___1. This area of concern by UN includes interventions in civil wars in less developed
countries, election and human rights monitoring, disarmament, and even the
assumption of state functions.
___2. It is the main organ for cooperation, policy review, policy dialogue, and advice on
social, economic, and environmental issues.
___3. The organ tasked to execute the daily activities as assigned by the five other
organs.
___4. To address this issue, a variety of UN‐sponsored human rights treaties and
agreements exist.
___5. It is the central deliberative and the only organ where all member-states have
equal representation in discussion and consideration, and policy making.
___6. It is the UN’s prime judicial organ.
___7. The organ which has the commitment to preserve peace and security.
___8. UN has emerged as an essential actor in assembling and advancing the state of
knowledge about the reality, gravity, and urgency of the causes and consequences of
climate change to address this area of concern.
___9. The organ tasked to administer international oversight for 11 trust territories and
to make sure that adequate procedures are taken for independence and self-
government.
___10. In this area of concern UN focused on promoting actions that would lead to
reductions in global inequality.
ACTIVITY 10
Instruction: Read the text inside the box below and prepare a 1 page Reaction Paper.
Write it in one whole sheet yellow paper. Do not forget to indicate your full name,
program (course), year, and section.
Guide Questions:
 What is the article about?
 How does it relate to the topic Contemporary Global Governance?
 Based on the article, what are the challenges of global governance in the 21st
century?
 Based on the article, what is the role of the state in the global governance?
 How the material is related to your life experiences?
 Did the material increase your understanding of the lesson? How?
 Would you recommend others to read the material? Why?
THE NATION-STATE IN A GLOBALIZING WORLD
On the regional level, there has been an extraordinary proliferation of multilateral
organizations and agreements. Regional clubs and agencies have sprung up across the world,
leading some observers to speculate that they will eventually replace nation-states as the basic
unit of governance. Starting out as attempts to integrate regional economies, these regional blocs
have, in some cases, already evolved into loose political federations with common institutions of
governance. For example, the European Community began in 1950 with French Foreign Minister
Robert Schuman’s modest plan to create a supranational institution charged with regulating
French and German coal and steel production. Half a century later, 15 member states have
formed a close community with political institutions that create common public policies and design
binding security arrangements. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, many of the
formerly communist countries in Eastern Europe have submitted their formal accession
applications to the EU.
On a global level, governments have formed several international organizations, including the
UN, NATO, WTO, and OECD. Full legal membership of these organizations is open to states
only, and the decision-making authority lies with representatives from national governments. The
proliferation of these transnational bodies has shown that nation-states find it increasingly difficult
to manage sprawling networks of social interdependence.
Finally, the emerging structure of global governance shaped by ‘global civil society’, a realm
populated by thousands of voluntary, non-governmental associations of worldwide reach.
International NGOs like Doctors Without Borders or Greenpeace represent millions of ordinary
citizens who are prepared to challenge political and economic decisions made by nation-states
and intergovernmental organizations.
Some globalization researchers believe that political globalization might facilitate the emergence
of democratic transnational social forces anchored in this thriving sphere of global civil society.
Predicting that democratic rights will ultimately become detached from their narrow relationship to
discrete territorial units, these optimistic voices anticipate the creation of a democratic global
governance structure based on Western cosmopolitan ideals, international legal arrangements,
and a web of expanding linkages between various governmental and non-governmental
organizations. If such a promising scenario indeed will come to pass, then the outcome of political
globalization might well be the emergence of a cosmopolitan democracy that would constitute the
basis for a plurality of identities flourishing within a structure of mutual toleration and
accountability. According to David Held, one of the chief proponents of this view, the
cosmopolitan democracy of the future would contain the following political features:
- A global parliament connected to regions, states, and localities;
- A new charter of rights and duties locked into different domains of political, social, and
economic power;
- The formal separation of political and economic interests;
- An interconnected global legal system with mechanisms of enforcement from the local to the
global.
Several less optimistic commentators have challenged the idea that political globalization is
moving in the direction of cosmopolitan democracy. Most criticisms boil down to the charge that
such a vision indulges in an abstract idealism that fails to engage current political developments
on the level of public policy. Sceptics have also expressed the suspicion that the proponents of
cosmopolitanism do not consider in enough detail the cultural feasibility of global democracy. In
other words, the worldwide intensification of cultural, political, and economic interaction makes the
possibility of resistance and opposition just as real as the benign vision of mutual accommodation
and tolerance of differences.
Source: Jan Aart Scholte, ‘The globalization of world politics’, in John Baylis and Steve Smith (eds.), The
Globalization of World Politics, 2nd ed. (Oxford University Press, 2001), p. 22
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of Globalization. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley‐Blackwell.
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Norton & Company.
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Module 3: A WORLD OF REGIONS
5. Articulate personal positions on various global issues
Lesson 1: Global Divides: The North and the South

1. Define the term ‘Global South’
2. Differentiate the Global South from the Third World
CONCEPTUALIZING THE GLOBAL SOUTH
In a grammar that depicts global difference and inequality, the word ‘Global South’ acts
as a rhetorical anchor. Grovogui (2011) contends that, “the Global South is not a directional
designation or a point due south from a fixed north. It is a symbolic designation meant to capture
the semblance of cohesion that emerged when former colonial entities engaged in political
projects of decolonization and moved toward the realization of a postcolonial international order”.
The term ‘Global South’ suggests a radical shift from a focus on development or cultural diversity
and toward a focus on geopolitical power relations.
Historically, the countries that are regarded to be part of the global south were former
colonial powers. The colonists believed that anyone who did not follow their rule were savage
and needed to be educated. Through their culture and customs, colonizers brought about this
insight. This line of thinking maintained the idea that colonization was a vital tool for the spread of
civilization, allowing nations to be subjugated. Within this perspective, the enslavement of entire
peoples was not intrinsically bad, and its violence could be justified as beneficent civilizing efforts
gone awry.
The colonial mentality, on the other hand, proceeded to seep into the world,
homogenizing the concept of the global south. As a result of the divisions, the term ‘Global
South’ came to refer to the socioeconomic and political gap in the southern hemisphere. It
consists of Africa, Latin America, and Asia including Middle East. These nation-states are
deemed to be not aligned with nation-states located in the northern hemisphere that adhere to
fair labor practices, rights, free trade, reduced tariffs, and policies on sustainable development.
As it has been articulated in various forms, the global south has been the spectre and
necessary opposition to global modernity. There would be no civilization if there had been no
barbarians, no development if there had been no underdevelopment, no globalism if there had
been no parochial localism, and no Lexus if there had been no olive tree.
Although the Global South is most commonly associated with developing nations, it can
also be found in industrialized countries. Those from affluent countries share similar experiences
with people from developing countries, as evidenced by economically disadvantaged families,
underprivileged individuals, unfair labor practices, suppression of human rights and other abuses
of basic human rights.
On the contrary, all members of the Group of Eight (G8) – Canada, France, Germany,
Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, Russia and United State of America – hail from the Global
North. It also refers to developed Asian, Australian and New Zealand countries.
THE THIRD WORLD
The term Global South and Third World are conceptually similar in that they both refer to
problems common in developing countries. The phrase ‘Third World’ was coined by critics of
Cold War-era power politics to describe the logic of non-alignment in their rejection of
colonialism.
The cold war loomed over the post-war reconfiguration of world politics as more countries
decolonized. It was during this time that the aforementioned ‘three worlds’ interpretation of the
global politics emerged. The Third World, according to this three-part model, was made up of
non-aligned countries that straddled the first and second worlds. As a result, non-alignment
became a blanket condemnation of powerful state’s aggression towards smaller states. Since
many countries were impoverished, the term was also used to refer to the poor world. The
countries that were considered to be non-industrialized and newly industrialized. They lacked the
standard systems in banking, finance, and trade.
ACTIVITY 11
Search for a newspaper or magazine caricature that illustrates your answer to the
question, “Are the Global North and Global South dependent on one another?” Cut or
print the selected caricature then paste it on a short bond paper. Write a short
explanation on why you choose the caricature in same bond paper. Do not forget to
Lesson 2: Asian Regionalism
1. Differentiate between regionalization and globalization
2. Identify the factors leading to a greater integration of the Asian region
3. Analyze how different Asian states confront the challenges of globalization and
regionalization
GLOBALIZATION AND REGIONALIZATION
As state in earlier discussions, Globalization is the spread and deepening of social ties
and consciousness over world-time and world-space. Regionalization, on the other hand, is “the
growth of societal integration within a region and to the often-undirected processes of social and
economic interaction” (Hurrel, 1995). In terms of scope, it is very clear that globalization is
borderless. It occurs all across the world, whereas regionalization occurs only in a certain
geographical location. Because of diversity, regionalization’s social and economic reciprocals
acts are undirected. This diversity come in different levels of development – politics, economics,
and religion (Richter & West, 2014).
Commonly confused with regionalization, regionalism refers to regional concentration of
economic flows while regionalization refers to political process by economic policy if cooperation
and coordination are present among country (Mansfield & Wilmer, 2014). Regionalism also
pertains to the process of intergovernmental collaborations between two or more state (Eliassen
& Arnadottir, 2012)
INTEGRATION OF THE ASIAN REGION
The tales concerning the Western ‘arrival’ in the Asian region were one of the early
manifestations of the region’s integration. Where this so-called spread of civilization for those
barbarians became the common grounds from which the colonized nations would be able to say
that they are developing. In many local indigenous polities, this had far-reaching ramifications for
domestic political institutions. Depending on the situation, some local rulers were easily
overthrown, while others were propped up, established alliances, or faced major resistance from
colonial powers. As a result, Europeans brought new economic practices, religious beliefs,
cultural values, and governmental institutions to the region, which profoundly impacted the
region. Even countries that were not subjected to colonial control were forced to deal with the
effects.
There’s also the legacy of World War II, which served as a catalyst for Asia-Pacific
unification in another way. The rise of Japan and the onset of war in the Pacific theater signaled
the end of Japan's imperial dominance in the region. By serving as a growth model, Japan's
predicament aided the increase in strength of other Asian countries. They were able to adapt
Japan's miraculous economic policies, allowing other countries to participate in the growing
global economy.
Economic liberalization and globalization have arguably had far-reaching regional
consequences. The Asian Financial Crisis of 1997, for example, saw the Thai economy collapse
as investment flew like a herd, and the crisis spread over much of the region (Bullard, Bello &
Mahotra, 1998). Assisting them in forming an ASEAN cooperation with three East Asian
countries — China, Japan, and South Korea. With the objective of confronting the situation and
assisting one another in dealing with it.
Then there is the cultural Westernization summed up in the term ‘McWorld’ (Barber,
2003). Which led to cultural homogenization and the destruction of cultural diversity.
McDonaldization has primarily focused on food, but it has also referred to altering trends in
music, apparel, television, and movies. McDonaldization is also known as 'MTV-ization' or
'Hollywoodization' in this context. Furthermore, there are other factors that have aided in the
integration of Asia. For starters, market forces drove integration. For countries to engage in
exchange within Asia, a range of systems, institutions, procedures, social interactions, and
infrastructures are in place. In recent years, Asian governments have made steps to cooperate
while retaining a certain degree of separation.
Second, institutional institutions were established, such as the Asian Development Bank
(ADB). The Asian Development Bank (ADB) was founded in the 1960s to promote social and
economic development throughout Asia. It assists its members and partners as a financial
institution by offering loans, technical help, grants, and equity investments.
Third, stronger Asian economies provide economic grants and overseas development
assistance. The Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA), for example, wants to
concentrate on human security and qualitative growth. By assisting the socio-economic
development, recovery, or economic stability of emerging regions, the agency hopes to
encourage international collaboration and the development of the Japanese and worldwide
economies.
The fourth point is that production networks have grown. The regional division of labor
allows economies to focus on comparative advantage. Electronics and copper items, to mention
a few, are two of the Philippines' most important exports. Within the region, Indonesia sells palm
oil, rubber, and natural gas. South Korea manufactures machinery and automobiles.
Fifth, the ASEAN +3 Financial Ministers' Process established two structures: the Chiang
Mai Initiative and the Asian Bond Markets Initiative, resulting in collaboration between ASEAN
and East Asian countries. The goal of the process is to improve policy coordination, dialogue,
and collaboration on common financial, monetary, and fiscal challenges.
Finally, although the EU is a rules-based organization, ASEAN takes a consensus-based
approach to decision-making. This strategy avoids clashes between cultural ideas and economic
policies, which are understandably difficult to unite due to the diversity of the region. It sets out in
the ASEAN Declaration the following aims and purposes:
1. To boost the region's economic growth, social improvement, and cultural development,
2. Peace and stability in the region are to be promoted,
3. To encourage active collaboration and mutual aid on issues of common concern,
4. To provide training and research facilities to each other,
5. Must work together more effectively to maximize the use of their crops and industries,
6. To increase trade, develop transportation and communication infrastructure, and improve
people's living standards,
7. To promote Southeast Asian Studies, and
8. To maintain a close and mutually beneficial relationship.
CONFRONTING CHALLENGES OF GLOBALIZATION

Asia's response has been to create regional alternatives such as huge groups, small
groups, and local communities. Through the concept that an Asian area serving as a
counterweight to globalization and western imperialism should present itself in a variety of ways.
The concept of Asian values, which gained popularity among regional leaders in the mid-
to-late 1990s, is a more contemporary form. Asian values proponents, such as Malaysia's then-
Prime Minister Mohamed Mahathir, believed that Asia has culturally distinct traits that distinguish
it from Western liberal democracies. 'The Asian method is to create consensus on national goals
within a democratic framework, to adopt the middle path, the Confucian Chun Yung or the
Islamic, awsatuha; to practice tolerance and compassion towards others,' according to Mahathir
(Langlois, 2001). This is in contrast to Western principles, where "every individual can do
whatever he wants, free of government restriction" and "individuals quickly determine that they
should breach every rule and code governing their society" (Langlois, 2001). Asian values
proponents believed that Asians value authority, hard work, and thrift, and place a greater
emphasis on the community than the individual. Rather than majority rule, Asia functions on the
basis of harmony and consensus. Individual rights, political liberalism, and democracy are all
Western notions that are diametrically opposed to Asian heritage. To that purpose, the leaders of
these countries used Asian principles to justify their authoritarian regimes.
Another response to globalization was the emergence of regional terror networks like
Jemaah Islamiyah (JI). JI's origins and scope are unknown, although its main operations have
been in Indonesia, with apparent ties to Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand (International
Crisis Group, 2002). The purported territorial and regionalist ambitions of JI include the
establishment of an Islamic state in Indonesia, followed by a pan-Islamic caliphate encompassing
Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, and the southern Philippines. The caliphate's objective is to grow
from a regional to a global framework. The point is that JI articulated a different vision of regional
political and social organization, one that directly contradicts the globalization paradigm (ICG,
2002). The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), for example, has extended to Muslim
populations in the southern Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia. These countries used their
available resources to reduce and eventually eliminate the effects of regional and global
terrorism on human displacement and misery. They also developed military multilateral
agreements to deal with these recurring occurrences.
Exploring the many local movements that have formed as an alternative to globalization is
a last method to look about the region as an alternative to globalization. Although the movements
are not exclusive to the Asia Pacific and South Asia regions, they are representative of regional
tendencies in terms of globalization and their emphasis on disengagement from it. The Thai town
of Santi Suk, for example, formed its own currency in response to the Asian financial crisis that
hit the region (Hookway, 2009). The currency is called the ‘bia’, loosely translated as ‘merit’ and
operates through a ‘central bank’ located in the village. The currency can be used to buy a
variety of goods, but it can't be taken outside the participating communities or exchanged for
Thailand's official currency, the baht. Although homemade currencies are not unique to Asia,
they have gained in popularity as a result of recent economic instability.
Community currency is an example of a bigger trend in Thailand's post-Asian financial
crisis self-sufficiency movements. Traditional herbalists,'self-sufficiency' groups, community-
owned rice mills, and cooperative shops were among the organizations involved. Local
production movements are also consistent with the general ideology of being an alternative to the
globalized economy. Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) and the Seikatsu Club, for
example, both encourage consumers to buy ethically and locally in Japan (Starr & Adams, 2003).
In India, there are numerous examples, such as the Lok Samiti organization, which promotes
village-level education and development and protests against the Coca-Cola bottling facility in
Mehdiganj.
The Asia Pacific and South Asia region has been viewed in a variety of ways as a region
that offers an alternative to globalization. These alternative paradigms are, for the most part,
purposefully defined alternatives to external forces. Local movements oppose global capitalism,
nations fight the perception of Western imperialism, and religious groups arise in response to the
perceived danger of secularism. Not all of these views are coherent, and only a few have proven
to be long-term successful.
ACTIVITY 12
Instruction: Write your answers in one whole sheet yellow paper. Do not forget to
1. Using a Venn diagram, indicate the similarities and differences between the two
concepts: regionalization vs. globalization. (15 points)
2. Give two factors that affect the integration of the Asian region? Describe each
briefly. (10 points)
3. How do Asian states confront the challenges brought about by globalization? (5
points)
4. How do Asian states confront the challenges brought about by regionalization? (5
points)
REFERENCES
Claudio, L. E. (2014). Locating the global south. In M. Steger, P. Battersby, & J. Siracusa (Eds.). The SAGE
Handbook of Globalization (Vol. 1, pp. 185-199). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Contemporary World. Bulacan: St. Andrew Publishing House..
Hookway, J. (2009) When it comes to cash, a Thai village says, ‘Baht, Humbug!’ Wall Street Journal, 7
January , sec. Economy. Accessed November 27, 2012.
http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123128312320458913.html
Kimura, E. (2014). Globalization and the Asia Pacific and South Asia. In M. Steger, P. Battersby, & J. Siracusa
(Eds.). The SAGE Handbook of Globalization (pp. 831-847). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Ritzer, G., & Dean, P. (2019). Globalization: The Essentials (2nd ed.). New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Starr, A. and Adams, J. (2003) Anti-globalization: The global fight for local autonomy. New Political Science
25 (1): 19–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0739314032000071217
Module 4: A WORLD OF IDEAS
Lesson 1: Global Culture and Media

1. Analyze how various forms of media drives global integration
2. Discover the impact of globalization to culture through media
3. Build up knowledge about responsible media consumption
What is CULTURE?
It is the cohesive style of human knowledge, beliefs, and behavior that people learn from
(Groysberg et al., 2018). It also refers to the ability to pass on knowledge to future generations.
What is MEDIA?
It is a cultural transporter. It's a method for bringing individuals from diverse cultures
together. It is a method of transmitting information, such as a communication channel. A person’s
voice is a medium while media (plural form of medium) means the technology of mass
communication such as:
Print media Broadcast media Digital media
 Books  Radio  E-mail

 Magazines  Film  Internet sites
 Newspapers  Television  Social media
 Internet-based video and audio
There is an intimate relationship between globalization and media which must be

unravelled to further understand the contemporary world.
Five Stages of Media Development

1. ORAL COMMUNICATION
Humans were able to communicate and share information thanks to the invention of
language. It is a tool that has aided people in their exploration of the globe and its various
civilizations.
2. SCRIPT
Oral communication became hampered by distance. Script enabled humans to communicate
over greater distances and for longer periods of time. It enabled for the permanent
codification of economic, cultural, religious, and political practices, which could then be
passed down to future generations as well as to other nations and civilizations.
3. PRINTING PRESS
This enabled for the continual production, reproduction, and distribution of print materials
(mass production), allowing anybody to access information that was previously exclusively
available to the wealthy, powerful, and religious.
4. ELECTRONIC MEDIA
The usage of electricity, such as the telegraph, telephone, radio, film, and television,
characterizes it. Radio served as a platform for worldwide brands such as Marlboro and
Coca-Cola to be advertised. The analogue version of television was largely utilized to allow
countries to see US Presidents give speeches and UN Security Council meetings. Radio and
television were both used to follow foreign events.
5. DIGITAL MEDIA
This is based on the use of digital codes. Any digital electrical equipment can be used to
create, modify, and save it. The internet and computer networks are used to transfer digital
content. Candidates in politics utilize social media to campaign and promote their platforms. It
allows for product advertising and online business transactions in economics.
Effects of Globalization on Culture
 CULTURAL DIFFERENTIALISM
This viewpoint considers cultural differences to be unchangeable. As the West and non-
Western civilizations interact or come into touch as a result of globalization, clashes of
civilizations such as the West and Islam are inevitable.
 CULTURAL CONVERGENCE
This shows that globalization is to blame for increasing cultural homogeneity. The culture of a
powerful and progressive country, on the other hand, becomes the culture. Take KPOP
culture as an example. Some adolescent Filipinos want to dress up as their favorite South
Korean celebrities. Many of them also become members of fan organizations dedicated to
Koreanovelas and Korean boybands, among other things. At the same time, numerous
Filipino music groups are influenced by Western jazz and reggae.
 CULTURAL HYBRIDITY
It claims that as a result of globalization, there is a growing and continual mingling of cultures.
The Chabacano, a Spanish-based creole language spoken in Zamboanga City and parts of
Cavite, is a good example of hybridity in language integrating two cultures. This movement
will continue to produce new cultural forms in areas such as language, gastronomy, fashion,
and music, among others.
What is GLOCALIZATION?
It is coined from globalization and localization. It is a novel concept that has arisen as a
result of increased cross-cultural contact. This emphasizes the reality that local cultures are not
weak, static, or unchanging; in a globalized world, they are produced and understood anew every
day. As a result of globalization, local cultures continue to accommodate and incorporate world
cultures.
Media Consumption
Media, being a sort of technology, has the ability to transform society. It not only relays
messages or information, but it also has an impact on user social behavior and reorients family
behaviors. People have been steered away from the dining table, where they eat and tell each
other tales, and into their living rooms, where they silently munch their food while watching
television shows. People have also been pulled away from other significant hobbies such as
playing games or reading books because of television.
Furthermore, various media simultaneously extend and abridge human senses. New
media may broaden communication's reach, but they also impair users' communicative abilities.
Information was mostly exchanged orally before people wrote things down on parchment or
paper. Storytellers needed retentive memory to be able to transfer stories verbally from one
person to another. However, because to the invention of writing on paper, storytellers no longer
had to rely solely on their memories. Some philosophers believe that this harmed people's ability
to remember.
Individuals's senses are expanded by cell phones since they allow them to communicate
with multiple people at the same time. On the other side, they limit users' senses by making them
easily distracted and more prone to multitasking.
The television was transforming the world into a global village in 1960. As more people
sat in front of their televisions to see the same stories, their sense of the world would shrink.
They said that as global media became more widely available, individuals from all over the world
would begin to watch, listen to, and read the same things. Media users, according to proponents
of cultural imperialism, are active players in the meaning-making process.
As an example, Asian culture has spread over the world as a result of media
globalization. From Hello Kitty to the Mario Brothers to Pokémon, Japanese trademarks have
been indelibly ingrained in worldwide popular culture. The same can be said for Korean pop (K-
pop) and Korean telenovelas, both of which have a global and regional following. The
observation also applies to gastronomic tastes like sushi. Jollibee, a fast food chain based in the
Philippines, claims to be Brunei's number one fast food option.
Social media, like all new media, has both positive and negative effects. These modes of
communication, on the one hand, democratized access. Facebook and Twitter are free to use for
anyone with an internet connection or a smartphone. Users can now be both consumers and
providers of information thanks to these new mediums. The democratic potential of social media
was demonstrated in 2011 during the Arab Spring upheavals. Activists opposing authoritarian
regimes in Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya utilized Twitter to coordinate and disseminate information
because they lacked access to traditional broadcast media such as television. Their actions
resulted in the overthrow of their respective governments. The "women's march" against newly
installed US President Donald Trump started with a tweet from a lawyer and grew into a national,
even worldwide movement.
Social media, on the other hand, has a dark side. In the early 2000s, the terms
"splinternet" and "cyberbalkanization" were used to describe the many bubbles that people
create when they are online. Users browse articles, memes, and videos uploaded by friends who
share their interests. As a result, being on Facebook might feel like being in an echo chamber,
where one's previous thoughts and attitudes are reinforced. This echo chamber prevents people
from hearing or reading facts or perspectives that contradict their own, making them more
politicized and closed-minded.
People in positions of authority have taken advantage of this segmentation, knowing that
social media bubbles breed herd mentality. The same low cost that makes social media a
democratic force also makes it a low-cost instrument for government propaganda. Vladimir Putin,
the Russian dictator, employs legions of social media "trolls" (paid users who harass political
opponents) to control public opinion through intimidation and the propagation of false information.
Putin employed trolls and online falsehoods to help Donald Trump win the president, according
to American intelligence agencies.
Because social media has few content moderators, false information can readily
propagate. Facebook, unlike newspapers, does not have a team of editors trained to sift through
and filter material. If a news story, even a bogus one, receives a large number of shares, it will be
seen by a large number of individuals who have Facebook accounts.
In a global media world that allows politicians to hawk alternative facts, people must be
cautious and learn how to separate fact from fiction. We must demand that some sources are
more credible than others, even though we must stay critical of mainstream media and traditional
journalism, which may also act in a vested interest. Even if both have biases, a newspaper story
written by a professional journalist and verified by professional editors is likely to be more
believable than a viral video produced by someone in his or her bedroom. People must be able
to distinguish between the two.
ACTIVITY 13
1. How does media influence global integration? (5 points)
2. Describe the impact of globalization to culture through media. (5 points)
ACTIVITY 14
Make a slogan or a poster about responsible media consumption. Use coloring
materials or digital apps to work on your output. Share it on your Facebook account and
use the hashtag #ResponsibleMediaConsumption #TheContemporaryWorld
Lesson 2: The Globalization of Religion
1. Explain how globalization affects religious practices and beliefs
2. Identify the various religious responses to globalization
3. Analyze the relationship between religion and global conflict and peace
What is RELIGION?
It refers to a person's or group's set of religious beliefs and practices (Bock & Schnabel,
2017). It is extremely important in the lives of Filipinos because it is the foundation of their
values. It has influenced their views, personalities, and life perspectives. Most former "third
world" countries, developing countries, and even the West can attest to this.
Effects of Globalization to Religion
1. Globalization gave rise to religious nationalism
It was created following World War II. Particular religious views and associations were
intimately related with nationalism. In the Philippines, for example, lawmaking is frequently
based on parliamentarians' Christian beliefs. National Bible Day was proclaimed a special
working holiday in 2018. Similarly, Islam-ruled states in the Middle East are impacted by
Islamic practices.
2. Globalization led to the turn of religion into a public life
It's a reaction to post-World War II modernism. A classic illustration of this is the often forcible
entry of religious traditions from the private sphere into public life, such as Catholic liberation
theology and Islamic fanaticism. For Catholics, religion extends beyond the administration of
sacraments to include social concerns of the impoverished and disadvantaged both inside
and beyond the church.
3. Globalization affected the proliferation of international terrorism
Religious extremism, which is a form of political violence based on the conviction that a
supreme deity permits violence in the name of glorifying one's faith, has emerged as a major
concern for the international community. Extremists feel it is their duty to use violence to carry
out God's purpose. In 2017, the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), a well-known extremist
group, enraged Mindanao residents and launched the Marawi Siege, which lasted five
months.
4. Globalization prompted the increase of individual religiosity
Individuals who need to rely on their beliefs and relationship with the Supreme Being bring
this. It is, for some, a reaction to their dissatisfaction with institutionalized faiths. Others
simply do not want to be a part of or participate in any organization.
What is DETERRITORIALIZATION OF RELIGION?

Global migration influence religion and has forced deterritorialization of religion which is
the appearance of religious traditions in places where these previously had been largely
unknown or considered minority. It's a cultural trait that blurs the distinctions between culture and
place, allowing it to transcend geographical limits. Due to the migration of abroad workers from
many regions of the world bearing their own faith and belief systems, Islam is present in Europe
and Catholicism-Christianity is present in Arab countries.
The West was likewise Easternized as a result of global migration. The West, which is
where world religions began to develop, is now receiving a new system of beliefs from the East.
The number of followers of Asian religions such as Zoroastrianism, Confucianism, Buddhism,
and Taoism is increasing.
Religion is influenced by worldwide trends and impulses, and it is obliged to adapt to new
conditions, such as the use of social media as an evangelism tool. Joel Scott Osteen and Kirk
Thomas Cameron, two American evangelists, use Facebook and other social media platforms to
communicate their beliefs around the world and across borders.
4 Distinct Glocalization of Religion
The interaction of religion and culture resulted in global-local religion. It is religion with local mix.
1. Vernacularization
It's the mixing of universal religions and local languages. Even outside of the Arab world,
Arabic is utilized as the sacred language of Islam. In Christianity, Greek and Latin are still the
primary languages. As a result of this vernacularization, new religions emerge, such as
Orthodox Christianity, which is derived from Christianity.
2. Indigenization
It is the adaptation of a universal religion to the needs of a specific ethnic community, such as
the practice of Islam by several ethnic groups on the Zamboanga Peninsula. Another
example is the fusion of African traditional religious customs with Christianity in Brazil and the
Caribbean.
3. Nationalization
It establishes a relationship between the state and the church. Religious institutions are
linked to the nation's identity and realities. Becoming a part of a nation entails being a
member of its national church. The Philippine Independent Church, an independent Christian
denomination, is an example of a national church in the Philippines. People also tend to add
modifiers to their religious identification (Greek Orthodox Christianity).
4. Transnationalization
By focusing on groups recognizing specific religious traditions of real or imagined homelands,
it has complimented religious nationalization. One good example is the Iglesia ni Cristo. The
Christian organization has a national scope but a worldwide reach, and its roots and central
authority are immediately identifiable as Filipino.
Global Conflict and Peace

Religion's globalization has resulted in two opposed outcomes. Religion has been a
source of worldwide strife and peace since the late twentieth century.
 In Britain, Muslims were linked to the jihadist attack in June 2017 on London Bridge.
 Jewish Extremists in Israel were accused of targeting and beating Palestinians also in June
2017.
 The American based organization New Christian Right questioned the teaching of Evolution
in schools in the same year.
All of this is due to one's interpretation and knowledge of organized religious ideas and
practices. Despite these developments, it is wrong to blame global war solely on religion.
 Osama Ben Ladin’s attack on World Trade Center in 2001 was triggered by the American
exploitation of the oil reserves of the Middle East, but the jihadist warriors carried the attack
for they are willing to be martyred in the name of Allah.
 The Marawi City siege, in which the ISIS-Maute group alliance was responsible, was the
small group’s quest for Bangsamoro identity and power over its exclusive jurisdiction.
 Hindu Nationalism sparked the Saffron Terror in India.
Extremists believe that radical measures are necessary in achieving the will of God.
Religion caused conflict because of the different interpretations of the religious sacred texts
applied in secular world in the guise of economic and political clashes and vice versa.
Five Stages of Global Religious Rebellion

1. Revolt against secularism
Localized uprisings go up against the state’s less moral authority to govern
2. Internationalization of religious rebellion
Warfare comes between the religious and secular politics
3. Invention of global enemies
Anti-American and anti-European sentiments are growing
4. Global war
There is an expansion of range and depth of conflict between the secular and religious forces
5. Religious dimension of post-Arab spring
The jihadist strategy is proven to be not the way to end the struggle, but with the use of non-
violent means as demonstrated in Tahrir Square in Egypt.
Religion, on the other hand, is a source of calm. Religion's teachings on moral principles
and values are essential instruments for reducing greed, hatred, and misunderstandings, which
are the core causes of conflict. Humans' inner identities are touched by religion, which pushes
them to better themselves and society. Religious peacemakers carry out their mission of
humanitarian help and faith-based involvement, despite the fact that they are not well-known in
current international news stories. Human assistance contributes to peace by promoting poverty
reduction and promoting economic equality. World Vision is a Christian humanitarian
organization that works to alleviate poverty and injustice in children, families, and communities.
ACTIVITY 15
1. When did you realize that there is God? Or there is none? Briefly describe your
experience. (10 points)
2. What is/are the effect/s of Globalization to your Religion? Cite atleast 2. (10 points)
3. Does Religion makes us more connected or divided? Explain your answer. (10
points)
REFERENCES
Bock S., & Schnabel L. (2017). The persistent and exceptional intensity of American religion: a response to
recent research. Sociological Science, 4, 686-700. DOI 10.15195/v4.a28
Groysberg, B., Lee, J., Price, J., & Cheng, J. (2018). The leader’s guide to corporate culture. Retrieved from
http://thebusinessleadership.academy
Module 5: GLOBAL POPULATION AND MOBILITY
Lesson 1: The Global City
1. Explain how multinational corporations influence the development of global cities
2. Analyze how cities serves as engines of globalization
3. Identify the attributes of a global city
3 Stages of Globalization
Stage 1: Globalization 1.0
(1492-1800)
It is the age of mercantilism and colonialism and the driving force was workforce, horsepower,
wind power and later on, steam power.
Stage 2 Globalization 2.0
The Pax Britannica era, when Great Britain ruled the world in terms of trade and economy. New
institutions, particularly the growth of global markets and multinational corporations, were the
driving force.
Stage 3 Globalization 3.0
(Second half of the 20th Century)
When the United States of America was the hegemon in terms of security, trade, and
economics, it was known as the Pax Americana era. The United States became the lone
superpower in the so-called Unipolar World after the Soviet Union fell apart in the 1980s. The
reigning hegemon built this system by defeating other great powers, not necessarily in military
terms, but in terms of economy and influence over other nations.
What is SOFT POWER?
Unlike the 19th and 20th centuries, the current situation does not rely on force as a
fundamental method for sustaining influence over another state; instead, soft power is used to
maintain domination over weaker states.
Soft Power, as defined by Joseph Nye, is when a country utilizes a different means of
establishing cooperation—-attraction. The attraction of a country's culture, political ideas, and
policies gives rise to this sort of influence. Soft power is used when other countries find these
measures to be justifiable. Nye goes on to say that attraction has always been more powerful
than force, citing the common values of democracy, human rights, and individual opportunity as
examples.
Multinational Corporations (MNCs) as driver of Global Change
One of the drivers of global change is the emergence of deeply interconnected economy
that increasingly operates as a whole entity such as Multinational Corporations. MNCs play a
vital role not only in the global economy but in the international community as well, alongside
nation-states in terms of their capacity to sustain themselves and considerable influence the
members of the international community. In some ways, MNCs appear to bring together a
politically divided and clouted world under a unified banner of commerce and economics.
Products and goods have the intrinsic capability to attract a target market regardless of
geographical location and political ideology. MNCs have the capacity to erase and transcend the
borders of the world.
What is a GLOBAL CITY?
It is evident that the world is getting smaller and more connected. When nation-states and
multinational enterprises engage in a larger plan, it is unavoidable that a variety of cultures will
interact with one another. The result of this ongoing interaction is a mash-up of cultures in a
specific geographic location known as a global city.
Cities are hub for high economic, commercial, cultural and at times even political activities
which can contribute to human progress and development through collaborative efforts of
multicultural individuals situated therein. Global cities are seen as engines of economic progress
and, in addition to being industry leaders and regional centres, they are also economic
powerhouses. Global cities are home to industries that encourage market globalization.
Characteristics of a Global City
To explore more, you may also watch:
1. The cultural diversity of people What is a global city? by Calling Wood
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dJekil09KA8
2. Existence of a center for economy
3. Geographic dispersal of economic activities that marks globalization
4. Global reach performance
These characteristics are observed in famous global cities such as New York, Tokyo, Singapore,
and Seoul.
ACTIVITY 16
Choose a Global City anywhere in the world and in an ESSAY expound why the place is
considered a Global City. Write this in a 1 whole sheet yellow paper. Do not forget to
indicate your full name, program (course), year, and section. (30 points)
Guide Questions:
1. What are the characteristics of the city?
Ex. Population, land area, location
2. What makes it a global city?
3. What is the role of Multinational Corporation in the development of your chosen
global city?
4. How does your chosen global city contribute to globalization?
Lesson 2:Global Demography

1. Synthesize the concept of globalization in relation to demography and population
2. Identify the different international issues and trends in global population
What is DEMOGRAPHY?
It is a field in statistics that is concerned with births, deaths, income, and incidence of
disease, which later illustrates the changing structure of human populations (Bloom & Canning,
2013). In the context of Political Science, demography is a statistical study of world population
that can be used to identify specific phenomena in geopolitics, public administration, and other
areas of political science.
What is GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY?
Global demography is about the trends and practices in the world politics. It is the study
of the issues and developments of the global population (Bloom & Canning, 2013). Global
demographic transition all began in the 19th century when Europeans were declining in mortality
rate and there were some rising societies in Asian and Latin American regions. The ongoing
transition in global demography was caused by formal migration and some historical events,
such as colonialism, inter-war reduction, and post-war migration. The development from pre-
industrial to industrialized economy also caused this transition from high to low mortality and
fertility. It is observed that most developed nations have completed this transition. They have low
birth rates and high income, developing nations however, are still in transition. It is debatable
whether higher income results in lower population growth or whether lower population leads to
higher income.
The transition to low mortality rate was influenced by the reduction of contagious and
infectious diseases caused by advancements of medicine and improved nutrition because of the
presence of local and internal markets due to better transportation of goods. Meanwhile, the
factors that led to low fertility rate are the preference over child survival than the number of child
births and the assumption that raising children is more costly than consumption of goods, as
children render less economic contributions due to years spent on education.
There are a lot of issues and crises along the road of globalization. The economic bubble
in some parts of the world, wars in different states of different region, the existence of
transnational crimes, climate change and migration are some of the trends in global demography.
Since globalization has something to do with population demand of a state, its effect on
demography in terms of overpopulation must be noted. Aside from the increasing birth rate,
excessive movement of people from one place to another are also a factor of overpopulation.
International migration is becoming more tremendous. In the Philippine context, some experts
suggest that local or internal migration exist due to the promise of a good quality of living in rural
areas causing overpopulation.
ACTIVITY 17
Instruction: Write your answers in 1 whole sheet yellow paper. Do not forget to indicate
your full name, program (course), year, and section.
1. How does globalization affect the demography and population of a certain area? (5
points)
2. What are the different international issues and trends in global population? Choose 2
and describe briefly. (10 points)
Lesson 3:Global Migration

1. Distinguish different global categories
2. Analyze the political, economic, cultural and social factors underlying global movements
of people
3. Discuss the effects of global migration on the economic well-being of states
During the Cold War, leaders all over the globe agreed to classify the world into three
categories:
1. First World – refer to states which have high-income and capital-rich
2. Second World – refers to the former communist-socialist, industrial states
3. Third World – refers to nations not aligned with either the First World or Second World
which are also called “developing” countries.
The aftermath of the Cold War ended the bipolarity of the world’s hegemonic powers which
were held by Western Bloc (United States, its NATO allies, and others) and the Eastern Bloc (the
Soviet Union and its satellite states). As a result, the United States is now the world's only
remaining superpower. By 1989, the United States had formed military alliances with 50
countries, kicking off the American period. As a superpower, the United States leaned on its
strong democracy and capitalist market to promote free market capitalism and bolster its global
influence. Its success in establishing such a market, however, resulted in the spread of power to
a number of other countries.
We are now living in the most American world, as evidenced by the transfer of power from
states to other players. This diffusion heralds the "rising of the rest," which offers other countries
the ability to participate in global economic and political affairs. In addition, Asian countries are
bolstering their economic, political, and military capabilities in order to demonstrate their global
might.
The classification of countries into three was changed into two:
1. Developed  these are countries that have progressive economies and advance
technological infrastructures
2. Developing  these are low-income countries with less developed industrial bases
These two types of classification highlight the economic inequality of states. Such inequalities
pushes people in developing countries to seek better opportunities in developed countries or
sometimes, motivates them to move from one country to another to attain the ways of living they
are aspiring for. This ongoing movement of people from one country to another is called
migration. It is a form of social behaviour that both shapes and is shaped by broader social and
economic structures and processes of transformation.
2 Types of Migration
1. Internal  any movement from one place to another in the same country
2. International  movement from one country to another
From the rise of the very first civilization, many scholars believe that social inequality,
economic depression and freedom deprivation are the factors why people move from one place
to another. Due to transnational relations and growing demand for economic wealth, migration
exists.
But migration is not only rooted on economic aspirations but also in political motivation. This
is because some people are being oppressed by their governments and want to be free from
tyrannical politicians. For centuries, this trend has been existent because of the necessity to
explore and gain natural resources.
3 Categories of Global migration
1. Voluntary economic migration  it is rooted in the pursuit of economic stability. It is
usually seen in the condition of people in the global south such as regions in Asia and
Africa to have steadily growing labor markets and can provide them high salaries. This is
illustrated by Overseas Filipino Workers (OFW).
2. Forced displacement
3. Refugee crisis
In both categories (2&3), people are forced to migrate because of state’s tyranny or
corruption or the fear of violence such as civil war.
Effects of Migration in the Philippines

 OFW as major economic drivers through their remittances
 Brain drain, in 2009, the Philippine Institute of Development Studies found out that 50% of
employed Filipino emigrants have tertiary education and only 14.5% of them are
managers and professionals, 26.6% of them are working as technicians and clerks, and
the rest are operators known as service workers.
What is COSMOPOLITANISM?
Literally means adherence or belief in the world state. It is the ideology that all human
beings belong to a single community. As a concept that can be linked to globalization, it began its
journey when the world moved towards single moral community from simply believing that the
world could be governed by one state. Transnational relations exist in the present world because
countries trade with one another and populations move across state boundaries.
3 Elements of Cosmopolitanism
1. Individualism – cosmopolitanism believes that a human being is the ultimate unit of
moral concern
2. Universality – it asserts that all human beings are of equal moral worth
3. Generality – implies that human beings have necessary concern for each other
ACTIVITY 18
In a short bond paper sized material, draw an editorial cartoon/artistic illustration

depicting the political, economic, cultural and social factors affecting the global
movement of people. Attach an explanation of your artwork in a separate sheet of
yellow paper. Do not forget to indicate your full name, program (course), year, and
section.
ACTIVITY 19
Instruction: Fill out the following table. Write all your answers in one whole sheet
yellow paper. Do not forget to indicate your full name, program (course), year, and
section. (20 points)
Category Country Characteristic that makes it 1st/2nd/3rd World

Country
First World
Second World
Third World
ACTIVITY 20
1. How does the existence of Oversees Filipino Workers (OFWs) affect our economy?
2. What is the effect of international migration to the Philippines?
REFERENCES
Bloom, D.E. & Canning, D. (2013). Global demography: fact, force and future. Retrieved from
https://cdn1.sph.harvard.edu.
Calling Wood. (2019, October 9). What is a global city ? [Video file]. Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dJekil09KA8
Module 6: TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE WORLD
Lesson 1:Sustainable Development

1. Differentiate the concept of stability from sustainability
2. Determine the significance of sustainable development in a globalized world
Sustainable development is the development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs.
---Brundtland Report by the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED)
WCED outlined critical objectives for environment and development policies following its concept
of sustainable development. These are:
1. Reviving growth
2. Changing the quality of growth
3. Meeting essential needs for jobs, foods, energy, water and sanitation
4. Ensuring a sustainable level of population
5. Conserving and enhancing the resource base
6. Reorienting technology and managing risks
7. Merging environment and economics in decision making.
Image source: https://www.nationalgeographic.org/article/sustainable-development-goals/
Sustainability vs. Stability
 A sustainable environment is resilient enough to withstand man-made and natural
challenges, and can also recover from such if needs arise.
 Sustainability leads to stability, however stability alone may not necessarily lead to
sustainability.
 Stable environment are simply resistant to change but somehow lack the element of
resiliency that sustainable environments possess because it is far easier for stable
environments to become more unstable in comparison to the possibility of sustainable
environments becoming “unsustainable”.
In order to achieve sustainable development, governments and academics have been on
their toes. In our day of persistent difficulties in politics, society, and particularly environment (e.g.
climate change, waste disposal, biodiversity, forestry and the like), such stability is surely longed
after by every single nation-state.
Governments have been challenged to come up with ways to develop their communities
without exploiting the natural resources, and to craft policies that help achieve this goal. The
welfare of the people must also be in constant consideration in terms of development.
The United Nations (UN) frequently refers to
Agenda 21, its Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform, which was established in 1992
and is where the concept of sustainable development is discussed. Agenda 21 promotes for the
dissemination of information about sustainable development through education. Since then,
countries all over the world have incorporated the UN's action plan into their respective
governments, such as Canada, which developed the Sustainable Development Education
Program (SDEP) in the same year that Agenda 21 was founded.
Another is United Kingdom’s UK Strategy of Sustainable Development crafted in 1994 aimed to
raise the awareness of the people through the integration of environmental policies into all
aspects of the government, a share responsibility between government, local authorities,
businesses and non-governmental organizations among other provisions in the strategy.
Policies and strategies of the government must be intertwined with environmental concerns in
order for sustainability to be achieved. The environment must continuously be at the center of
government actions. It is only logical and practical, in a sense, to constantly put into
consideration the environment in the decision-making and policy-making processes of a nation-
state since it is where people build livelihoods on, and which suffers when they turn a blind eye in
terms of developing. By using ecological sustainability as an underpinning principle of
sustainable development, governments can simultaneously advocate for protection, restoration,
and preservation of integrity of the Earth’s ecological systems. This makes the environment
more resilient to challenges and threats and in turn, making civilizations resilient in the same
light.
ACTIVITY 21
In a short bond paper sized material, create a collage of photos illustrating the actions
you have taken and/or you can do (give more than 5) in order to contribute to
sustainable development. Do not forget to indicate your full name, program, year, and
section.
ACTIVITY 22
Instruction: Write your answers in 1 whole sheet yellow paper. Do not forget to indicate
your full name, program (course), year, and section.
1. Using a Venn diagram, illustrate the similarities and difference between
sustainability and stability. (15 points)
2. What is the importance of sustainable development in a globalized world? (5 points)
Lesson 2:Global Food Security
1. Define food security
2. Categorize the issues and challenges in food security and their solutions
Food is a vital source for humans regardless of race, nationality, religious affiliation,
economic status, or education attainment. It is a basic need for survival, therefore it is important
for nations to secure a constant supply of food for the consumption of its people.
What is FOOD SECURITY?
It is the physical and economic access, at all times, to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food
for people to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.
Food security is a global issue that requires a great deal of attention. It poses a challenge
to populous countries like China and India. The agriculture sector and food firms in a country
must be able to supply the growing and persistent demand for food on both a local and
international scale by expanding production capacity and overall productivity. Food rationing is
another approach for addressing food security difficulties, particularly in emerging and
undeveloped countries, yet this solution can lead to even more problems. It may impair food
security in the long run, as India's targeted Public Distribution System (PDS) in the 1990s shown.
International commerce is seen as a way to mitigate the impact of food insecurity on
countries. While relatively poor countries can gain from international commerce by getting
subsidies from wealthy countries, wealthy countries will be under pressure to expand their food
production capacities. Rich countries may likewise struggle to deal with domestic and
international food security issues.
Economic and agricultural reforms have proven viable in addressing food security issues
in the case of China, one of the most populated countries in the world. In 1978, China began
reforms in these sectors to ensure food security for the country and its people. Nutrition-wise,
China was able to reduce the number of undernourished people by seventy million from 1990 to
2000. Both grain production and household income increased, creating a synchronized and self-
sufficient domestic environment. Couple these with relevant market and pricing policies,
domestic food security can be relatively achieved at a considerable degree.
Armed conflict is one of the causes that stifles and weakens food security on both a
national and worldwide level. Internal strife has hampered food production and supplies in
countries like Israel, Turkey, and Syria for decades. Armed organizations are attempting to
prevent the seizure and/or destruction of food aid meant for government armed troops. Farmers
are also driven away from their lands because of conflict, and production is then halted. The
effects of these circumstances also spill over to neighboring countries due to international trade.
Conversely, hunger also leads to conflict and, as mentioned, leads to an increase
shortage in food. Food shortage is not only limited to rural areas but is also an issue plaguing
urban sectors especially in countries with internal conflict. Lack of food was one of the factors
that ignited the French Revolution of 1789 and somehow is resembled by the Venezuelan food
crisis in the present era. As the economy of Venezuela continues to plummet, prices of
commodities skyrocket to unreasonable figures. Although the Venezuelan government sells
some food packets at a regulated price, only 12.6 million Venezuelans have access to these
packets which is only about one-third of the total population of the country.
ACTIVITY 23
In a short bondpaper sized material, illustrate the challenges in food security and how
you can address each issue you presented (choose atleast 3). You can either draw it and
use coloring materials or utilize cut-outs from old books or magazines. Do not forget to
REFERENCES
Module 7: GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP
4. Identify the ethical implications of global citizenship
Lesson 1: Global Citizenship

1. Articulate a personal definition of global citizenship
2. Appreciate the ethical obligations of global citizenship
3. Illustrate the importance of global citizenship
4. Describe the characteristics of a global citizen
Globalization and a slew of technology breakthroughs have brought nations, as well as many
residents around the world, closer together than ever before. With relatively new and effective
ways of reaching even previously unreachable corners of the world, as well as gathering and
sharing information that is literally at everyone's fingertips, communication has been made
easier. This permanent state of interconnectedness gives rise to the concept of a global village,
in which citizens of the world are members not just of their own countries, but also of the entire
world.
In light of these considerations, there must be a growing realization that domestic decisions
and actions can and will have international consequences. Individuals must be aware of the
larger world, respect and value diversity, understand how the world works economically,
politically, socially, culturally, technologically, and environmentally, be outraged by social
injustice, participate in and contribute to the community at all levels, from local to global, be
willing to act to make the world a more equitable and sustainable place, and take responsibility
for their actions as global citizens.
All of these qualities can be obtained through education, especially schooling that focuses on
global and intercultural issues. In this aspect, education aids the student in comprehending the
impact of one's own actions on other cultures, as well as the impact of other people's acts based
on a culture other than one's own. In summary, global education exposes students to a wide
range of customs, norms, and traditions, reducing bias. This is required because, as previously
said, the world's obvious interconnection and continual interaction pits people from many nations
and cultures against one another.
Furthermore, microsystems such as families and local communities play a critical role in
establishing a global perspective. In essence, global education must be comprehensive,
involving not only educators but also parents, peers, and policymakers. In some ways, this type
of education focuses not only on providing learners with life skills, but also on instilling in them
the importance of values that enable them to obtain a more inclusive vision of the global society
and effectively connect with individuals from different cultures.
Engaging with people of different nationalities with these attributes will be beneficial for the
rest of humanity in the long run since an individual is not only confined to the pursuit of personal
interest but also conscious about the lives, desires, and needs of other individuals hailing from
other cultures. It is a fact that some of the world’s resources are running scarce due to the
persistent demands of human consumption. Being able to peacefully coexist with one another
with a shared global perspective in mind can enable individuals to efficiently distribute and
consume resources without the need for coercion. Global citizens gave a great understanding of
the truth that for the global society to survive, one must do away with myopic and self-centered
ideas and must rather take into great consideration the needs of other individuals.
ACTIVITY 24
Instruction: In an ESSAY, describe a Global Citizen. Write this in a 1 whole sheet yellow
paper. Do not forget to indicate your full name, program (course), year, and section.
Guide Questions:
1. What is a global citizen?
2. What are the ethical obligations of a global citizen?
3. What is importance of global citizenship?
4. Are you a global citizen? if Yes, why? If No, why not?
REFERENCES

The Contemporary World

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Module 1: DEFINING GLOBALIZATION

COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES

1. Using various resources, search on the different definitions of GLOBALIZATION.

Lesson 1: The Global Economy

Global Resistance on consumption sites. The

Fill out the following table: (20 points)

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

 Communication Networks, New Media and the State

THE CONCEPT OF INTERNATIONALISM AND GLOBALISM

1. Briefly explain the effects of globalization on nation states particularly on the

1. International Criminal Court (ICC)

THE IDEA OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE

Lesson 1: Global Divides: The North and the South

CONFRONTING CHALLENGES OF GLOBALIZATION

Lesson 1: Global Culture and Media

Print media Broadcast media Digital media

 Books  Radio  E-mail

There is an intimate relationship between globalization and media which must be

Five Stages of Media Development

What is DETERRITORIALIZATION OF RELIGION?

Global Conflict and Peace

Five Stages of Global Religious Rebellion

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

Effects of Migration in the Philippines

In a short bond paper sized material, draw an editorial cartoon/artistic illustration

Category Country Characteristic that makes it 1st/2nd/3rd World

Lesson 1:Sustainable Development

Image source: https://www.nationalgeographic.org/article/sustainable-development-goals/

Lesson 1: Global Citizenship

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