Pre lab 1

Alfaisal University CHM 101

TH
Chemistry Department WEEK OF 6 Sept 2015

EXPERIMENT #1
Measurements and Expression of Experimental Data
PURPOSE: The purpose of this experiment is to become familiar with the common types

of laboratory glassware and equipment analyse and make observations, and analyse data.

Students will carry out measurements of mass, volume and temperature. Volume

will be measured using various tools (graduated cylinder, buret and pipet and then

record the volume to reflect the accuracy of these tools). These values will be

used to calculate the density of water from mass and volume measurements.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: By the end of this experiment, the student should be able

to demonstrate the following proficiencies:

Understand and apply safety rules when working in the laboratory.

Know how to correctly use the glassware and equipment.

Record laboratory data, analyse and make observations.

Learn laboratory etiquette (clean up after yourself and place all equipment in its

proper place ready for use by others using the lab)

The meaning of significant figures and their relationship to measurements and

how to carry out mathematical manipulations correctly

BACKGROUND: There are two major categories of laboratory glassware: (1) those that

contain a certain volume (volumetric flasks) and (2) those that deliver a certain volume

(pipets, burets, and graduated cylinders). “To Contain” glassware (sometimes labelled TC)

is typically used for preparing solutions of known volume. “To Deliver” glassware

(sometimes labelled TD) is used to transfer known volumes between containers. Some

glassware is very carefully designed and marked for high accuracy/precision work

(burets, pipets, and volumetric flasks), while other glassware is not intended for such

work (beakers, Erlenmeyer flasks, and graduated cylinders).

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In high accuracy/precision work, the glassware must be clean. Not only does clean

glassware avoid unwanted chemical contamination, but it also assures that delivered

volumes of liquids will be correct. A dirty spot on the inside wall of a buret or pipet, for

example, even if the spot itself does not occupy a significant volume, can cause a droplet

of water to adhere to the wall, causing an error in the recorded volume of delivered liquid

(less volume delivered).

Measuring and recording data. The generally accepted rule for measuring volumes is to

estimate one more digit beyond the digit associated with the closest spaced markings

For measurements obtained from devices which provide digital output, such as electronic

mass balances or a Spectronic 20, all digits should be recorded, including any trailing

zeroes, with the understanding that the last digit is within “one” unit of the correct

value.

Example readings from an analytical balance:

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Equipment precision: Accuracy and Precision of Laboratory Glassware.

Beaker The smallest division is 10 mL, so

we can read the volume to 1/10
of 10 mL or 1 mL. The volume
we read from the beaker has a
reading error of 1 mL.

The volume in this beaker is

47 1 mL. You might have read
46 mL; your friend might read
the volume as 48 mL. All the
answers are correct within the
reading error of 1 mL.

So, How many significant figures

does our volume of 47 1 mL
have? Answer - 2! The "4" we
know for sure plus the "7" we had
to estimate.

Graduated First, note that the surface of

the liquid is curved. This is called
Cylinder the meniscus. This phenomenon is
caused by the fact that water
molecules are more attracted to
glass than to each other
(adhesive forces are stronger
than cohesive forces). When we
read the volume, we read it at
the BOTTOM of the meniscus.

The smallest division of this

graduated cylinder is 1 mL.
Therefore, our reading error will
be 0.1 mL or 1/10 of the
smallest division. An appropriate
reading of the volume is
36.5 0.1 mL. An equally precise
Look in the textbook for a picture of a
value would be 36.6 mL or 36.4
graduated cylinder.
mL.

How many significant figures

does our answer have? 3! The "3"
and the "6" we know for sure and
the "5" we had to estimate a
little.

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 Burette The smallest division in this
buret is 0.1 mL. Therefore, our
reading error is 0.01 mL. A good
volume reading is 20.38 0.01
mL. An equally precise answer
would be 20.39 mL or 20.37 mL.

How many significant figures

does our answer have? 4! The "2",
"0", and "3" we definitely know
and the "8" we had to estimate.

Look in the textbook for a picture of a

buret. Note that the numbers get
bigger as you go down the buret. This is
different from the beaker or the
graduated cylinder. This is because the
liquid leaves the buret at the bottom.

Unit’s conversion:

Move “up” the staircase to larger units, “down” to smaller ones. As example, to convert

37.35 decimeters (dm) to millimeters (mm), move the decimal point 2 places to the right

(3735).

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Properties: Any characteristic that can be used to describe or identify matter is called

a property. Properties can be classified in a variety of ways. One common classification

sorts properties as physical properties and chemical properties. Physical properties, like

colour or mass, are those which can be determined without changing the chemical makeup

of the material. Weighing an object does not change it, so mass is a physical property.

Chemical properties, on the other hand, rely on a chemical change. For example, iron

reacts with oxygen to form rust. Rusting is a chemical property (and also a chemical

reaction). Another common way to distinguish the properties of a substance is to classify

them as extensive or intensive properties. For an extensive quantity, the value of the

property depends on the amount of material. For example, the mass of an iceberg is much

larger than the mass of an ice cube, because there is more ice in the larger sample.

Therefore, mass is an extensive quantity. In contrast, the value of an intensive quantity

does not depend on the amount of material. Temperature, for example, is an intensive

quantity: an ice cube and an iceberg can both be at 0o C, regardless of their vastly

different sizes. We will encounter many different quantities that can be used to

characterize matter. The ability to classify such properties in these ways will be very

useful.

Density: is a quantity that can be used to describe a sample, or even identify one from a

limited set of possibilities. This property can be used for both pure materials and

mixtures. Density is defined as the ratio of the mass divided by the volume. Like other

properties of matter, density can be classified into two of the categories described

above. You may already be able to classify density as a ‘physical’ or ‘chemical’ property.

In this experiment, we will deduce whether density is an ‘extensive’ or ‘intensive’

property.

Error Analysis: Accuracy and precision are two different terms that are used to refer

to the numbers that result from measurements. Accuracy refers to the agreement

between a measured value and the true (or accepted) value. An accurate value is one that

is very close to the true or accepted value. Precision refers to the degree of agreement

among several measurements of the same quantity. Precision reflects the reproducibility

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of a given measurement. Precise values are very close to other values of the same

measurement. For a set of data, the average may not be very accurate (far from its true

value) but the data may be very precise (very similar values, reproducible). The goal of

any experiment is to be both accurate and precise.

When reporting results, two useful quantities are the average (or mean) and standard

deviation of a set of data. The standard deviation represents the spread in the data.

The variable n represents the number of measurements in a data set. A common way to

compare a result to a true value (xt) is to determine the percent error:

% error = (xi – xt) / xt 100

Where xi is an experimental value, either an individual measurement or the average of a

set of data. The % error can be a positive or negative value depending on whether xi is

larger or smaller than the true value (xt).

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PRE-LAB EXERCISES:

Complete this page prior to attending lab.

1. Based on the targets, which would be considered inaccurate but precise? Circle

your choice.

>

2. Given the following 3 values: 2.5 3.3 4.2

a. Determine the average (or mean). Average = ______________

3.3

b. Determine the standard deviation. Standard Deviation = ____________

0.69

3. Read the volume in this buret and report it with the correct number of

significant figures.

17.27
Buret volume = ______________________ mL

4. To the right is a picture of a volumetric flask.

Is it a TC (to contain) or TD (to deliver) piece of glassware? > TC TD

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5. Review the concept of significant figures in your textbook.

a. How many significant figures do the following numbers contain?

0.0129 has _________

3 significant figures.

2.0100 has _________

5 significant figures.

b. Report these numbers to 3 significant figures.

2.996 ________________
3.00

8000 _________________________
8.00x10^3
c. Perform this operation and report the answer with the proper number of

significant figures.

9.05 12.00 = _____________________

0.754 3 sig fig

6. Circle the chemical property. Mass Flammability Colour

7. Practice Metric Conversions

550 ml __________
0.550 l

3.7 g __________
3700 mg

20 km __________
20000 m
78.4 cm __________
784 mm

212 μl __________
0.212 ml

67.5 dam __________

6.750x10^8 μm
500 μm __________ mm
0.5

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THE EXPERIEMENT:

Aim:
By calculating the density of a known substance (water), determine the relative
precision and accuracy of different glassware items.

Introduction:
The ability to make accurate and detailed observations are crucial in science.
This lab will focus on quantitative observations, more specifically,
measurements. A measurement is defined by a number and a scale or unit. The
scale used is often varied. Due to convenience, the metric system is often used
in many countries. The universal scale, however, used by scientists is the SI
unit. In this lab, we will focus on making accurate and detailed observations in
measurements using the metric system while obeying the laws of significant
figures.

Procedure:
1. Weigh a dry 100 mL beaker, a 10 mL graduated cylinder and a 10 mL pipet
cylinder (actually, weigh a 150 mL beaker that you will transfer into from the
pipet, pipets can’t be weighed effectively) and record the mass for each on the
data sheet. Recall that a trailing zero is a significant figure, and should be
written down!
2. Obtain a fair amount of distilled water (from the carboy at the front of the
classroom) and measure its temperature. Remember to record this number to
the tenths of degrees.
3. To the best of your abilities, put 10 mL of water in each glassware item.
Record the volume for each one, remembering that you should estimate one
place past the markings.
4. Weigh and record the mass for each item. Be careful not to spill!
5. Do this three times for each piece of glassware, taking care to dry (as best
as you can) the glassware in between trials.

Equipment: 100 mL beaker, 10 mL graduated cylinder, 10 mL pipet with pipet

suction device; also, a large beaker to provide a distilled water reservoir
Chemicals: Distilled water.

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Data: Data tables should be created for all original data as well as for
calculated results. EXCEL is an excellent computer tool for creating nice data
tables! Below are sample data tables to give you an idea of what to do.

Temperature of distilled water ______________ °C

Beakers:
Trial 1 2 3 mean
Dry mass (g)
Mass with water (g)
Mass of water (g)

Graduated cylinder:
Trial 1 2 3 mean
Dry mass (g)
Mass with water (g)
Mass of water (g)

Buret
Trial 1 2 3 mean
Dry mass (g)
Mass with water (g)
Mass of water (g)

Cylinder Pipet:
Trial 1 2 3 mean
Dry mass (g)
Mass with water (g)
Mass of water (g)

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 I’m kinda
regretting this
Pre lab 2
Alfaisal University CHM 101
Chemistry Department Dr. Samira Amir

Title of the Experiment

The Density of Liquids and Solids

PURPOSE: The purpose of this experiment is to understand the concept of

density and explore methods for measuring density.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: By the end of this experiment, the student should

be able to demonstrate the following proficiencies:

• To determine the density of pure water;

• To determine the density of aluminum (applying the technique of water
displacement) and to use this value to determine the thickness of a piece
of aluminum foil;

• To measure the mass and volume (via measured dimensions) of several

cylinders of an unknown material, and to determine the density of this
material via graphical analysis of the collected data.

BACKGROUND:

When we say that one substance is heavier than another, we mean that any given
volume of the substance is heavier than the same volume of the other substance.
For example, any given volume of steel is heavier than the same volume of
aluminum, so we say that steel is heavier than – or has greater density than-
aluminum.

Density:

Density is defined as the mass per unit volume of a substance, and it is a physical
property of matter. A physical property can be measured without changing the
chemical identity of the substance. Since pure substances have unique density

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values, measuring the density of a substance can help identify that substance.
Density is determined by dividing the mass of a substance by its volume:

The units of density are commonly expressed as g/cm3 for solids, g/mL for liquids,
and g/L for gases. Density is also an intensive property of matter. This means that
the value of density is independent of the quantity of matter present. For
example, the density of a gold coin and a gold statue are the same, even though
the gold statue consists of the greater quantity of gold. This is in contrast to
extensive properties, like volume (the amount of space occupied by matter), which
depend of the quantity of mater present. The more matter present, the larger
the volume.

In Part A of this lab, the mass and volume of distilled water will be measured in
order to determine the density of water. Measurements will be performed on
three samples of water to improve precision and accuracy. Mass will be measured
with an electronic balance, in grams (g), and volume will be measured directly with
a graduated cylinder, in milliliters (mL). Recall that when measuring liquid volumes,
the graduated scale must be read from the lowest point of the curved surface of
the liquid (the meniscus).

Measuring the Volume of a Liquid

The graduated cylinder markings are every 1-milliliter. When

read from the lowest point of the meniscus, the correct reading
is 30.0 mL. The first 2 digits 30.0 are known exactly. The last
digit 30.0 is uncertain. Even though it is a zero, it is significant
and must be recorded.

The accuracy of the experimentally determined density of water will then be

evaluated by comparison to the true, accepted density of water.

2
In Part B of this lab, the density of aluminum will be determined using aluminum
pellets. Again, mass will be measured using an electronic balance, in grams (g).
However, since the pellets have irregular shapes, their volume must be measured
indirectly using the technique of water displacement (also known as Archimedes
Principle). This is because the volume of water that the solid displaces when it is
immersed in the water is the same as the volume of the solid itself. The
accuracy of this experimentally determined density will also be evaluated by
comparison to the true, accepted density of aluminum.

Measuring the Volume of an Irregularly

Shaped Solid

Volume water displaced = Final volume –

Initial volume Volume water displaced =
Volume of solid Note that 1 mL = 1 cm3 .

The density of aluminum will then be used in an applied problem to determine the
thickness of a piece of aluminum foil. The piece of foil used can be considered to
be a very flat rectangular box, where

The foil volume can be obtained from the measured mass of the foil and the
density of aluminum. Thus, if the length and width of the foil rectangle are
measured, then the foil‟s thickness may be calculated.

Density and Graphical Analysis

Laboratory investigations involve collecting data, which is often numeric. One
common method of interpreting data is graphical analysis.

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In Part C of this lab, the mass and volume of several cylindrical pieces of an
unknown solid material will be measured. Once again mass will be obtained using
an electronic balance, in grams (g). But since the cylinders are regularly-shaped
solids, their volumes (in cubic centimeters, cm3) will be calculated from their
measured dimensions by using the appropriate volume formula:

Volume of a cylinder = πr 2 h h =
cylinder height or length r = cylinder
radius = ½ the diameter

Each pair of mass and volume values will then be plotted on graph paper as a
scatter plot, with mass plotted on the y-axis and volume plotted on the x-axis.
Since the plotted data generate (or at least approximate) a straight line, a
“best-fit line” can be added to the graph. A best-fit line is a single line that
comes as close as possible to all the plotted points.

The equation of this best-fit line will have the familiar form y = mx + b, where m
represents the slope of the line, and b represents the y-intercept. This is
illustrated in the figure below.

The y-intercept (b) is the point on the y-axis where the line crosses the axis. In
this experiment, the value of b should be equal to zero. This is because if there
is no mass, the volume must also be zero. However, note that your best-fit line
might not pass exactly through the origin (0, 0) due to experimental error – but
it should be quite close.

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 Percent Error Calculation Steps

1. Subtract one value from another. The order does not matter if you are dropping
the sign, but you subtract the theoretical value from the experimental value if
you are keeping negative signs. This value is your

'error'.

2. Divide the error by the exact or ideal value (i.e., not your experimental or
measured value). This will give you a decimal number.

3. Convert the decimal number into a percentage by multiplying it by 100.

4. Add a percent or % symbol to your report

PRE-LAB EXERCISES:

Complete this page prior to attending lab.

1. Why does density change slightly with changes in temperature and

pressure?

the way that temperature effects density is when the temperature increases most materials
expand

or their volume increases which results in a decrease in density .that means when
temperature

goes down the density goes up. Pressure also effects density because when pressure
increases the molecules

become compressed to each other which means an increase in density but when pressure
goes down
the molecules become free to move and get away from each other which means decrease in
density.

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 2. What is the difference between g/ml and g/cm3 ?

g/cm^3 is defined as the mass in grams divided by volume in cubic centimeters and
it is used for the density of solids .g/ml is mass in grams divided by millimeters and
is used for density of liquids
3. What is the density of water

the density of water is 1g/cm^3

4. How dose percent error determine the accuracy of a set of

measurements?

accuracy is how close your measurement is to the right answer ,percent error is a
measure of how far your results are from the accepted answer which is related to
accuracy .

5. Use references to complete the following table:

Substance Density g/cm3

Dry air 0.001

Gasoline 0.702

Benzene 0.88

Magnesium 1.738

Aluminum 2.70

Iron 7.87

Gold 19.32

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 6. In the previous table, where do you think can we insert the water
density?

Between benzene and magnesium

7. You have a rock with a volume of 15cm3 and a mass of 45 g. What is its
density?

3.0 g/cm^3

THE EXPERIEMENT:

Procedure
Safety
Be especially careful when using 250-ml volumetric flask as the glass
could easily break. Tilt the graduated cylinder and allow the coins to
gently slide to the bottom.

Materials and Equipment

250-ml volumetric flask, 10-mL graduated cylinder, NaCl(s), Erlenmeyer
flask, funnel, electronic balance, distilled water, and graph paper, British
coin-5 pence.

Part A: The Density of liquid

1. Place a clean, dry Erlenmeyer flask on balance, tare (zero) the
balance, and then use a spatula to add (2g, 4g, 10g, 12g, and 16g)
solid NaCl to the flask. (Each group should weigh one amount).
„‟The mass of solid does not need to be exactly the mass given in
the table. But you do need to know exactly how much you measured
out, so record the mass to the nearest .001 g. Do not spill any salt
on the balance. The NaCl can corrode the balance, ultimately
ruining it. CLEAN UP any salt that you spill. Additionally, salt spilled

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 on the balance pan will affect the weight and change your results
(for the worse).‟‟

2. Add 20 ml distilled water to dissolve the salt

3. Cap the flask and swirl to dissolve the solid material into solution
4. Then transfer it into 250 ml volumetric flask using funnel.
5. Once the solid material has been dissolved, fill the flask with your
solvent almost to the etched line.

6. Put it at the main bench (record your group name as well as the
gram of NaCl you used.

7. Using the electronic balance, obtain the mass of 10-mL graduated

cylinder. Make sure it is dry before you weigh it.

8. Add 10 mL of each solutions and record the mass again.

9. Draw a table to record your data.
10. Use the mass and volume measurements to calculate the density
values for each solution.
11. Plot a graph between Density and Concentration.
12. Find out the unknown concentration

Part B: The Density of Solid

1. Using the electronic balance, obtain the mass of British coin-5

pence. Make sure it is dry before you weigh it.

2. Add 10 mL of tab water into 25ml-gradualted cylinder.

3. Tilt the graduated cylinder and allow the coins to gently slide to
the bottom

4. Record the volume (displacement of water).

5. Calculate the density.
6. Calculate the percent error% of British coin-5 pence mass. Note:
reference value is 3.25 g.

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That’s it so
good luck
Hehe