NED UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING

AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING

BATCH 2023

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING
MAHRUKH ARIF (TC-23013)
COURSE INSTRUCTOR:
SIR MIRZA MUHAMMAD MUZAMMIL
SOFTWARE:
Software is a set of instructions, data or programs used to operate computers and execute specific
tasks. It is the opposite of hardware, which describes the physical aspects of a computer.
Software is a generic term used to refer to applications, scripts and programs that run on a
device.
In a computer system, the software is basically a set of instructions or commands that tell a
computer what to do. In other words, the software is a computer program that provides a set of
instructions to execute a user's commands and tell the computer what to do. For example
Windows 10, MS-Word, MS-Excel, PowerPoint, etc.

Hardware:

1. Processor (CPU): An Intel Core i5 or AMD Ryzen 5 processor will provide ample processing
power for everyday business tasks.

2. Memory (RAM): 8GB RAM ensures smooth multitasking and quick access to applications.

3. Storage: A solid-state drive (SSD) with at least 256GB capacity for faster data access and
improved system responsiveness.

4. Motherboard: A reliable motherboard with necessary ports and expansion slots for future
upgrades.

5. Graphics Card: For basic business needs, integrated graphics are sufficient, eliminating the
need for a dedicated graphics card.

6. Network Interface Card (NIC): Integrated NIC for wired connectivity and optional Wi-Fi
adapter for flexibility.
7. Power Supply Unit (PSU): A power-efficient PSU with sufficient wattage to support the
components.

8. Case: A compact and well-ventilated case to accommodate the components.

Networks:
Network infrastructure is not inherently obvious. The logical flow and layout of data traffic isn’t apparent
in the same way that it is in other complex systems, like highway infrastructures. This makes computer
networking more difficult to envision at a glance.
Designing Networks:
Designing a network from scratch isn’t something that most of us need to do very often, but when we do,
it’s vital that we get it right.
We have to ensure that the plans we develop are sound and logical, that they meet our requirements, and
that we have the budget necessary to implement our designs.
Network Hardware Components:
Hardware Components are known as “Network Hardware Devices” that are linked each other through
wire or wireless connection medium.
Major Types of Network Hardware Devices are

Network Interface Card

Network Interface Card (NIC) is hardware component that is used to link multiple computers with each
other over the network.

Hub
Hub is also a hardware component of computer network that helps to split large network connections into
small multiple network terminals. Hub works as distribution point.

Modem
Modem stands for “Modulator–Demodulator“. Main objective of using of Modem in computer network is
to move data from one computer terminal to another computer terminal via telephone line system.

Switches
Switches are used in the wired network such as Ethernet network. Switch is a small hardware component
that helps to receive data from other different input ports and send this got data to appropriate output port,
and finally destination terminal obtains data over the network.

Router performs all functions on the third layer of OSI model. Router helps to transfer data packet in
between multiple point over the network.

Bridges
Bridges is very important hardware device of computer network because it helps to make interconnection
along with multiple bridge network on the similar protocol. Bridges are also called of “Layer 2 switches”.

Server
Server is high level computer which are get high configuration. It has responsibility to handle all
resources of the entire network system. On the server, a special type of operating system is installed, it is
known as network operating system.

Network Software Components:

Computer network needs to many software components to organize the networking structure at
your home or other space; below mentioned all:
Networking Operating System
Networking Operating System is designed especially to network system. It is installed on the
server then it delivers to some facilitate to workstations on the network such as share files,
database, applications, fax machine, plotters, printers etc.
Protocol Suite
Protocol is set of rules or some guideline followed by every node of network for data
communication. Protocol Suite is group of some related protocols which are especially designed
for computer networks.
OSI Model – OSI stands for Open System interconnections, and it decides that how to flow data
in between the multiple computers with the help of these seven layers such as Physical, Data
Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation and Application.
TCP/IP Model – TCP/IP stands for “Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol“, and it
delivers some instructions that how to make a connection with any specific computer over the
network and how to get transmission between all computers nodes.

Digital logic DESIGN: