Vocabulary 5.

Healthcare
nit 1. Task 1 – Line graph

Word Part of speech Meaning

Nutrient N Chất dinh dưỡng

Surgery N Sự phẫu thuật

Life expectancy N Tuổi thọ

Fatality N Cái chết

Circulation N Sự lưu thông

Disorder N Sự rối loạn

Choke N Sự tức ngực

Scald N Vết bỏng

Artery N Động mạch

Illness N Bệnh

Diabetes N Bệnh tiểu đường

Stroke N Sự đột quỵ

Pain N Cơn đau

Cancer N Bệnh ung thư

Strain N Sự căng thẳng

Infection N Sự lây nhiễm

Inflammation N Sự viêm

Immune system Phrase Hệ miễn dịch

Cell N Tế bào

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 Germ N Mầm bệnh, vi trùng

Incurable Adj Nan y

Cured Adj Được xử lý

Vulnerable Adj Dễ bị tổn thương

Misuse V Lạm dụng

Sedentary Adj Tĩnh lặng

First aid Phrase Sự sơ cứu

Overeat V Ăn quá mức

Therapeutic Adj Thuộc việc chữa bệnh

Practice
Exercise 1. Match the sentence in the left-hand column with a sentence in the right-hand
column. Use the words in bold to help you

1. Air conditioning units are often 1 - …….. A. Illnesses which affect the
responsible for spreading infections circulation of blood are
around an office. particularly common with people
who are overweight.

2. Cardiovascular disease is becoming 2 - …….. B. This is deposited on the walls of

more common in Britain the arteries and can block them.

3. Too much exposure to the sun can 3 - …….. C. They can easily be spread from
cause skin cancer. one person to another.

4. It is important not to eat too much 4 - …….. D. They don’t get enough exercise.
food with a high cholesterol content.

5. Too many people these days live a 5 - …….. E. Their immune system is not
sedentary lifestyle. properly developed and can be
easily hurt.

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6. People in positions of responsibility 6 - …….. F. The government has reduced its
often have stress-related illnesses. expenditure in this area.

7. Premature babies are vulnerable to 7 - …….. G. But there are drugs which can
illnesses. slow down its cell-destroying
properties.

8. The National Health Service is 8 - ….. H. Once the body’s cells start
suffering from cutbacks and growing abnormally, a cure can be
underfunding. difficult to find.

9. The AIDS virus is incurable. 9 - ….. I. The pressures of a high-powered

job can cause nervous strain,
which may require drugs.

Exercise 2. For each of the words in bold 1-4 in the passage below, circle a synonym or
antonym in the same sentence
Accidents are the main reason for deaths in children aged more than twelve months,
accounting for nearly 400 (1) fatalities a year. Falls are the most common accidents,
accounting for forty-three percent of accidental injury to children at home. Burns are
common, too, with ten children under five getting burnt or (2) scalded every day.
‘Some people appear to be reassured by owning a first aid (3) kit, but if they are going to
help someone then they must have first aid knowledge and skills as well as equipment,’ a
first aid specialist said. The results of the Red Cross survey revealed alarming levels of (4)
ignorance, with many parents relying more on stories than on knowledge or common sense
when faced with an emergency.

Exercise 3. Replace the words or expressions in bold with a word or expression from the box
which has the same meaning
protein holistic medicine a diet minerals
vitamins therapeutic traditional medicines welfare state
surgeon active consultant conventional medicine

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1. If you suffer from a bad back, a massage may be able to cure
or relieve the disorder.
………………………………………..

2. One of the secrets of remaining in good health is to choose

food to eat that is high in fibre and low in fat.
………………………………………..

3. Most people, when they are ill, rely on modern pills and
tablets to cure them.
………………………………………..

4. Some old-fashioned cures for illnesses, such as herbal

tablets and remedies, are becoming increasingly popular.
………………………………………..

5. Many people are turning to treatments which involve the

whole person, including their mental health, rather than just
dealing with the symptoms of the illness.

………………………………………..

6. Doctors sometimes refer their patients to a medical

specialist attached to a hospital.
………………………………………..

7. It takes many years of training to become a doctor

specializing in surgery.
………………………………………..

8. Meat, eggs and nuts are rich sources of a compound which is

an essential part of living cells, and which is essential to keep
the human body working properly.

………………………………………..

9. On his holiday, he had to take essential substances which are

not synthesized by the body but are found in food and are
needed for growth and health, because the food he ate lacked
the B and C groups. ………………………………………..

10. Calcium and zinc are two of the most important substances

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found in food.
………………………………………..

11. Most doctors recommend an energetic lifestyle, with plenty

of exercise.
………………………………………..

12. British people enjoy free healthcare thanks to the large

amount of money which is spent to make sure they have
adequate health services.

………………………………………..

Exercise 4. Read the passage below and underline words which could be replaced by the
words in bold below

1. Minor skin disorders do not normally require hospital treatment.

2. Misuse of prescription drugs is a growing problem.
3. Germs can cause stomach upsets.
4. Vaccinating children against measles has reduced the prevalence of this disease.

Diseases of Affluence – Diseases of Poverty

Health conditions associated with wealth are sometimes referred to as diseases of
affluence. These include diseases which are not communicable, such as Type 2 diabetes,
cancer, and stroke as well as alcohol and drug addiction, obesity and some allergies. Risk
factors for these conditions are associated with the lifestyle of the economically prosperous,
in particular: physical inactivity, easy availability of meat, sugar, salt and processed foods,
excessive consumption of alcohol and tobacco, and lower exposure to infectious agents.
The diseases of poverty, in contrast, are predominantly infectious diseases such as
HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, and diarrhoeal diseases. Risk factors for these conditions
include: overcrowding, inadequate sanitation, malnutrition, and inadequate access to health
care. Millions of lives could be saved every year by addressing these underlying problems
and by simple preventive measures such as immunising the population against common
infectious agents.

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Exercise 5. Complete the gaps in the text below using words from the box
factors ingredients maintain nutrients overeating overweight servings variety

How to improve your diet

● Make sure that you eat a (1) ………………………. of foods. It is important to eat from all
five food groups.
● Eat plenty of fruit and vegetables. These contain vital (2) ………………………. and leading
dietitians recommend eating at least two (3) ……………………. of fruit and three of
vegetables every day.
● Try to (4) ……………………. a healthy weight. Being too thin can cause as many health
problems as being (5) ……………………. Remember, the correct weight for you depends
on many different (6) ……………………. including your age, height and sex.
● Eat moderate portions and don’t be tempted to order a larger size when eating out.
Skipping meals can lead to (7) ……………………. as you will be much hungrier later, so be
sure to eat regularly if you want to curb your appetite.
● You don’t need to eliminate all of your favourite foods but do check the (8)
……………………. on food labels and make sure that you reduce your intake of foods that
are high in facts, sugar and salt.
● If you have a food allergy, make sure you avoid any of the ingredients that can trigger
an attack.

Exercise 6. You will hear part of a health talk. Listen and complete the summary below.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS (File 1)

The heart is a (1) ………………………………………... A diet high in (2) ………………………………………... can

slow down the (3) ………………………………………... and lead to heart problems. A heart attack is
caused when an artery that (4) ………………………………………... to the heart becomes (5)
………………………………………... Patients must be given (6) ………………………………………... immediately. A
stroke is caused when there is a blockage in an artery that leads to the (7) ……………………………
A stroke can have a major effect on your body and as yet there is no (8) …………………………………
A healthy diet will keep your arterties (9) ………………………………………... and can lower the (10)
………………………………………... of a stroke or heart attack.

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Exercise 7. Do the statements 1-4 below agree with the information given in the following
text? Write:

TRUE if the text confirms the statement

FALSE if the text confirms the opposite of the statement
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to know from the text

Scientists from the UK and USA have recently reported that over the last 30 years the
incidence of Type 2 diabetes has more than doubled. They estimate that nearly 350 million
adults worldwide now have the disease. In every country studied, rates of diabetes had
either remained the same or increased. The rise has been particularly in the Pacific Islands
with up to thirty percent of women in some areas suffering from the condition.
Type 2 diabetes is a chronic progressive condition which occurs when there is too much
glucose in the blood, either because the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or
because cells have become resistant to insulin. Complications resulting from diabetes
include damage to kidneys, blindness, heart, and strokes.
The condition is associated with obesity; however, nearly three quarters of the rise has been
attributed to longer lifespans and better diagnosis. Having a close relative with the disease
is also a risk factor.
Type 2 diabetes has also become a major burden on health care systems around the world.
Expenditure on treating the condition is projected to rise to over £30 billion annually within
the next three years. However, a recent study has shown that if the condition is diagnosed
within four years of onset, it can be reversed by following a low-calorie diet. Limiting food
intake to 600 calories per day for eight weeks was shown to have a lasting effect on the
majority of subjects who took part in the trial. For many, Type 2 diabetes can be cured – and
it need not cost the earth.
1. More than twice as many adults have Type 2 diabetes as did thirty years ago. ……………
2. Nearly a third of people in the Pacific Islands have diabetes. ……………….
3. Type 2 diabetes is a long-term illness which can be caused by insufficient insulin
production. ………………
4. The increase in Type 2 diabetes is partly due to greater life expectancy. …………………..

Question 5 – 7: Completing sentences 5 – 7 using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from

the passage above
5. Treating diabetes places a significant ………………………. on health care budgets.
6. If a person is ………………………. with diabetes early, he or she can be cured.

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7. Most people who …………………………. the low-calorie diet study made a good recovery.

Exercise 8. Work out the meaning of the words in italics 1 – 3 by studying their context in the
passage below

Many parents would not know what to do if 1. choke

their child fell and banged their head, (1) A. to hit with a lot of force
choked on a small toy or scalded themselves B. to be unable to breathe because
on a hot iron, research shows. The British Red something is blocking the air passage
Cross organisation, which (2) commissioned to your lungs
the survey, is so alarmed by the findings that C. to have health problems
it has created a cheap and easy computer- 2. commission
based training programme for parents called A. to order or authorize the
‘learn first aid fast’. The charity’s first aid production of something
specialist said that learning basic rescue and B. to like something
recovery techniques could be the most C. to make a decision based on facts
important thing any parent did. About one 3. unit
million children under fifteen are admitted to A. a department
accident and emergency (3) units every year B. a large number of something
after accidents in the home. C. a medical test

Exercise 9.
a. Scan the passage below about vulnerable people in society (i.e. those people who are in
more danger of being harmed, physically or emotionally, than others). Then complete the
table with notes
Care for vulnerable people
State responsibility:

Support from the church:

In all societies there are groups of people who are potentially vulnerable. These include
children, older people, people with disabilities, and the poor, for example. Whether they are
supported and how they are supported, however, varies from society to society and at
different times in history.

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In some societies, the care of the vulnerable is seen as the responsibility of the family or the
village. In others, it is principally the responsibility of the state, through community provision.
In Israeli kibbutzim*, for example, the care of children is seen as the responsibility of the
whole community, and not principally the concern of the birth parents. In other societies the
care of children is the prime responsibility of their parents, and in some it is the
responsibility of the extended family. Attitudes to the vulnerable vary. Those on benefits may
be seen as ‘lazy scroungers’, or their situation may be seen as the result of poor parenting or
the inevitable consequence of economic changes. The response to their need will vary
according to the dominant attitudes in the society, the views and priorities of government,
the wealth of the nation, and how that wealth is distributed and managed.
In England, the state has had some involvement in providing for the poor since Elizabethan
times. The 1601 Poor Law allowed officials to collect money from each household in their
parish and to distribute it to the needy. However, it was thought that the poor only had
themselves to blame. The political approach at the time was informed by a view that the
government should not interfere in the workings of the economy or in the provision of
welfare services. The church and other voluntary groups provided charitable support, but the
state ‘left well alone’. Not until the opening years of the twentieth century did the state begin
to take a proactive role in the care and welfare of its citizens.
Glossary:
kibbutzim: (singular: kibbutz) communal settlements, typically farms in Israel

b. Decide in which paragraph you should look for the answer

1. What do people think of ‘vulnerable’ people ? Paragraph ……..
2. What does ‘vulnerable’ mean? Paragraph ……..
3. What support was provided in the twentieth century in England? Paragraph ……..
4. Who is responsible for the care of vulnerable people? Paragraph ……..

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