12th IEEE International Conference on Communication Systems and Network Technologies
Analysis of Adaptive Equalization Techniques for
2023 IEEE 12th International Conference on Communication Systems and Network Technologies (CSNT) | 978-1-6654-6261-7/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/CSNT57126.2023.10134736
Burst Digital Transmission
Defence Electronics Applications Laboratory
DRDO, Dehradun, India
nitin.tandon.deal @gov.in
Abstract— Adaptive equalizer is one of the key building
blocks of receiver chain employed in wireless communication
systems. It attempts to eliminate the Inter Symbol Interference
(ISI) induced due to multipath fading. In this paper, rationale
for selection of suitable adaptive equalization scheme, pertinent
to burst digital transmission under various channel conditions,
has been provided. Various aspects of adaptive equalizer design
considering burst mode of operation has been discussed. Besides
that, hardware implementation result for various equalization
schemes has been presented so as to ascertain their suitability.
Keywords— fading, equalizer, synchronization,
multipath, delay spread, Doppler, ISI
I. INTRODUCTION
To improve the receiver performance by mitigating the
effect of Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) in a wireless
communication scenario, either of two of the methods are
typically employed; adaptive equalization (for single carrier
systems) or Orthogonal frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM, a form of multi carrier modulation scheme for multi
carrier systems). Basically, Equalizers are filters (generally
employing transversal or lattice structure) that attempt to
match the propagation channel response. For the propagation
channels which vary with time, adapting the equalization filter
weights is necessary so as to continuously match to the
channel response over time. In this context, they are termed as
adaptive equalizers. For various communication devices such
as Cell phones, Handheld and Manpack radios etc. single
carrier communication along with adaptive equalization is
usually preferred over OFDM (OFDM suffers from PAPR
issue[1], hence having higher transmit power requirement)
owing to their limited power budget as these equipments are
battery powered in nature.
Basic equalization schemes are classified as Linear
Equalization (LE) and Non-Linear Equalization (NLE)
schemes which employs various algorithms such as Least
Mean Squares (LMS), Recursive Least Squares (RLS),
Constant Modulus Algorithm (CMA) and their variants. NLE
mainly comprises of Decision Feedback Equalization (DFE),
Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimation (MLSE) or
Maximum Aposteriory Probability (MAP) architecture. There
are numerous examples available in literature in which usage
of adaptive equalization in wireless communication receiver
has been explained. In [2], adaptive equalization for TDMA
based systems has been presented. In High frequency (HF)
radios, RLS-DFE equalization scheme has been
predominantly used [3]. In GSM systems [4], MLSE
978-1-6654-6261-7/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/csnt.2023.68
Authorized licensed use limited to: Amrita School of Engineering. Downloaded on March 05,2024 at 14:08:50 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
Nitin Tandon
equalization scheme is employed. Usage of Blind equalization
scheme has been discussed in [5].
Various architectural and design optimizations have been
proposed for efficient usage of adaptive equalization schemes
in communication receivers. A hybrid adaptive filter has been
proposed in [12], which requires less area and have higher
speed compared to LMS and NLMS (Normalized LMS, a
Variant of LMS) equalization schemes while less power
consumption compared to RLS scheme. Adaptive cascaded
equalizer is proposed in [13] by cascading CMA equalizer,
burst, digital phase locked loop (PLL) and DFE which provides
good performance for unmanned aerial vehicle data link. In
[14], two new low power and high speed reconfigurable
parametric equalizer designs are proposed which are based on
the row bypassing multipliers and are implemented using
carry save adder (CSA) and ripple carry adder (RCA).
Realization of a reconfigurable finite-impulse-response (FIR)
filter for simultaneous equalization and low pass filtering has
been proposed in [15] employing farrow structure.
An equalization scheme is selected based on transmitter
data rate requirement, modulation scheme being used and
characteristics of communication channel. It also depends on
processing power capability of receiver. Also the mode of
transmission (burst/continuous mode) has an impact on
equalizer design. This paper analyses the requirement of
equalization in burst mode of communication and discuss on
certain design aspects related to burst data transmission. Also
FPGA implementation results of few of the commonly used
equalization schemes has been presented and by analyzing
them the suitability of a particular scheme can be ascertained.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Section II,
basics of adaptive equalization is discussed. Linear
Equalization schemes are detailed in Section III. Two of the
variants of nonlinear equalization, the Decision Feedback
Equalization and MLSE Equalization are discussed in Section
IV and Section V respectively. Various design aspects related
to equalization in burst communication systems is explained
in Section VI. Finally concluding remarks are offered in
Section VII.
II. BASICS OF ADAPTIVE EQUALIZATION
In a multipath fading communication channel, several
delayed and constantly changing versions of the transmitted
signal is detected by the receiver. Due to time-dispersive
channel phenomenon, there occurs inter symbol interference
(ISI), as the symbols received from various paths gets delayed
377
and overlap in time. High received error rates (calculated in
terms of BER) is caused due to ISI as the symbols received
from various different paths interfere with each other and
receiver system is not able to distinguish them. The level of
multipath is quantified in terms of delay spread of channel. If
the amount of delay spread is significantly less than
transmitted symbol duration, it is called frequency flat fading
(a situation of no ISI). Otherwise, it is termed as frequency
selective fading (a scenario when ISI is present). It simply
can’t be mitigated by increase in transmit power (i.e. with
increased SNR) as the power of other paths also increases
besides main path [7]. Frequency selective fading leads to
irreducible BER with increase in SNR. Also due to relative
motion between source and observer, the channel
characteristics changes with time. If change in channel is
much slower compared to transmit symbol period, it is termed
as slow fading. Otherwise it is considered as fast fading.
Adaptive equalization techniques are used to combat ISI
arising in multipath fading channels. Equalizer tends to acts
as an inverse filter of the communication channel. For a time
varying communication channel, an adaptive equalizer is
designed to track the variations in channel response. Basics
of adaptive equalization is well documented [6] [9]. Various
equalization techniques can be categorized in form of types,
structures and applied algorithms [6] as per Fig.1.
Fig. 1. Equalizer types, structures and algorithms
Primarily the equalizers are divided into two types; linear
and nonlinear. These are discussed in following sections.
III. LINEAR EQUALIZATION
Linear Equalizers (LE) comprises of a tapped delay line
structure (a transversal FIR filter). The coefficients (also
called weights or taps) are adapted based on error signal
between equalized output and ideal/desired output.
The equalizer outputs a weighted sum of the values in the
delay line and updates the weights once per symbol period
which are then used for evaluating next symbol. Generally an
initial training sequence is provided to equalizer (known as
training mode) for quick adaption of its weights which is
followed by adaption based on decision on output symbols
378
Authorized licensed use limited to: Amrita School of Engineering. Downloaded on March 05,2024 at 14:08:50 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
(decision directed mode). Blind equalization (which doesn’t
require any training sequence) is a scheme used in scenario
where training sequence overhead is not desirable. Block
diagram of LE has been depicted in Fig.2.
Depending on spacing between equalizer taps, LE can be
symbol-spaced or fractional symbol-spaced. For a symbol-
spaced equalizer, the number of samples per symbol, K, is 1
while K ≥ 2 for a fractional spaced equalizer (FSE). For each
type, tap-weight updation occurs at the output rate. Fractional
spaced equalizers are commonly used as they not sensitive to
timing phase. However to cater for same amount of multipath,
number of taps required are more in case of FSE.
Minimization of Mean Square Error (MSE) between
actual and desired equalizer output is the commonly used
criteria for optimization of equalizer coefficients, which leads
to Wiener solution [9], optimal in MSE sense. A stochastic
gradient descent approach, to recursively minimize MSE has
been proposed by Widrow [2], which is known as Least Mean
Square (LMS) algorithm. Other commonly used algorithms
employed for weight updation are Recursive Least Squares
(RLS) or Constant Modulus Algorithm (CMA, a blind
equalization scheme not requiring training sequence for
weight adaptation).
Drawback of LE are that if a null exists in the frequency
response of a channel, linear equalizers tend to enhance the
noise. Hence their usage is confined to slow and moderately
frequency selective channels.
Fig. 2. Transversal filter structure of Linear Equalizer
Simulation of linear equalization schemes is performed
and subsequently CMA scheme based LE is implemented and
tested (as hardware results are more useful when practical
realization of equalizer is under consideration) using V6
FPGA development board, noise generator and Channel
Emulator (NI PXIe-5644 Vector Signal Transceiver)
hardware. Waveform employs pi/4-DQPSK modulation
scheme with symbol rate of 1Msps (symbol duration T=1000
ns) and BW of 1.25 MHz (with RRC roll off (α=0.25)).
Performance of equalizer is tested for deterministic as well as
stochastic channels. It is tested for burst transmission with
packet duration of 2.5 msec having 5000 bits. Initial portion
of 136 micro sec (272-bit duration) is used for Power amplifier performance of equalizer is evaluated for following tabulated
(PA) ramp up and RF analog AGC settling purpose. It is deterministic channels as per Table 1 and compared with the
followed by SYNC bits (128-bit duration) and actual payload case when equalization is not performed.
(FEC encoded 4000 bits) followed by Propagation guard of
0.3 msec (to account for 100 Km range as a design criteria). TABLE I. CHANNEL PROFILES USED FOR TESTING EQUALIZER
The packet structure is given in Fig.3. Channels Path Delay (in nsec) Relative Path Gain (dB)
AWGN Single path with Path gain of 0 dB
PA Ramp-up & SYNC(128) Raw bits(4000) Propagation CH1 [0 100 200 300 400 500] [0 -6 -12 -12 -12 -12]
AGC settling Guard(600) CH2 [0 500 1500 2000] [0 -6 -12 -18]
(272) CH3 [0 600 1200 1800] [0 -6 -18 -18]
CH4 [0 1000 2000] [0 -6 -12]
Fig. 3. Packet Structure employed for equalizer testing
CH5 [0 250 500 1000] [ 0 -6 -6 -6]

The target BER requirement is 10!" as FEC can then

bring it down to 10!# which is the desired criterion. BER

Fig. 4. Performance of linear equalizer for various frequency selective channels as per Table I.

From the results, it is evident that usage of equalizer
provides very little BER penalty (due to noise enhancement
inherent in linear equalization) for non-frequency selective
channels (AWGN and CH1) but significant improvement for
moderately frequency selective channels (CH2, CH3, CH4
and CH5).
For channels with time varying response, performance
improvement (in terms of BER) by using linear equalizer is
not significant. However as far as Packer Error Rate (PER) of
detected packets are concerned, usage of equalizer provides
better performance when compared to the case of no
equalization. As each packet has 4000 raw bits, we have
considered the case when number of erroneous bits per packet
is less than 40 (i.e. 1%) as such packets are correctable through
FEC and hence considered as useful detected packets for
further processing. Through hardware test results, it is evident
that using equalizer improves PER.

379
Authorized licensed use limited to: Amrita School of Engineering. Downloaded on March 05,2024 at 14:08:50 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 It is also observed that by increasing the step size of more efficient than linear equalizer. Similar to LE, the DFE
equalizer, slightly better performance is obtained when follows a tap delay line structure that stores samples from the
channel time variation is relatively fast. PER performance of received input signal. It contains two types of filters; a forward
equalizer is evaluated for time varying channels with Doppler filter and a feedback filter. The forward filter is similar to the
spread of 0.1,1 and 1 Hz respectively as shown in Fig.5 and filter used in linear equalizer and is meant to remove precursor
Fig.6 . Owing to simplicity of implementation, LE can be used ISI. The feedback filter comprises of a tapped delay line
in scenario where time dispersion in communication channel structure whose inputs are the decisions made on
is low or moderate (results are shown for channel induced time the equalized signal and is used to remove postcursor ISI (ISI
dispersion up to 2 times the symbol period). from past symbols). Fig.7 depicts the block diagram of DFE.

Fig. 7. Transversal filter structure of Decision Feedback Equalizer

Fig. 5. Performance of CMA equalizer in time varying channel 1 As in linear equalizers, the two of the common algorithms
employed are LMS and RLS. LMS-DFE has lower
BER Performance of CMA equalizer in Time Varying channel 2 complexity than RLS-DFE but have lower convergence rate
90
(slower adaptation) also. LMS-DFE is implemented on V6
FPGA with same waveform as used for testing linear
Percentage packet recived with less than 1% error

80 Without Equalizer
Equalizer with mu=0.1 equalizers. BER performance of LMS-DFE for various fading
70 Equalizer with mu=0.01 channels profiles (considered channels having significant ISI
as per Table II) has been shown in Fig.8 for normalized
60 Doppler 𝐹$ 𝑇 =10-6.
50 Performance of LMS-DFE for varying amount of Doppler
for CH3 has been shown in Fig.9. It shows that LMS-DFE is
40
not able to track channels having moderate to high Doppler.
Path Delay=[0 500 1500 2000 ns]
The performance in time varying scenario can be improved by
30
Path Gain(dB)= [0 -6 -12 -18] increase in training length or reducing the packet size.
20 (Presently training length (128 bits) ~ 2.5% of Packet duration
(5000 bits)).
10

TABLE II. CHANNEL PROFILES USED FOR TESTING DFE

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Channels Path Delay (T: Sym Period) Relative Path Gain
Doppler Spread (Hz)
(dB)
CH0 [0 0.25T 0.5T 0.75T T] [0 -3 -6 -9 -12]
Fig. 6. Performance of CMA equalizer in time varying channel 2
CH1 [0 0.5T T 1.5T 2T 2.5T 3T] [0 -6 –6 -6 -6 -6 -6]
CH2 [0 T 2T 3T 4T] [0 -6 -12 -18 -24]
IV. DECISION FEEDBACK EQUALIZATION CH3 [0 1.5T 2.5T 3.5T] [0 -4 -8 -12]
A decision feedback equalizer (DFE) is a form of
nonlinear equalization technique used for reducing ISI in
frequency-selective channels. The main advantage of DFE is
that it do not enhance the noise even if there is a null in the
channel frequency response. In [11], it has been analyzed that
for frequency selective fading Decision feedback equalizer is

380
Authorized licensed use limited to: Amrita School of Engineering. Downloaded on March 05,2024 at 14:08:50 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 TABLE III. CHANNEL PROFILES USED FOR TESTING MLSE
Channels Path Delay (T: Bit Period) Relative Path Gain (dB)
AWGN Single path with Path gain of 0 dB
CH1[1] [0 0.5T 1.5T 2.5T 3.5T] [0 -6 -6 -6 -12]
CH1[2] [0 T 2T 3T 4T] [0 -6 -12 -12 -12]
CH1[3] [0 T 2T 3T 4T] [0 -6 -12 -18 -18]
CH2 [0 T 2T 3T 4T] [ 0 -12 -12 -18 -18]

Performance of MLSE equalizer has been shown in Fig.10

for AWGN and frequency selective channel 1 and channel 2.
In AWGN scenario, there is slight performance penalty
observed while using MLSE equalizer. However for multipath
channels, usage of MLSE provides significant performance
gains.
From the results, it is evident that as the path gains of paths
other than main path decreases, there is improvement in BER
performance (CH1[3] has better BER performance than CH1
Fig. 8. Performance of LMS-DFE for FS channels as per Table II
[2] which in turn has better performance than CH1[1] ). On
comparing usage of equalizers with the scenario when
equalizer hasn’t been used, SYNC detection fails for CH1[1]
,CH1 [2] and CH1[3] due to substantial multipath (hence BER
results not possible for these cases for no equalization
scenario). For CH2, though SYNC is detected in case of no
equalization scenario also (due to lesser multipath in CH2
compared to CH1), the BER result is poor while equalizer
performs well in this condition.
BER performance of MLSE Equalizer for Frequency Selective Channels
-1
10 Path delay: [0 T 2T 3T 4T]
Path gain:[0 -6 -12 -12 -12 dB]
Path delay: [0 T 2T 3T 4T]
path gain:[0 -6 -12 -18 -18 dB]
-2
10 Path delay: [0 T 2T 3T 4T]
path gain:[0 -12 -12 -18 -18dB]
Path delay: [0 T 2T 3T 4T]
path gain:[0 -12 -12 -18 -18 dB]
-3
without equalizer
10 Path delay: [0 0.5T 1.5T 2.5T 3.5T]
path gain:[0 -6 -6 -6 -12 dB]
BER

Theoritical DPSK AWGN

Fig. 9. Performance of LMS-DFE for time varying channels With EQ AWGN
-4
10

V. MLSE EQUALIZATION
Maximum-Likelihood Sequence Estimation (MLSE) 10
-5

equalizers use the Viterbi algorithm. An accurate channel

estimate is required by MLSE equalization scheme to
optimally match the received symbols. However it’s 10
-6

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
computational complexity increases exponentially as the EbNo(dB)

delay spread is increased (i.e. if ISI is of L symbols and
modulation order of waveform is M, the MLSE equalization
scheme requires trellis structure having 𝑀% nodes).
For testing MLSE equalizers, waveform employing BPSK
modulation scheme is used with bit rate of 2Mbps (T=500 ns)
and BW of 2.5 MHz (with RRC roll off (α=0.25)) with same
packet structure as used in LE. The MLSE equalizer is
designed to cater for delay spread upto 4 times of symbol
duration with L=5 channel taps. Hence the trellis structure of
Viterbi schemes has (2' =16 states). Least square scheme is
used to evaluate the channel estimate and provide it as input
to MLSE. BER performance of equalizer is evaluated for
following tabulated deterministic channels and compared with
the case when equalization is not being performed.
Fig.10. Performance of MLSE for FS channels as per Table III
VI. EQUALIZATION IN BURST COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
In a burst mode of transmission, typically encountered in
wireless communication such as TDMA based systems or the
communication systems employing Frequency Hopping, the
use of equalization poses additional challenges compared to
the scenario of continuous transmission. Accordingly, certain
receiver design aspects should be followed to cater for burst
digital transmission. A preamble is necessary for burst mode
of communication as it assist in determining the start of
packet. Besides this, it is used for Automatic Gain Control
(AGC) purpose as well as it acts as training sequence for
equalization.
Role of digital AGC Use of digital AGC in receive chain,
prior to equalization module, is very important. It ensures that

381
Authorized licensed use limited to: Amrita School of Engineering. Downloaded on March 05,2024 at 14:08:50 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
all the components of equalizer (such as output calculation,
weight updation, error calculation modules etc.) fully utilize
their assigned word length (integer and fractional bits in finite
precision fixed point representation) without any finite word
length issues (saturation, rounding, overflow etc.). However
the attack and decay time of AGC should be properly adjusted
so that it should not distort the received signal envelope
(channel response to be estimated should be least disturbed).
Reset and Enable the equalizer In burst mode of
transmission, a burst duration is usually preceded and
followed by period of silence (no transmission). During this
period only channel noise is present in the receiver. Hence the
prudent approach in this mode is to operate the equalizer
during the burst duration only and weights should not be
updated during silence period. Besides this, equalizer should
retain its history (weights) during silence period and should
not reset/modify them. As the duration of packet is known a
priory to receiver, it should employ a mechanism so that once
the packet start is detected, the equalizer should be enabled
and it should remain enabled for the duration of packet only.
It has been observed that this approach reduces the
convergence time.
Synchronized Training Sequence It is necessary to
provide the synchronized copy of training sequence to
equalizer so that it can be used during training mode of weight
adaptation. However, having the training copy synchronized
with received signal in multipath fading environment that too
in burst mode of transmission is challenging. Use of
unsynchronized copy of training leads to incorrect weight
updation. Therefore correct detection of start of packet is
required.
Fig. 10. Applied frame synchronization scheme
In multipath environment, an efficient way to detect frame
sync is to employ delay and correlation scheme proposed by
Schmidl and Cox [8]. It requires that preamble used for sync
should have two identical halves. As each half of preamble is
almost equally affected by same amount of multipath fading,
so correlating one half of preamble with other provides the
estimate of start of packet under fading scenario also. A block
diagram of applied frame sync scheme is given below in
Fig.12.
Coarse timing estimate (CTE) is obtained using S&C
scheme. Also received signal (AGC corrected) is correlated
with local copy of sync preamble (stored in receiver) and
382
Authorized licensed use limited to: Amrita School of Engineering. Downloaded on March 05,2024 at 14:08:50 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
absolute value of sum of squares of correlated I and Q samples
" "
( 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝐼𝑄 = 𝐼()** + 𝑄()** ) is obtained. Peak instant of
𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝐼𝑄 is detected in the search window provided by CTE
which is the correct frame sync instant to which received I and
Q samples should be aligned. As I and Q samples are usually
oversampled (multiple of symbol rate), with the help of Peak
instant and variable delay, correct IQ samples are latched and
IQ data at symbol rate/ fractional symbol rate is obtained.
Also in burst mode of communication, training based
equalizers should be used as preamble is always used in burst
mode to get frame sync. The same preamble can then be used
as a training sequence for equalization. For the low to
moderate frequency selective channels (delay spread ~𝑇+,- )
channels, linear equalizers can be used owing to their low
complexity. Otherwise DFE or MLSE should be employed.
Similarly for slow time varying channels, LMS or Blind
equalization algorithm can be safely used and for fast time
varying channels RLS algorithm should be used owing to its
fast convergence.
While employing MLSE, as the channel estimate is
assumed constant for the duration of packet, the scheme is
useful in true sense if overall packet duration is less than
coherence time of channel. Otherwise, a Per Survivor
Processing (PSP) approach [10], a different variant of MLSE
in which channel estimate is also refined along with branch
word computation of trellis can be employed. Though it is
computationally complex, it offers better results than
conventional MLSE equalization.
VII. CONCLUSION
Basics of Adaptive equalization has been discussed in this
paper along with various types and algorithms employed to
realize it. Implementation results of Linear, Decision
Feedback and MLSE equalizers have been presented for
various communication channel profiles, ranging from slow
to highly frequency selective channels along with varying
Doppler, so as to ascertain their suitability. A particular
equalization scheme is to be selected for implementation
based on prevailing channel conditions, transceiver
parameters as well as processing capability of receiver.
Certain aspects of equalizer design for burst mode of
communication has been provided which may be useful for
hardware implementation.
REFERENCES
[1] Mestdagh, Dennis J. G, PhD. "Reduction Peak-to-Average-Power-
Ratio of OFDM Systems: A Tutorial Overview." Academia. N.p., Oct.
2014.
[2] J. G. Proakis, "Adaptive equalization for TDMA digital mobile radio,"
in IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 333-
341, May 1991, doi: 10.1109/25.289414.
[3] E. Eleftheriou and D. Falconer, "Adaptive Equalization Techniques for
HF Channels," in IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications,
vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 238-247, February 1987, doi:
10.1109/JSAC.1987.1146531.
[4] Brogren, Daniel. (2015). Equalizer concept for GSM, EDGE and
beyond. 10.13140/RG.2.1.3501.9685.
[5] Banovic, Kevin, "Blind adaptive equalization for QAM signals: New
algorithms and FPGA implementation." (2006). Electronic Theses and
Dissertations. 1312.
[6] J.G. Proakis,” Digital Communications”. New York:McGraw-
Hill,1989,2nd ed.
[7] Rappaport,Thoedore S. “Wireless Communications: Principles and
Practice. Upper Saddle River,N.J: Prentice Hall PTR ,2002.
[8] T. M. Schmidl and D. C. Cox, "Robust frequency and timing
synchronization for OFDM," in IEEE Transactions on
Communications, vol. 45, no. 12, pp. 1613-1621, Dec. 1997, doi:
10.1109/26.650240.
[9] S.Haykins (2002),” Adaptive Filter Theory”. Fourth edition. India:
Dorling Kindersley.
[10] R. Raheli, A. Polydoros, and C. Tzou, "Per-survivor processing: A
general approach to MLSE in uncertain environments," IEEE Trans.
Communications, vol. 43, pp. 354-364, Feb-Apr. 1995.
[11] N. Singh and M. Pant, "Channel equalization using linear and decision
feedback eqaulizers," 2017 8th International Conference on
Computing, Communication and Networking Technologies
(ICCCNT), 2017, pp. 1-5, doi: 10.1109/ICCCNT.2017.8204177.
[12] P. K. Reddy, V. A and P. A, "Design and analysis of efficient adaptive
equalizers for wireless communication application," 2021 Second
International Conference on Electronics and Sustainable
Communication Systems (ICESC), 2021, pp. 1010-1016, doi:
10.1109/ICESC51422.2021.9532774.
[13] W. Tian, J. Liu and S. Wang, "Adaptive cascaded equalizer for
unmanned aerial vehicle data link," 2017 IEEE 9th International
Conference on Communication Software and Networks (ICCSN),
2017, pp. 669-673, doi: 10.1109/ICCSN.2017.8230196.
[14] M. Agarwal, R. Barsainya and T. K. Rawat, "Implementation of low
power reconfigurable parametric equalizer with row bypassing
multiplier on FPGA," 2016 International Conference on Computing,
Communication and Automation (ICCCA), 2016, pp. 1352-1357, doi:
10.1109/CCAA.2016.7813988.
[15] O. Moryakova, Y. Wang and H. Johansson, "Reconfigurable FIR
Lowpass Equalizers," 2022 IEEE Workshop on Signal Processing
Systems (SiPS), 2022, pp. 1-6, doi:
10.1109/SiPS55645.2022.9919214.

383
Authorized licensed use limited to: Amrita School of Engineering. Downloaded on March 05,2024 at 14:08:50 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.