PSYCHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES DURING EIGHT OVER OF BATTING

PRACTICE

A Synopsis
Submitted to Department of Physical Education & Sport Science,
Vinaya-Bhavana, Visva-Bharati for Registration
in Doctor of Philosophy in
Physical Education

BY

Sanjib Kumar Dey

September, 2020

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 CONTENTS

Chapter Page No.

I. TITLE OF THE PROPOSED THESIS 01

II. INTRODUCTION 03

Statement of the Problem

The Objectives of the Study
Delimitations
Limitations
Hypothesis
Definition and Explanation of the terms
Significance of the Study

III. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 07

IV. METHODOLOGY 12

Selection of the Subjects

Criterion Measures
Collection of Data
Tests Selection
Research Design
Instruments and tools use
Administration of the tests
Procedure of data collection
Statistical Techniques

V. REFERENCES 18

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 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Bangladesh cricket has changed substantially over the last century, with the first form
of the game, five day test matches, evolving into limited over cricket and Twenty20 cricket (20
over-games). More specifically, in ODIs, more runs are scored per innings and by individual
batsmen. As per various studies, approximately a batsman spends 136 minutes at the crease
scoring a century with forty (40) singles, eight (08) twos, three (03) threes and hits an average
of seven (07) fours and two (02) sixes, so it can be said that that both the physical and
psychological load placed on the players dramatically. However, these demands have not
received much attention during the practice session in the nets, most likely because the game
is intermittent in nature and therefore difficult to study (Duffield R, Drinkwater EJ
2008 & Christie CJ, Todd AI, King GA., 2008).
However, the present study focused specifically on prolonged batting practice during
nets, as the demands of the game have changed substantially since several years, the main aim
was not the technical impairment but the physiological and psychological cost of batting and
so the responses measured were limited and crude.
Since to date, there is a lack of research outlining the acute psycho-physiological
responses to batting practice, the extent of change in batting performance or the relationship
among physiological, psychological responses and batting performance, the researchers felt
worthwhile to further examine the alternations of physiological function during eight over
batting practice in nets on Bangladeshi batsmen in Bangladesh condition. Therefore the main
aim of this present study was to examine in more detailed the psycho-physiological responses
of batsmen during batting for extended periods in practice session.

Statement of the problem

The purpose of this study was to determine the psychological, physiological and perceptual
responses of batsmen during eight over batting practice, and to link these to running between
the wicket timing and bat swing & impact Speed and Timing index of the impact of the ball
on the bat in Bangladesh weather condition.

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 The objectives of the study

The following objectives are set for the present study

(1) To assess the influence of an eight over on batting practice on psychological state
(concentration and anxiety);
(2) To assess the influence of an eight over on batting practice on physiological state (Heart
Rate, respiratory rate, sweat loss and oral temperature)
(3) To assess the influence of an eight over on batting practice on perceptual responses
(4) To determine the interrelationships between selected physiological variables and
Psychological variables during an eight over batting practice.
(5) To determine the significant changes in selected psycho-physiological variables takes
place during a long-duration of batting practice.

Delimitations

The study will be delimited to the following factors.

1) Twenty subjects will be selected from Bangladesh.

2) The age of the subjects will be ranged from 16 to 19 years.

3) Data will be collected prior to the batting practice and immediately after the
completion of 3rd over, six over and eight over.
4) The selected physiological variables will be heart rate, respiratory rate, sweat loss and
oral temperature and will be measured by pulse oximeter, EMFit sensor, equation
formula, thermometer respectively.
5) The selected physiological variables concentration and anxiety will be measured by
questionnaire
6) The Str8bat sensor will be used to measure the bat swing, impact Speed and Timing
index.
Limitations

The following limitations will be considered

1) The previous experience of the subjects in the field of sports and games, which might
influence the training and data, will be not considered.

2) Psychological factors, food habits, rest period, life style etc., will not be controlled.

3) The weather conditions such as atmospheric temperature, humidity and meteorological

factors during testing and training periods will also not be considered.

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4) Though the subjects are motivated verbally no attempt will be made to differentiate the
motivation levels during the period of training and testing.

Hypothesis

Based on different related literature it is hypothesized that

H1 All the psychological variables will be significantly changed during the eight over batting
practice.
H2 All the physiological variables will be significantly changed during the eight over batting
practice.
H3 Onset of physical exhaustion will have a significant effect on batting performance.
H4 There will be a significant relationship among the selected psychological, physiological
variables and batting performance during an eight over batting practice.

Definition and Explanation of the terms

a) Concentration: This is the mental quality to focus on the task at hand. If the athlete
lacks concentration, then their athletic abilities will not be effectively or efficiently applied to
the task. (BrianMac Sports Coach)
b) Attention: Attention is the behavioral and cognitive process of selectively concentrating on
a discrete stimulus while ignoring other perceivable stimuli. It is a major area of investigation
within education, psychology, and neuroscience. Attention can be thought of as the allocation
of limited processing resources: human brain can only devote attention to a limited number of
stimuli. Attention comes into play in many psychological topics, including memory (stimuli
that are more attended to are better remembered), vision, and cognitive load.

c) Anxiety: Anxiety is an emotion characterized by feelings of tension, worried thoughts and

physical changes like increased blood pressure. People with anxiety disorders usually have
recurring intrusive thoughts or concerns. They may avoid certain situations out of worry.
(American Psychological Association)

d) Heart Rate: Heart rate, or heart pulse, is the speed of the heartbeat measured by the
number of contractions of the heart per unit of time typically beats per minute Zhang
GQ, Zhang W,2009)

e) Oxygen uptake: Oxygen uptake (or consumption) is a measure of a person's ability to

take in oxygen via the respiratory system and deliver it to the working tissues via the
cardiovascular system, and the ability of working tissues (predominantly skeletal

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 muscle) to use oxygen. (Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning- 4th Edition,
2017).

f) Oral Temperature: The temperature obtained by placing a thermometer under the

batsman’s tongue with lips closed for 3 min or by electronic thermometer for the length
of time noted on the readout or the manufacturer's direction. (medical Dictionary, 2009)
g) Sweat loss: During exercise, water and electrolytes are lost as a consequence of
thermoregulatory sweating. In some situations, especially when exercise is prolonged,
high-intensity, and/or in a hot environment, sweat losses can be sufficient to cause
excessive water/electrolyte imbalances and impair performance (Lindsay B. Baker-
2020).

h) Respiratory Rate: The number of breaths per minute or, more formally, the number
of movements indicative of inspiration and expiration per unit time. In practice, the
respiratory rate is usually determined by counting the number of times the chest rises
or falls per minute. (William C. Shiel Jr., MD, FACP, FACR)

Significance of the Study

1. The results of the study will enlighten on the physiological responses of the Batsmen
and their fitness

2. It would enhance the awareness of fitness and batting directives among the players and
coaches of Bangladesh

3. The study may reveal new facts regarding how much a batsman can bat repeatedly
during practice session or match.

4. The result of the study may provide latent justifications for severe impairment in
psycho-physiological responses and batting performance

5. The study will revealed facts would contribute to the physical educationists, sports
scientists and cricket scientists to enhance their knowledge about the batsmen especially
who belongs to Bangladesh.

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 CHAPTER II

REVIEWS OF RELATED LITERATURE

A study of the relevant literature as an essential step with regard to the problem under
study that brings about a deep insight and a clear perspective of the overall field is described
in this chapter.
L Pote and CJ Christie (2016) conducted a study to determine the physiological
responses of batsmen during a simulated One Day International century where Seventeen male
batsmen from the Rhodes University Cricket Club performed a simulated batting work bout
known as the BATEX© protocol. The protocol consisted of six, five overs stages, each lasting
21 minutes. Three of the stages (stages one, three and five) were low-intensity stages and the
other three (stages two, four and six) were high-intensity stages. During the work bout selected
physiological responses were recorded. They found that Heart rate (124±15-159±14 beats.min-
1), oxygen uptake (29.3±6.1-43.4±6.3 ml.kg-1.min-1), energy expenditure (48.1±9.2-
109.2±10.5 kJ.min-1) and core temperature (37.7±0.3-38.7±0.4 oC) responses all increased
significantly (p<0.05) between stage one and stage six. The respiratory exchange ratio
decreased significantly (p<0.05) between stages one and six (0.90±0.19-0.89±0.37). The
concluded that batting is more physically demanding than originally thought, and as a result
training programmes should concentrate on simulating real match play situations to improve
performance and reduce the risk of injury.

Goble D, Christie CJ (2017) conducted a study to assess how cognitive and physical
performance are affected during a prolonged, fatigue-inducing cricket-batting simulation.
Where fifteen amateur batters from three Eastern Cape schools in South Africa were recruited
(mean ± SD: age 17 ± 0.92 years; stature 1.75 ± 0.07 m; body mass 78.3 ± 13.2 kg). Participants
completed a 6-stage, 30-over batting simulation (BATEX©). During the protocol, there were
five periods of cognitive assessment (CogState brief test battery, Melbourne, Australia). The
primary outcome measures from each cognitive task were speed and accuracy/error rates.
Physiological (heart rate) and physical (sprint times) responses were also recorded. Sprint times
deteriorated (d = 0.84; P < 0.01) while physiological responses increased (d = 0.91; P < 0.01)
as batting duration increased, with longest times and highest responses occurring in the final
stage. Prolonged batting had a large effect on executive task performance (d = 0.85; P = 0.03),
and moderate effects on visual attention and vigilance (d = 0.56; P = 0.21) and attention and
working memory (d = 0.61; P = 0.11), reducing task performance after 30 overs. Therefore,
prolonged batting with repeated shuttle running fatigues amateur batters and adversely affects
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higher-order cognitive function. This will affect decision-making, response selection, response
execution and other batting-related executive processes. We recommend that training should
incorporate greater proportions of centre-wicket batting with repeated, high-intensity shuttle
running. This will improve batting-related skills and information processing when fatigued,
making practice more representative of competition.
Houghton L, Dawson B, Rubenson J, Tobin M (2011) conducted a study to replicate
the physical demands of scoring a century during One-Day International cricket. The simulated
innings requires running-between-the-wickets across six 5-over stages, each of 21 min
duration. To validate whether the simulated batting innings is reflective of One-Day
International batting, movement patterns were collected using a global positioning system
(GPS) and compared with previous research. In addition, indicators of physical strain were
recorded (heart rate, jump heights, sweat loss, tympanic temperature). Nine club cricketers
(mean + s: age 20 + 3 years; body mass 79.5 + 7.9 kg) performed the simulated innings
outdoors. There was a moderate trend for distance covered in the simulated innings to be less
than that during One-Day batting (2171 + 157 vs. 2476 + 631 m _ h71; effect size¼0.78). This
difference was largely explained by a strong trend for less distance covered walking in the
simulated innings than in One-Day batting (1359 + 157 vs. 1604 + 438 m _ h71; effect
size¼1.61). However, there was a marked trend for distance covered both striding and sprinting
to be greater in the simulated innings than in One-Day batting (effect size41.2). Practically, the
simulated batting innings may be used for match-realistic physical training and as a research
protocol to assess the demands of prolonged, high-intensity cricket batting.
Scanlan AT, Berkelmans DM, Vickery WM, Kean CO (2016) conducted a study to
investigate the physiological demands imposed during cricket batting which is historically been
neglected, with much of the research focusing on bowling responses and batting technique. A
greater understanding of the physiological demands of the batting role in cricket is required to
assist strength and conditioning professionals and coaches with the design of training plans,
recovery protocols, and player-management strategies. This brief review provides an updated
synthesis of the literature examining the internal (eg, metabolic demands and heart rate) and
external (eg, activity work rates) physiological responses to batting in the various game
formats, as well as simulated play and small-sided-games training. Although few studies have
been done in this area, the summary of data provides important insight regarding physiological
responses to batting and highlights that more research on this topic is required. The study
further recommends that future research is requires to combine internal and external measures
during actual game play, as well as comparing different game formats and playing levels. In
addition, understanding the relationship between batting technique and physiological responses

8
is warranted to gain a more holistic understanding of batting in cricket, as well as to develop
appropriate coaching and training strategies.
Portus MR, Farrow D (2011) conducted a review which synthesizes the
biomechanical and skill acquisition/sport expertise literature focused on the skill of cricket
batting. The literature is briefly reviewed and the major limitations, challenges, and suggested
future research directions are outlined. The review designed to stimulate researchers to enhance
the understanding of cricket batting biomechanics and skill acquisition and in turn assist cricket
coaches develop efficacious batting skill development programmes. An interdisciplinary
approach between biomechanists and skill acquisition specialists is advocated to further
knowledge of the underlying processes and mechanisms of cricket batting expertise. Issues
such as skill measurement, practice design, ball machines, skill transfer, and the impact of
Twenty/20 cricket, video simulation, and skill decomposition are discussed. The ProBattere
ball machine systems are introduced along with suggestions for best practice approaches for
coaches when designing batting skill development programmes.

Houghton L, Dawson B. (2012) conducted a study to find out the time-course of

physical recovery after a 2-h 20-min, simulated cricket batting innings. Several vertical jump
measures were assessed before (baseline), immediately after, 24 h after and 48 h after simulated
batting. Six, male, academy cricketers (20 ± 2 years) completed a previously developed
simulated batting innings (BATEX) at an outdoor net facility. At each assessment point,
participants completed countermovement-jumps, squat-jumps and 5-repeated reactive-jumps
on a contact mat. Compared with baseline, countermovement flight time was similar
immediately after, but decreased 24 h after batting (-3.0 ± 1.8%, p < 0.05, effect size [ES] ±
90% confidence interval [CI]: -1.38 ± 0.52). At 48 h post, countermovement-jump flight time
was similar to baseline. A similar pattern occurred in the squat-jump and the decrease in squat-
jump flight time 24 h after simulated batting approached significance (p = 0.053, ES ± CI -0.80
± 0.51). The 5-repeated reactive-jump measures (flight time, contact time and reactive-
strength-index) did not decrease after simulated batting (p > 0.05), but there were moderate
effect sizes calculated (0.64-0.96). These findings support the continued use of
countermovement flight time to assess recovery in cricket, since full recovery of jump
performance occurred 48 h after a simulated, prolonged and high intensity-batting century.

Houghton L, Dawson B, Rubenson J (2011) in a study measures the reliability (test–

retest) of running between-the-wickets times and skill performance was assessed during a
batting exercise (BATEX) simulation of 2 h 20 min duration that requires intermittent shuttle
running. In addition, performance and physiological responses (heart rate, sweat rate, rating of
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perceived exertion, blood lactate concentration) were compared between high- and low-grade
district club batsmen (n¼22, mean+s: age 20+2 years, mass 73.4+8.5 kg). Runningbetween-
the-wickets performance was assessed with an infra-red timing system (Swift, Australia) by
sampling a 5-m time for the middle section of the straight-line sprints (singles) and the time to
complete 5 m in and out of the turn (5-0-5-m turn time). Skill performance was rated as a
percentage for good bat–ball contacts. Coefficients of variation for running-betweenthe-
wickets performance and percentage of good bat–ball contacts were both55%. Percentage of
good bat–ball contacts was greater in the high- than low-grade batsmen (70+8 vs. 58+9%,
P¼0.01). All other variables were similar between grades. Running-between-the-wickets and
skill-performance measures during the BATEX simulation were reliable, thus it can be used in
future research.

Taliep MS, Prim SK, Gray J (2010) conducted a study to determine whether the
upper body muscle strength (as measured by the 1 repetition maximum bench press) was
associated with cricket batting performance. In this study eighteen, provincial level, elite
cricket batsmen participated where upper body muscle strength was found to be positively
correlated with maximum hitting distance (p = 0.0052). There were no significant correlations
between upper body strength, batting average, and strike rate for both the 1-Day and T/20
matches. The results of this study have implications for coaches choosing a particular batting
line-up. Batsmen who have stronger upper bodies could be favored to bat when a match
situation requires them to hit powerful strokes resulting in boundaries. They stated that, coaches
cannot use upper body strength as a predictor of overall batting performance in 1-Day or T/20
matches.

Vickery W, Dascombe B, Duffield R, Kellett A, Portus M. (2012) conducted a study

to investigate the physiological responses and movement demands associated with modified
versions of small-sided games for cricket training, termed ‘Battlezone’. Eleven (22.2 + 3.6
years; 1.80 + 0.06 m; 81.7 + 11.4 kg) male, cricket players volunteered to perform each of four
modified 8-over scenarios of Battlezone. Modifications to Battlezone included reducing the
field size, removal of a fielder, a combination of these modifications and additional rule
changes. Heart rate, blood lactate concentration, rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and the
movement patterns of participants were measured during each scenario. The total distances
covered per 8-over bout ranged from 626 + 335 m for wicketkeepers to 1795 + 457 m for
medium-fast bowlers; although similar distances (P 4 0.05) were covered within positions
between the four different scenarios. Between scenarios, the greatest mean speed, heart rate

10
and blood lactate responses occurred when the rules were changed, resulting in increased
movement patterns (P 5 0.05), most notably for batsmen and wicketkeepers. In contrast,
altering the playing field size or player number did not significantly influence (P 4 0.05) these
responses. These results suggest that the physical demands of cricket-specific training can be
increased via rule variations including hit-andrun activities, more so than field size or player
number.

Petersen CJ, Pyne DB, Portus MR, Dawson BT. (2011) conducted a study to find
out the Physical demands of cricket presumably vary by both game format and performance
level. Differences in player movement patterns between 2 game formats (1 day and multiday)
and 2 levels of elite performance (state and international) were quantified with global
positioning system technology. Five movement categories were established, and 15 movement
pattern variables were reported. Data from state (n = 42, 200 files) and international (n = 12,
63 files) cricketers were scaled to hourly values to compare movement demands. Cricketers
generally covered similar distances in both formats, except for state 1-day fielders who covered
moderately greater distance (~0.7 km·h⁻¹ more; 21 ± 8%; mean ± 90% confidence interval)
than state multiday (first-class) fielders. State 1-day cricketers also covered small to moderately
greater distances (running 41 ± 13%; striding 38 ± 16%; sprinting 39 ± 36%) in the faster
movement patterns and consequently had moderately less recovery time (13-67%) between
high-intensity efforts as first-class cricketers. Comparisons of movements between
performance levels revealed similar total distances between state and international cricketers.
However, Test fielders covered moderately greater (29-48%) distances at the higher-intensity
movement patterns (running, striding, and sprinting) than first-class fielders. In summary,
although movement patterns were broadly similar between formats and levels, it appears that
one day cricket (compared with multiday games) and test matches (compared with state-level
competition) require more higher-intensity running. Conditioning coaches should train state
and international 1-day cricket players similarly, but should account for the higher physical
demands of international multiday cricket.

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 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

In this chapter Selection of the subjects, Selection of parameters, Collection of data,

Design of Study, and Statistical techniques to be employed for data analysis are described in
brief.
Selection of Subjects

Twenty male batsmen 16 to 19 years from Bangladesh will be recruited for this study.
At the time of testing all the subjects will bat without being restricted by injury and all are
“match fit”. A written and verbal informed consent prior to engaging in any testing will be
taken from all players gave.
Criterion Measures

The test items selected for this study will be standardized and appropriate for the

physiological responses on selected parameters. The criterion measures are presented in the

table-1.

TABLE-1

Tests selection

Sl.No Criterion Variables Test Items/ Instrument/AAP, Criterion

Sensor Measures
1 Heart Rate Pulse oximeter Beats/Min
2 Oral Temperature Thermometer Centigrade
3 Sweat Loss Equation ml
4 Respiratory Rate EMFit sensor Rate/min

5 Bat speed, swing and Str8bat sensor Km/ph

impact timing index

6 Concentration, Questionnaire Points

attention and anxiety
7 Perceptual responses Borg Questionnaire Points
8 Body Composition Height Meter
Weight Kilograms

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Research Design

The experimental design will be used in this study is repeated measures design.

Pre-Testing
Prior to the beginning of the experimental protocol subjects standing heights and
weights will be measured by using stadiometer, weighing machine and history of injury
information will be taken from the bowlers.
The selected psychological variables namely concentration & anxiety and physiological
variables namely heart Rate, respiratory rate, sweat loss & oral temperature and perceptual
measures will be measured prior to the first over.

Experimental Protocol

For the purpose of the experimental protocol after a standardized warm-up, each six
batsman will bat in pairs in three turf pitches as their regular batting practice protocol where a
simulated real match conditions will be conducted, (i.e. where two batsmen consecutively bat
for eight over by hitting all the shots as per the ball and also run between the wickets).
At the completion of each over, one subject would alternately be the striker and the
other subject would be the non-striker. This alternative process continued until eight over will
be completed by each subject. To replicate the fluid replenishment the batsmen will be allowed
to take fluid as per their requirements. If a batsmen getting out immediately the psychological
state will be taken.
Instrument and tools to be used

The instrument and tools to be used for this study are presented in the table-2.

TABLE-2
INSTRUMENT AND TOOLS USED

Sl. Criterion Variables Instrument

No
1 Body Composition Height & Weight
2 Heart Rate Pulse oximeter
3 Oral Temperature Thermometer
4 Sweat Loss Equation

5 Respiratory Rate Breaths for one minute

6 Bat speed, swing and impact timing Str8bat sensor
index

7 Concentration, attention and anxiety Questionnaire

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 8 Perceptual responses Borg Questionnaire

Administration of Tests

1. Height

Purpose
To measure the height of the subjects.
Equipments use
Stadiometer, score sheet and piece of chalk are used.
Procedure
The subject stood on the stadiometer with barefoot. At the time of measuring the heels are
on the platform without elevating it. The scale is brought down firmly in conduct with
vertex. A mark is made with chalk piece on the side of the scale on the stadiometer. After
that the subject stepped away from the stadiometer stand board and measurement is taken.
Scoring
The vertical distance from the stadiometer stand board to chalk piece mark is measured.
The measurement is taken to the nearest one centimeter. (Johnson and Nelson, 1988)

2. Body Mass/ Weight

Purpose
The purpose of the test is to measure the weight of the subject.
Equipments use
Weighing machine, and score sheet.
Procedure:
The subject stood on the weighing machine with barefoot and with minimum clothing. The
heels are on the weighing machine without elevating it and the body is kept at erect
position. After the scale vibration is stopped the reading is recorded in kilograms.
Scoring:
The weight is recorded to the nearest to a kilogram. (Johnson and Nelson, 1988)
3. Heart Rate

Purpose
The purpose of the test is to measure the heart rate of the subject.
Equipments use

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Pulse Oximeter
Procedure
Before the 1st and after 3rd over, six over and eight over heart rate will be taken by
using the Pulse Oximeter. The subject wear the Pulse Oximeter on the finger thorough
the test. The Pulse Oximeter will start just before the data collection during batting.
After that reading will be recorded in Beats/Min. This process will be followed up to
the eight over of the batting practice.
Scoring:
The heart rate will be recorded in Beats/Min.

04. Bat speed, swing and Impact index: Str8bat uses IoT based technology that gives
real-time actionable insights to budding and professional cricket batters. Str8bat's vision is
to enhance the game of cricket (and later other sports) by using wearable technology to
enable budding and professional players to develop their skills. It gives actionable insights
to players and coaches and help them build their muscle memory & skills.
"It utilizes wearable technology that assists batters and their coaches to develop skillsets by
providing actionable insights. The str8bat sensor captures shots played by players in the
nets, practise sessions or matches and can easily store more than 300 shots. This data is
transferred to the str8bat app via Bluetooth. Str8bat helps you build the right muscle
memory so when you practise, you practise right." Data captured includes the angle of
backlift, the path of the bat, the speed of the downswing, the speed of the bat on impact
with the ball and a comprehensive wagon wheel of where the ball was hit. The app utilizes
powerful analytics providing a complete 3D visualization of each shot played. By capturing
this data, the player and coach are provided with a clear picture of where the batter needs
to improve their technique – and the ability to then measure that improvement. Using
str8bat enables practice to become much more effective with a player’s technique
improving significantly in as little as three weeks. Daga explained: "The shorter the path a
bat has to travel to the ball the greater speed it will have and you will time it better. Str8bat
helps each individual to find their most efficient batting technique, providing actionable
insights. That will help improve your performance and your consistency. "Coaches have a
very difficult job to make sure that players are improving and cannot be there to see
everything with the naked eye. This str8bat data provides coaches with invaluable
feedback, and helps players understand their own game better; a pre-requisite to getting
better every day."

15
05. Oral temperature:
Purpose
The purpose of the test is to measure the Body temperature of the subject.
Procedure
➢ Carefully place the tip of the thermometer under the tongue.
➢ With mouth closed, leave the thermometer in place for about 1 minute until you hear
the “beep”
➢ Remove the thermometer and read the temperature

06. Sweat loss:

Purpose
The purpose of the test is to measure, how much the water secreted or sweat loss during
Eight over batting of the subject.
Procedure:
Weigh yourself on an accurate scale (nude is best) Work out for a specific amount of time
(1 hour easiest, but 30 minutes can work if you simply multiply your end sweat rate by
two, giving you your sweat rate per hour) Drink a measured amount of your beverage of
choice during the workout.
Scoring: sweat loss = (body weight before - body weight after) + amount of fluid intake
- toilet loss.

07. Respiratory rate

Purpose
The purpose of the test is to measure the respiratory rate during exercise an eight over
batting practice of the subject.
Procedure:
The respiratory rate is the number of breaths a person takes per minute. The rate is usually
measured when a person is at rest and simply involves counting the number of breaths for
one minute by counting how many times the chest rises.

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 Procedure of Collection of Data
Prior to commencement of 1st over and immediately after the completion of 3rd over, six
over and eight over all the psychological, physiological parameters and perceptual measures
will be measured. All the batsman will be instructed to replicate the intensity and match load
during the testing session. Bat speed, swing and impact timing index will be recorded with the
use of a Str8bat sensor which will be positioned on the splice of the bat. Running between the
wicket timing will be measured with a stopwatch to determine overall sprinting speed of the
running.

Before and after the testing session, nude body mass will be measured to determine change
due to sweat loss including the measurement of all fluids consumed during the testing session
by weighing individual drink bottles (HW100K, A and D, Japan).
Perceptual measures

The physiological markers of the intensity of prolonged batting will be measured by Self-
reported Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) during pre-practice, and following the 3rd over, six
over and eight over of batting practice. RPE will be determined from the Borg CR- 10 scale
that is a 10-point scale where 0 represents ‘‘Nothing at all’’ through to 10 ‘‘Maximum’’.

Analytical Procedure to be used

Data analysis will be performed by using the SPSS, version-21. The basic statistical
parameters will be calculated for all the data: the mean and standard deviation. One-way,
repeated measures ANOVA will be performed to determine differences in the respective 8-
over spell.
Whenever, one-way ANOVA with repeated measures ‘F’ ratio interaction values will be
found significant, the post-hoc test will be used to determine which of the paired mean had
significant differences. In all the cases the level of significance was fixed at 0.05. Pearson’s
correlation co-efficient analysis was used to determine the association among all the
psychological, physiological & RPE and batting performance.
The rate of changes will be calculated by percentage method.

17
 REFERENCES
1. Christie CJ, Todd AI, King GA. Selected physiological responses during batting in a
simulated cricket work bout: a pilot study. J Sci Med Sport, 2008; 11(6):581-584. [DOI:
10.1016/j.jsams.2007.08.001] [PMID:17875403]

2. Duffield R, Drinkwater EJ. Time-motion analysis of Test and One-Day international

cricket centuries, J Sports Sci 2008; 26 (5):457-464. [DOI:
10.1080/02640410701644026] [PMID:18274943]

3. Goble, D., & Christie, C. J. A. (2017). Cognitive, physical and physiological responses
of school boy cricketers to a 30-over batting simulation. Journal of sports
sciences, 35(12), 1148-1154.

4. Houghton, L., & Dawson, B. (2012). Recovery of jump performance after a simulated
cricket batting innings. Journal of sports sciences, 30(10), 1069-1072.

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