ELECTRO STATICS & GAUSS LAW L : SYNOPSIS h: nd its propertic Study of characteristics ofele Test is known as electrostatics. ie charges at Electric charge isthe praperty asso. a body ora particle due to whic! produce as well magnetic effe iis able to perience the electric and Charge isa fundamental property ofmatter and never found free. Ifa body gets positive charg putt charge, its mass slightly Ifa body is given negative charge, its mass slightly increases. Charge givento a conductor always resides on its outer surface. Afsurface is uniform then the charge distributes uniformly onthe surface. Inconductors having nonspherical surfaces, the surface charge density (cr) willbe larger when the radius of curvature is small The working of lightening conductor is based on leakage of charge through sharp point due to high surface charge density. Quantization of Charge : The electric charge is discrete. Charge is quantised. ‘The charge on any body is an integral multiple ofthe minimum charge or electron charge, iif gis the charge then q =+ne where n is an integer, and ¢ is the basic unit of charge = 1.6x10"C- ‘The minimum charge possible is + 1.6*10-YC. Law of conservation of charge: The total net charge of an isolated physical system always: remains constant, ie. g=9, +4. = constant, Charge is conserved. It can neither be created nor destroyed. It can only be transferred from one object to the other. Electrification: ‘A body can be charged by friction, conduction and induction. hy Friction: When two bodies are rubbed together, equal and opposite charges are produced on both the bodies. hy Conduction; An uncharged body acquiring charge when kept in contact with a charged body is called conduction. Conduction preceeds repulsion. By Induction: [fa charged body is brought near a neutral body, the charged body will attract opposite charge and repel like charge present inthe neutral body. Opposite charge is induced at the near end and like charge at the farther end. Inducing body neither gains nor loses charge. Induction always preceeds attraction. Repulsionis the sure test of electrification. Coulomb’s Law: The force ofattraction or repusion between to stationary point electric charges is directly proportional to the product of magnitude of the two charges and is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them and this force acts along the line joining those two charges ol ah 4nee, €, - permittivity of free space or vacuum or ait, ¢, ~Relative permittivity or dieleetric constant ofthe medium in which the charges are situated. @ d ey 885710" sor fara metre and Gygp 7 xO mIIC Permitivity of Medium: Permitivity is the ‘measure of degree of the medium which resist the flow of charges In SI. for medium other than free space, the \ constant Ki=—"— the force between the ane charges is Lg ane? © scanned with OKEN ScannerOWN as the relative permilivity of the medium. It isa constant fora given medium and it charges separated by medium decreases, compared with the force bet ween the same charges in tree space separated by the same distance ee Permitivity €, is also known as dicleetrie constant K of iti d lant K of the me ee pees medium or specific Relative permitivity of the made emitvity of Ne Tato Of permitivity of the medium to Retains offre space (or) sir(ory entve Petmitivity ofa medium isdefined as the electrostatic foro, medium is defined as distance, Hence, the mather matical bovine! al form of inverse square II Kare PF For force or vacuum or airy ne contr Ne moe i and fora good Conclusion ie Bed introduction ofa glass *n two charges will decrease th magnitude offorce betweenthem, two chen ofa ‘metallic slab, ‘connecting irges will decrease the magnitud force to zero. Basen Note:1 When the some charges are separated by the some distance in wo different media, Re 11 aa, K,4ze, F from(1)and(2) => FK,= Fk, Note:2 When the same charges are separated by different distance in the same medium Fé?= constant (or) id? = Fd? Note:3 If different charges are at the same sae Bldg Separation ina given medium == "7 Note : 4 If the force between two charges in two different media is the same for different separations. 11 aa = constant “Kare, PF Kr’-constantor Ky = Kyr Ifthe force between two charges separated by distance "7," in vacuum or air is same as the force between the same charges separated by distance ‘rina medium, Kr? Here K is dielectric constant of the medium. The effective distance ‘r’ in medium for a distanee 7, invaceum= Fe. Similarly, the effective distance in vaccum fora dielectric slab of thickness * x’ and dielectric constant Kis x,y =1VK Ifthe mediums partially filled with medium of thickness t and dielectric constant k,then effective distance in air is r-tt+t Jk Coulomb’s Law in Vector Form: ee Fae ie ong 8 Gee, BP and Fa 4 & Hete F, is force exerted by g, on g, and 5 F,,is force exerted by g, on g, Suppose the position vector of two charges q, and q, are y and 7; , then electric force on charge q dueto q, is, F-1_4h P 7 1 Similarly, electric force on g, due to charge g, el aa pe = z ide is ne, j (: ) lp Here q, and q, are to be substitued with sign. nemity tak and Raxyit yy j+ok where (x,9,2)) and.(x,,y9,2,) are the co- ordinates of charges q, and q,.. Limitations of Coulomb’s Law: Coulomb's aw holds for stationary charges only which are point sized. This law is valid for all types of charge distributions. This law is valid at distances greater than 10", This law obeys Newton’s third law, © scanned with OKEN Scannerae UW represents central forces. This law is analogous to Newton law of gravitation in mechanics The electric fo the two charges en oneach other, ction reaction pair, ie equal and opposite forces The electric force is conservative in nature. Coulomb fore: central, Coulomb force is much stronger than gravitational force. (10°F, = F,, ) Forces between multiple charges ; Force ona charged Particle due to a number of point charges is the resultant of forces due to individual point charges FtF.+Fs+4..., Equilibrium of system of charges: The equilibrium of any object of the system means, net force and net torque on it must be zero. On being point charges, it requires only Fre: = 0 for translational equilibrium. For sys- tem of charges to be in equilibrium. The net force on each charge of the system must be zero. Stable/ unstable equilibrium: Afier displacing charged particle from its equi- librium position, if it return back to its mean position then it is said to be in stable equilib- rium otherwise unstable equilibrium, The po- tential energy U of stable equilibrium is mini- mum while that of unstable it is maximum. _ W.E-1: Two point sized identical spheres carrying charges q, and q,on them are seperated by a certain distance. The mutual force between them is F. These two are brought in contact and kept at the same r Now, the force between them isp Then FEE. certain distance Sol: When charges seperated by 1 (ata) =(2' eM @) Fi _(@tay from (1) and 2) 5" ggg W.E-2: Consider three charges 4p4,andq°4, equal to q at the vere of an eq late, triangle of side ‘1’ what isthe force on a charge due to remaining charges, The forces acting on the charge ‘q) are 8 Sol: q q i i ‘ The resultant force is F' =F? + FP 4 2FF cos60" 2 =3F = 3. x 4 are, I 4 WEE-3: Aparticle of mass ‘m’ carrying a chap 4 is moving around a fixed charge +4 along a circular path of radius sy fit time period of revolution of charge 4, Electrostatic force on -q, to +q, will pro\ the necessary centripetal force i Sol: my Hence “dis, 7 aap v DD ‘1 WE-4: Two identical small charged 2 each having a mass ‘m’ ha! equilibrium as shown in fig. The of each string is \]' and the angle a! any string with vertical is 9-Fit i sph magnitude of the charge on eat! © scanned with OKEN ScannerSol: Ine wrcesacung on tne spher the string T, force of gra force irsino tw w Tcos@ =m, WE-5: Two identical balls each having density P are suspended from a common point by two insulating strings of equal length Both the balls have equal mass and charge. In equilibrium, each string makes an angle 9 with the vertical. Now both the ball are immersed ina liquid. As a result, the angle @ does not change. The density of the liquid is co. Find the dielectric constant of the liquid. Sok: W Liquid W Let v is the volume of each ball, then mass of each ball is m = pv ; When balls are in air TeosO=mg; Tsin@ =F F =mgtan 0 = pvg tan0 (a) When balls are suspended in liquid. The coulumbic force is reduced to ¥ apparent weight = weight - upthrust ; W' = pve According to the problem, angle @ is uncharged-Therefore F' =W' tan0 =(pyg —ovg) tan 0 ------(2) Z. Fl =o From (1) and (2) ; WE-6: Tivo small equally charged spheres each of mass mare suspended from the same point by silk threads of length L. The distance between the spheres x <<, Find the rate a with which the charges leak off each sphere if their approach velocity varies a : as d= Re where a is a constant. x Solution : Fot momentary equilibrium ofthe spheres, Tcos@ =mgandT sing =F where T is tension in the string = tano= © scanned with OKEN ScannerFirst Theorem : A shell of uniform charge attracts or repels a charged particle that is outside the shellas ifall the charge on that conducting shell were concentrated at its centre. Second Theorem : A uniformly charged shell exerts no electro static force ona charged particle located inside the shell + + a 7 + . Here force between q, and q, = 0 WE-7: A ring of radius R is with a uniformly distributed charge Q on it. A charge q is now placed at the centre of the ring. Find the increment in tension in the ring Sol: Consider an element of the ring. Its enlarged view is as shown. For equilibrium of this segment, we can write. SRD AT (=) Here F is the repulsive force between q and dc aT \ f 4 ' 1 1 t ' i i I 0 q F =2AT sin elemental charge dQ ws dg=—-2-(Rd0 | [: dQ= ink! ) ; The electric outward force on element is -_1 we “ane, R q From the above three equations, we can write 1 4, 80 -oar( 4ne, R? 2nR 2 (sina =a for small angle) W.E-8: A thin fixed ring of radius ‘a’ has a positive charge ‘q’ uniformly distributed over it, A particle of mass ‘m’ having a negative charge ‘Q’ is placed on the axis ata distance of x(x <F=Eq. Here gis proportionality constant called electric field Tr 3 strength & ca Electric field strength is a 0 vector quantity. Iis direction is the direction along whicha free positive charge experiences the force in the electric field. © scanned with OKEN ScannerThe S ee he S.T unit of eletrie Per coulomb (NC), It 1M Volt per metre (Vinv'), Electric field intensity due to Point charge : Consider a point el Placed at point A as shown, Let tt electric field j= at a point P : from charge Q. Imagine a po: oe dp P. The charge Q producesa field j at P. eee Ag P The force applied by Qand q, is given by eld strength is newton also be expressed solated ©'Q° nd the F= 47 €, According to definition Re E=—=3E qo Ifqy is positive charge then the force acting on it isin the direction of the field. If q, isnegative then the direction of this force is opposite of the field direction. nO F=-Eq If the charge ‘q’ is in medium of permititivity ie e, and dielectric constnat K, {| K =~ | the 0 intensity of electic field in a medium (E,,.,) is given by cae aa E sreespace ogee NULL POINT OR NEUTRAL POINT In the case of a system of charges if the net electric field is zero at a point, it is known as nullpoint. Application : Two point (like) charge q, and q, are separated by a distance ‘r” and fixed, We can locate the point on the line joining those charges where resultant or net field is zero. Case 1: Ifthe charges are like, the neutral point will be between the charges, x (r-x) qh oT Let P be the null point where E,,, = — 0 (due to those charges) on solving we gel *~ fat the neutral n If es are unlike, Case 2: Ifthe charg the lime point will be outside the charge on joining them. as ee ae 4 a .* gaan Inthisease x? (y4-x)" ss On solving we get [fz _y % ‘Two charges +Q each are separated by a distance'd’. The intensity ofelectric field at the mid point of the line joining the charges is zero. NOTE: If instead ofa single charge, field is produced by no.ofcharges, by the principle of super position resultant electric field intensity _ Bi+E2+ Est... WE- 10 : Two charges +@ each are placed at the two vertices of an equilateral triangle of side a. The intensity of electric field at the third vertex is E, 0 4E x= Sol: +Q a +Q E' =\VE? +E’ +2EEC 0s0 = V2? +2E*Cosd = 22" (1+0080) 0 1 @ = v3 = 2? E “a e,a? W.E-1: Two charges +Q, -O are placed at the two vertices of an equilateral triangle of = 2ECos © scanned with OKEN ScannerSide ‘a’, then the intensity of elec at the third vertex is Sol Bare, NOTE : A field is said to be uniform, if its magnitude and direction remain the same. Uniform electric field: A field is said to be uniform , if its magnitude and direction remains the same. Represention of uniform field:Field lines are represented by parallel lines a ————> Seale cet PEAS SRSSSREWERE See Motion of a charged particle in a uniform electric field : Oblique projection of charged particle in an uniform electric field (Neglecting gravitational force) : Consider a uniform electric field E in space along Y-axis. A negative charged particle of mass ‘m’ and charge ‘q’ be projected in the XY plane froma point ‘O” with a velocity u making an angle g with the X- axis. (Neglecting gravitational fore). Initial velocity of the particle is H=ucos6i +usind} Force acting on the particle is is) m Velocity of the particle after time "t is ¥=i-+a5¥ = ucosOi +(usinO-ar) ICthe point of projection is taken as origin, its position vector after time ‘t’ is (ucosg)t xi-+ yj where lie =(usin0)¢-+ar y=(usind)i—>a NOTE: Ifthe charged particle is projected along the x-axis, then 9 = 0° Here x=u¢ and Y= Diréction of motion of particle after time ‘t” makes an angle a with x-axis, where mu NOTE:A charged particle of charge +0 is projected with an initial velocity u in a vertically upward electric field making an angle 9 to the horizontal. Then If gravitational force is considered Net force mg 7 F = mg + Eq ; Fa Net acceleration= g+—~ ‘The negative sign is used when electric field is in upward direction where as positive sign is / used when electric field is in downward direction for positively charged projected particle. a. Time of flight = ar wsin?@ b. Maximum height ==" (er c. Range = 5528 ze) 3=— © scanned with OKEN Scannerpendutum is given by 7 = an : The bob ofa charg upw mple pendulum is given ave nl itis made fo oscillate ina vertically FO oscillation is | : TA AE m In the above eases the bob is given a -ve charge then the time period is given by VE mg A sphere is given a charge of 'Q’ and is suspended in a horizontal electric field. The angle made by the string with the vertical is, meter from the origin. If the are alternately positive ang finul the intensity of electric fietg at orig! oe 4 Sol: The clectric field intensities due to positive charges and due to -ve charges the fielg intensity is towards the charges THe sultaat intensityat the’origin E=E,+E,-E,- peg fee Ee aie, Vote e . Since the expression in the bracket is in GP with a common ratio W.E-13: A point mass ‘m’ and charge ‘q’ is connected with a spring of negligible mass with natural length L., Initially spring is in natural length. Now a horizontal uniform electric field E is switched on as shown. Find a) The maximum separation between the mass and the wall 4) Find the separation of the point mass and wall at the equilibrium, position of sorass ipasine ©) Find the energy stored in the spring at the equilibrium position of the point mass. E oo ie K wall q TTT —— . Le nade nie Sol: At maximum separation, velocity of point mass "is zero. Fromwork energy theorem, 9 Woyeng + Wad = 9° ; © scanned with OKEN Scanner2gE x? », Separation b) At equilibrium E pq Eq= heave E = separation= L +o -fE 1 1,(qEY 9 Una (2) 2k WeE-14: A block having mass ’m’ ad carge ‘q’ is resting on a fretionless plane at distance L from the wall as shown inf fig. Discuss the motion of the block when a uniform electric field E is applied horizontally towards the wall assuming that collision of the block with the wall is perfectly elastic. The situation is shown in fig. Electric forece F = gE willaccelerate the block towards the wall producing an acceleration Sol: mg As collision with the wall is perfectly elastic, the block will rebound with same speed and as now is motion is oppisite to the acceleration,, it will come to rest after travelling same distance Lin same time t. After stopping it will beagain accelerated towards the wall and so the block Will execute oscillatory motion with ‘spain’ L and time period SmL , gE - However, as the restoring force F(=qE) when the block is moving away from the wall is T=2) nd not proportional to. x, the motion is not simple harmonic. 15: The field lines for tvo point charges lire shown in fig. SE i Is the field uniform? ii, Datermine the ratio q,/ 4y- iii, What are teh sing of q, and 4g? in If q, and qp are separated by a distance 10(V2 =1) cm, find the position of neutral point. i.No \ ii. Number oflines coming from or coming to a charge is proportionalto magnitude of charge, 4 _12 \ Ga Bi \ Gq, 6 \ iii. q, ispositive and q, isnegative iv. Cis the other neutral point. v. Forneutral point E,=E, DUE TO CHARGE DISTRIBUTION: We consider the distribution to consist ofa very large number of point charges, each dq. The coulomb force due to it or electric field due to it can be calculated. The total force or field due to the entire charge distribution is found by integration . With linear charge distribution, z-_! 4, 4nér° © scanned with OKEN ScannerTotal fieldis F f al Here dg =. dl where dlis elemental length of the line of chy With surface charge distribution. cS oy oT where dg = ods E- [at For volume distribution 6q=paV and E=f dE where dV is volume of clement Here. [| conote tine imegral, surfice dads ch integral and volume integral respectively Applications of this integration are given after CHARGED CIRCULAR ARC ATITS. CENTRE Consider a circular are of radius R which subtends an angle gat its centre. Let us calculate the electric field strength at C. att dEcos0 Consider a polar segment on arc of angular width g@ at an angle @ from the angular bisector XY as shown. The length of elemental segment is Rdg. The charge on this element dais dq =240 ¢ Due to this dq, electric field at centre ofare C isgivenas The electric field component dE to this segment dE sing which is perpendicular to the angle Tisecto The net electric field tor which angle bis integrating dEcosO within limi to $/2 : : Hence net eletrie field strength al centre @, fabeosd = | goose axe 20sin(g/2) =. Asad ae RG ee fora semicircular ring = . Soat centre 20sin(g/2) _ 2Qsin(x/2) nek) Ane Ron 2 4n°6)R? : UNIFORMLY CHARGED RING: ‘The intensity of electric field at a distance +x’ from the centre along the axis: Consider a circular ring of radius ‘a’ having a charge ‘q’ uniformly distributed over it as shown in figure. Let ‘O” be the cetnre of the ring. dx, B Consider an element dx of the ring at point A. The charge on this element is given by dq = dx. charge density dq = dx—4_ = 9% { 2na 2na ‘The resultant intensity is only along the axis of, the ring. The resultant intensity is given by 1_aq E=|—— Ane, r* 00s a! p94 = 4ne, J rar? *, (where cosd=x/1) g-_L__@ i “ta eee w | © scanned with OKEN ScannerAnitseontie ys <0 Vloottie field at eentie is zero, al Yavillbo maxim hen i 0 Dnitorontating Bwyct x and putting it equal te jor we tel YF and Le ney Re UNIFORMLY CHARGED THIN ROD: I the wire is of finite length and the ends of the wire subtends angles, and 0, at any poingthen the integration with the limits can be applied as follows: i * A038 ig. zona sin 0.) 1 Meg Aref ence Asin® ig 0) x dE * PO.r) Let us calculate electric field strength due to this slab at P(0, r). To find this we consider an elemental sheet of width dy at a distance y from the xz plane. Electric field strength at P due to this = is given as dE= i (for a sheet of thickness dy) 9. NON-UNIFORMLY CHARGED RING : Consider a ring of nonuniform linear charge density 4.=2y cos@. where Q is polar angle with X-axis. Radius of the ring is R. Consideran element on the ring of polar width dQ at anangle @ fromx-axis. The charge on this element is given by dq = 2Rd0 =) cosORdO The electric field strength at centre of the ring due to this element can be given as Lag 4m & R? On integration, components dEsin@ will cancel each other and dE cos@ only will be integrated. So, net electric field strength at centre 4/2 will be givenas Eo =2 J dE cos a2 After evaluating this integration, we get Net electric field at P is given by n ntl Ep =for=f2%o ee 524 2 € (n+1) © scanned with OKEN ScannerSolution The e ectric fields duc to the three parts ofu Shaped wire are shown in the following figure. Ba =(Ex, Fx, Ji (Py, thy APY) AKA KR { i po electric field due to given arrangement acd, WE-17:Gi density iv as shown in figure. A Solution : The electric field strength due to the three rods AB,BC and CA are shown in figure. 203 ney L (2sin30°) (cosoi+sindj) W.E-ER: A en an equilateral triangle with side L, find E at its centroid. The linear charge oe | Fre i | stem consists of a tin chargey wire ring of radius Rand a@ very long, vt de Changed thread oriented ator’ the axis of the ring with one of its ends coinciding with the centre of the ring. The total charge of the ring is equal t0 q. The charge of the thread (per unit length) jg equal to 2. Find the interaction force between the ring and the thread. ¢] Xcoulm Ve \) 7] dq =adx p Solution : Force "dF" on the wire = dqE qxadx «ane, (x? +) W.E-19: A point charge q is located at the centre of a thin ring of radius R with uniformly distributed charge "'-q", Fina the magnitude of the electric ‘field strength vector at the point lying on the axis of the wes ata distance x from its centre ifx>? aq JE eo - OP — x aa Solution : Electric field at P due to ring © scanned with OKEN Scannerq Br Fraga +R) (towards centre) Electeric field at P due to +q 4 a From? (Way fom centre) ‘Thus net field at P 1 ane, | x Forx>>R aasghe net ARE Snegx? (Using Bionomial approximation). W.E-20: A thin wire ring of radius "r" carries a charge q.Find the magnitude of the electric field strength on the axis of the ring as a function of distance L from the centre. Find the same for L >> r Find maximum field strength and the corresponding distance L. . Solution : Due to aring electric field strength at a distance "L" from its centre on it canbe given as pe (1 ancy (L?+1*) 20 | ForL>> rwehave od ane Thus the ring behaves like a point charge. For Ena On solving we get L: B78) Substuting the value of "L" in equation (1) we 1, ev) me. (Peele 6V3n ere ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL ENERGY We know that potential energy ofa system of particles is defined only for conservative nergy in electric field ct lectrostatic potential energy is defined in two ways a). interaction energy of charged particles of asystem b) _selfenergy ofa charged body Ifconfiguration of a system is changed from an initial state to final state, work done by electrostatic force W on the the particles is related as AU=U,-U;=-W Here work done by electrostatic force is path independent. U,=0, as reference Let W be the work done by electrostatic forces while bringing the charges from infinite seperation to the desired separation then U=-We Electrostatic Interaction Energy ‘The external work required to assemble the charged particles ofa system by bringing them from infinity to a given configuration is known as electrostatic interaction energy of that system. Ifcharged particles are at infinite seperation, potential energy of that system is taken as zero as there will be no interaction between them. ‘When these charges are brought closer to form agiven configuration, extemal works required and energy is supplied to the system. Ifthe force between the charges is repulsive, work is done by external agent and final potential energty ofthe system will be positive. Ifthe force between the charges is attractive, work will be’done by the system and final potential energy of the system is negative. If two like charges are brought closer, P.E of the system increases. Iftwo unlike chargtes are brought closer, PE of the system decreses. For an attractive system U is always NEGATIVE. For arepulsive system U isalways POSITIVE. Fora stable system U is MINIMUM. ee © scanned with OKEN Scannerdu ie 0 (lor stable system) 2. Interaction Ener of two charges: stemorhve point cha Consider a gz-Assume q, is fixed at position A, Charge qy is taken from B to P along ABP, Let AB=4, and AP =r, z - ° Bo “ar P nr “ Consider a small displacement of the charge qz in which its distance from q, changes from rto (r+dr). The electrostatic force on the charge q, is given by p=—! 2142 along AtoB. ang re The work done by this electric force for the small displacement drs given by dw= = Fdrcos0° = Fdr =aw-— 4% a 4ney The total work done as the charge qy moves fromB to Pis W=[" dW h L940 a . ty ie, W=| ——- i ane r? ee gidge eal ane (yb As q, is fixed no work is done on q, by the electric force. We define change in electric potential energy of the system as negative of the work done by the electric forces as the configuration changes. So, the change in potential energy is given by Uie)-Ueg)=-wa-ge (2 4ney ly b We choose the potential energy of the two charge system to be zero when they have infinite separation. ie, U(co)=0. The potential | il u(y = ee [: An La uU(n=— an & rey of the system of charges illy on the seperation between, ‘and is independent of their location ‘The potenti energy is given by 1 fare , 429 } Ameo ttn Here 11) indicates seperation between q, and qh: fx indicates seperation between qy and q3. %; indicates seperation between q, and qyand so on. We have to consider all possible pairs while finding U. Here charges with their original signs must be used. Potential energy ofa system of charges may be positive, negative or even zero. Ifthe seperation between two point charges is increased, interaction potential energy may increase or decrease. Positive potential energy means that work can be obtained from the system. If two bodies having the same charges are free, they rsh away from each other, releasing the stored potential energyas kinetic energy of the charges. Negative potential energy means that external agent would have to do work to seperate the charges. As electrostatic force is conservative, work done by external agency is given by Wey = U(final) — U(initial) Work done by the electric field is given by Weeia = UCinitial) - U(final) =U = —dWeeig = Woe ELECTRIC POTENTIAL Work done to bring a unit positive charge from infinite distance to a point in the electric field is © scanned with OKEN Scannerled electric potential at that point, condition or state of imilar to temperature ly ly isconsidered tob potential a charged body is cor to be at lower potential. Electric potential at a point isa relative value but not an absolute value, Potential at a point due to a point charge :¢ “aren Two charges +Q and -Q are separated by a distance d, the potential on the perpendicular bisector of the line joining the charges is zero. When a charged particle is accelerated from rest through a p.d.'V', work done, higher ered my? (or) v= P24 ‘The work done in moving a charge ofq coulomb between two points separated by p.d. V,-/, is 9(V,-h). The work done in moving a charge from one point to another point on an equipotential surface is zero. Relation among E, V and d ina uniform electric field is et (or) po Electric field is always in the direction of decreasing potential . The component of electric field in any direction is equal to the negative of potential gradient in that direction. (ti- an j-%8) ax” Gy" a Zero Potential Point ‘Two unlike charges Q, and -Q, are seperated by a distance ‘d’. The net potential is zero at two points on the line a them, one (x) in between them and the other (y) outside them Q 2D x dax 4 y Fey POTENTIAL AT A POINT DUE TO A GROUP OF POINT CHARG Electric potential obeys superposition principle. So, potential at any point P due to a group of poINL charges qyqzsnGy 8 equal to algebraic sum of the potentials due to QisGarerainidy AEP. .V,, be the potentials at P due Let V,, V2, V3 to a1. Now, total potential at P is V=V,4+Va+ Va) Ga dot 4negly on Th LINE INTEGRAL OF ELECTRO STATIC FIELD We can calculate the potential difference + between two points i and fin an electrostatic field. To make the calculation, first we find the work done ona postive test charge by the field as it moves fromito-f. Consider an arbitrary electric field, represented by the field lines as shown. A positive test charge o moves along the path shown with dotted lines from point i to point f. At any point on the path, an electrostatic force, qoE actson the je © scanned with OKEN Scanneridler tl . avelosed pall’)! ” : it moves through a dilterentia displacement d/. Work done tor this displacement is dW = Fd? => dW =qoEd! Total work done on the y the field So, potential difference between any two points iand finan electric field is equal to the negative of the line integral of qj fromito £ Ifwe choose V, = 0.. then potential V at point 7 f— = fis given by V -f Edi. ‘Aselectrostatic force is conservative, all paths from i to f yield the same result, when the line integral is found. IfA and B are two points in an electrostatic field, Bo Vp-Va = -f, Ed? a and V, —Vp =+f, Ed? CONSERVATIVE NATURE OF ELECTRIC FIELD ‘A conservative force is that force for which the work done around a closed path is zero. y a) b) °) ne 1, Leta snall (est ching Jd of point chary the closed path, Igy be moved over the closed p sade (along!) 7 Wior Then “nd vy vi ey Mel (along, /,) qo Wier, MEL=(y,- WH ~ VI =0 Pw words work done in moving # unit ssi charge over a closed path in field is zero. It mean electrostatic tive field and clectrostatic In othe positive elect field is a co! forces are conservative. The line integral 0 electrostatic field over a closed path in an electric field is zero. Equipotential surfaces: + Equipotential surface in an electric field is a surface on which the potential is same at every point, In other words, the locus of all points which have the same electric potential is called equipotential surface. \ An equipotential surface may be the surface of amaterial body or a surface drawn in an electric. field, The important properties ofequipotential surfaces are as given below. As the potential difference between any two points on the same equipotential surface is zero, no work is done in taking a charge from one point to another, The electric field is always perpendicular to an equipotential surface. In other words electric field or lines of force are perpendicular to the equipotential surface. No two equipotential surfaces intersect. If they intersect like that, at the point of intersection field will have two different directions or at the samé point there will be two different potentials which is impossible. ' © scanned with OKEN Scannerny point on the component of quipotential surface ie field parallel to the lel and equipotential surfa: planes perpendicular to the lines shown in figure FEF equipotent Sepa Siesta The equipotential surfaces are a family of concentric spheres for a uniformly charged sphere or fora point charge as shown in figure — equipotential surface Note : 1) Incase of non-uniform electric field, the field lines are not straight, and in that case equipotential surfaces are curved but still perpendicular to the field. 2) The potential difference is a property of two points and not of the charge qg being moved, ELECTRIC POTENTIAL OF CONTINOUS CHARGE DISTRIBUTION 1, LINECHARGEOF INFINITE LENGTH: Let us consider a charge situated along line of infinite length. For convience let us say that it is along x-axis. wo [+e4eeadeaeee | to We know distan 1 the ficld at point P which is at a by. a Intyy >(1) The electric potential between two points at distances y, and y,is given by INFINITE PLANE SHEET OF CHARGE (NON CONDUCTING) Consider an infinite thin plane sheet of positivive charge having a uniform surface charge density con both sides of the sheet. by symmetry , it follws that the electric filed is perpendicular to the plane sheet of charge and directed in out ward direction. o The electric field intensity is # = 26, Electrostatic potential due to an infinite plane sheet of charge at a perpendicular distance r from the sheet given by V(r) =-[ Es V()=-f ar (52 ree where C is constant ofintegration similarly the electric pontential due to an infinite plane con- ducting plate at a perpendicular distance r from. the plate is’ given by V(r) =-[ Ear =-{ dr (Je where C is constant of intergration CHARGED SPHERICAL SHELL (OR CONDUCTING SPHERE): V(r)=-[Lar= a) xX dS KR Charged spherical Cw) Shell Gaussian Surface © scanned with OKEN ScannerConsider a thin spherical shell of radius R and having charge+q on the spherical shell. Case (i): When point P lies outside the spheri- cal shell. The electric field at the point is Where C is constant of integration If ro, V(%2) 0 and C=0 me, : When point P lies on the surface of spherical shell thenr=R electrostatice potential at P on the surface is y-4 4a, R Case (iii) : For points inside the charged spherical shell (r < R), the electric field E=0 _ WW So we can write -——=0 dr => is constant and is equal to that on the surface 1 So, "=~ —" frrs » are, RPT rSR The varitaion of V with distance ‘r’ from cen- tre is as shown in the graph. UNIFORMLY CHARGED NON-CON- DUCTING SOLID SPHERE: Consider a charged sphere of radius R with total charge q uniformly distributed on it. Case (i) : For points Outside the sphere (r> R) The electric field at any point is 1 E “aa (for r>R) 0 The potential at any point outside the shell is -jt4 4ne,r° Where C is constant of integration If r>,V (2) > 0 and C=0 4 eas Fr FR Case (ii) : When point P lies on the surface of spherical shell thenr=R The electrostatic potential at P on the surface is R For points inside the sphere (r< R), = cl - 4 eR The electric field is © dV = E.dF =~Edr ae ee Jere [ears laae” 5) 2 R sve4,[3 7 4re,R [2 2K At the centrer=0 then Potential at centre Ven—tusa 3 4re,2R 24re,R The variation of V with distance ‘r’ from cen tre is as shown in the graph. | © scanned with OKEN Scanner| | | | f t f } 5. TER CHARGED RING: c qis distributed over thee uniformly or non-uniformly ), then electric potential at the centre of the ring, _ lq sO 4x6, R° Atdistance ‘r” from the centre of ring on its axis, - q eV= a would be | >R,/= 4ne,x oR Potential on the edge of the dise is ” = = POTENTIAL ON THERIM OF THE DISC : Now we shall calculate the potential at a point lying on the edge ofthe disc as shown in figure. We divide the disc into a large number of rings With P as the centre. dr Further we consider the ring shown dotted with will be ent nLwill be 210 2rdr. Hence the charge dq on this s in given by dq = 2r0.dres Potential at P duc to this segment 1 2rOdrer a Ane, Inorder to calculate the potential V at P due to whole disc we integrate the dV with in the limits from Oto 2R. Hence J 1 2d ls ‘fear Sane, TE, 4 From right angled triangle PAQ, . r=2Rcos@ or dr = ~2Rsin@d0 - x Now when r= 0,cos@=0 hence BF 5, 1+=2R,cos@=1 hence 9=0 ° 2nep ° J -2Rosinoao x 12 0 = 2 [sino -0cos0] Ep _oR TEy Comparing the above eqations we get that the potential at the centre is greater than the potential at the rim of the disc. So a uniformly charged disc is not an equipotential surface. W.E-21: A charge Q is distributed over two con- centric hollow spheres of radii ‘r’ and R ( > 1) such that the surface densities are equal. Find the potential at the common centre, Vp : If q, and q, are the charges on spheres of radii ‘r’ and R respectively, then in accordance with conservation of charge N+ =Q------(1) And according to given problem o, = 02, 4nr° So from Eqs (1) and (2) © scanned with OKEN Scanner(+R?) low as i Now s potential inside a conducting sphere is equal to that at its surface, so potential at the common centr W.E-22: If electric potential Vat any point (x, ‘¥, 2) all in metres in space is given by V= ‘4x volt. Calculate the electric field at the point (Im, Om, 2m). : As electric field E is related to potential V through the relation Sol Stax) = a =-S(4x?)=0 ay Seat =0 iz So, E=iE,+jEy+kE,=-8xi ie, ithas magnitude 8 V/m andis directed along negative x-axis. W.E-23: A conducting spherical bubble of radius r and thickness t (t>> 1) is charged to a potential V. Now it collapses to form a spherical droplet. Find the potential of the droplet. : Here charge and mass are conserved. IfR is the radius of the resulting drop formed andp is Sol density of soap solution, SaR’p= 4nrtp =R=Gr't)!? 4 ‘Now potential of the bubble is v=—— ane r or q=4nqrV Now potential ofresulting drop is 14 ipseeleu. 4 ang R W.E-24: A small ball of mass 2x 10" kg havin, Sol: W.E-25: If an electron enters into a spa Sol W.E-2 a charge of tuCis suspended by a string ‘ fength 0.8m. Another identical ball hain the same charge is kept at the point g Cuspension. Determine the mininuy, horizontal velocity which should hg impacted to the lower ball so that it cay make complete revolution : To complete the ae at top most point T, =9, ve u at ane, ME fiom law of conservation ofenergy = V-gt= (1) pm? =Fmv-tmg 20....(2) from(1) and (2); lag 86m/s 4ne,me between the plates of a parallel plate capacitor at an an angle a with the plat and leaves at an angle B to the plates, fi the ratio of its kinetic energy while enterit the capacitor to that while leaving. Let ube the velocity of electron while enteri the field and v be the velocity when it lea the plates. Component of velocity parallel the plates will remain unchanged. , Hence ucosa = ucosB 2 S02 Figure shows two concentril conductiong shells of radii r, and! carrying uniformly distributed charages and qy, respectively. Find out an expressi for the potential of each shell. © scanned with OKEN Scanner