Al-Noor University Collage Dept.

of Anesthesiology/Second Year

Practical Pharmacology/Lab 10 Lecturer: Ph. ISRAA MAHMOOD

((Coagulants))
When there is an injury, platelets release molecules into the blood that
help turn on clotting factors. One important clotting factor is fibrin, a
long, thin, and sticky protein. When it is turned on, it forms a mesh to
hold the platelet plug in place. This is called a fibrin clot.
Which drug is used to stop bleeding?
Tranexamic acid is given to stop or reduce heavy bleeding. When you
bleed, your body forms clots to stop the bleeding. In some people,
these clots break down and the bleeding continues. Tranexamic acid
works by stopping the clots from breaking down and so reduces the
unwanted bleeding.

))Anticoagulants))
Anticoagulants like heparin and warfarin are used to prevent
thrombus formation and embolic complications by reducing fibrin
formation. Heparin is often administered through injections for rapid,
short-lived action, while warfarin is taken orally for maintenance
therapy. These medications are crucial in conditions such as deep vein
thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, myocardial infarction, and atrial
fibrillation.

((Fibrinolytics))
Streptokinase and Alteplase are examples of fibrinolytics that dissolve
blood clots in conditions like acute myocardial infarction and stroke.

((Antiplatelet Drugs))
Aspirin and clopidogrel are antiplatelet drugs that interfere with
platelet function to prevent thrombosis. They play vital roles in
coronary artery disease, acute coronary syndromes, cerebrovascular
disease, and other thromboembolic disorder.
Al-Noor University Collage Dept. of Anesthesiology/Second Year

Practical Pharmacology/Lab 10 Lecturer: Ph. ISRAA MAHMOOD

((Antihistamine))
Histamine, acting through different receptor types, influences various
bodily functions. Antagonists of H1 and H2 receptors have
therapeutic uses, especially in treating allergic disorders, pruritus, and
other conditions. The choice between first-generation
(Chlorpheniramine, Diphenhydramine ) and second generation
(fexofenadine, loratadine, and cetirizine) antihistamines depends on
sedative effects and selectivity for peripheral H1 receptors.

((Diuretics))
Diuretics promote sodium and water loss in urine and are crucial for
managing conditions like hypertension. They are classified based on
efficacy, with examples like thiazides and loop diuretics (e.g.,
furosemide).
What are diuretics used for in anesthesia?
They are used to treat conditions of intravascular volume overload,
particularly in those patients refractory to fluid and salt restriction.
Common indications include hypertension, congestive heart failure,
pulmonary edema, and cerebral edema

((Hematinics and Anemia))

Hematinics are agents that stimulate blood cell formation or increase
hemoglobin levels, commonly including: vitamin B12, iron, and folic
acid.
Anemia is a condition characterized by a deficiency of healthy red
blood cells. Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type, and
Anemia symptoms can vary from weakness, headaches, and difficulty
concentrating in early stages to more advanced symptoms like pale skin,
shortness of breath, and abnormal menstrual bleeding.
Treatment for anemia depends on its cause and severity. Options include
blood transfusions, corticosteroids, erythropoietin, and supplements of
iron, vitamin B12, folic acid, or other vitamins and minerals.