5.

1- Single Phase Flow

Material: M. Watfa

Single phase flow Rate

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 5.1- Single Phase Flow

Material: M. Watfa

Learn

Production Interpretation for a single

phase flow rate.
Running two production logs at two
chokes
Obtaining two flow rates and two
pressures
This is used to obtain zone
productivity index (PI) and the
reservoir pressure for each zone.

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 5.1- Single Phase Flow

Material: M. Watfa

Single Phase Production Data Acquisition

1- Choke-1: a- Stabilize: Flow the well and stabilize the

flow rate. The time for stabilization depends on reservoir
parameters mainly permeability and drainage area

2- Choke-1: Data acquisition: Run spinner flowmeter and

Choke-1 pressure logs. Run a minimum of three spinner passes in
the opposite direction to the flow rate.

3- Choke-1: Data Interpretations: Interpret the data for

each zone and sub-zone and obtain Q (flow rate from each
zone or subzone) and Pressure (P) for each zone and sub-
Choke-2 zone. .

4- Choke-2: Change the choke and stabilize the well

again for around 12 hours. Repeat steps 2 and 3 for the
second choke.

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 5.1- Single Phase Flow
Single Phase flow
Material: M. Watfa

Pressure (psi) Single Phase Production Interpretation Process

 This process is used to obtain the production contribution
from each zone, or sub-zone
Pa  A zone could be a set of perforations; or
 A long set of perforations can be divided into sub-sets
(sub-zones) - e.g. broken into 10 ft intervals.
Pb  The value of flow rate; Q (bl/d) and zone pressure (P) can
be computed for each zone and for each choke.
Pc
 Production contribution from each zone can be estimated
P2 for both chokes
P1  The reservoir pressure for each zone and sub-zone can
also be estimated
 The productivity index (PI) can also be obtained for each
zone or sub-zone.
Flow Rate (bl/d)  The same process can be applied for injection wells to
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obtain the injectivity profiles for zones and sub-zones. 4
 5.1- Single Phase Flow
Single Phase flow
Material: M. Watfa

Pressure (psi)
Applications and Advantages
Pa  The intercept on the Y-axis (Pressure) gives the
value of the reservoir pressure for that zone.
 The inverse of the slope of each line (bl/psi) is
Pb the productivity index for each zone.
Pc  The large differences in the reservoir pressures
between the zone is an indication of the
P2
magnitude of uneven depletion that is taking
P1 place.
 The data from such a plot can be used to predict
the cross-flow between the zones once the well is
Flow Rate (bl/d) shut in.
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 5.1- Single Phase Flow

Material: M. Watfa
Ex-1:Oil Producer Single Phase: Q and PI

Example-1 Estimate :
Oil producer- single phase 1. Total Flow
One perforated interval of 20 ft 2. Flow from bottom 10 ft
However, there is a 4 ft tight zone in perforations (B)
the middle (at B) 3. Flow from upper 10 ft
Two chokes were used ½ inch and 1 perforations(C-B)
inch 4. The PI of bottom perforations
Casing ID= 6.2 inches 5. The PI of the upper
Tool OD= 1 11/16 perforations

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 5.1- Single Phase Flow

Material: M. Watfa

Constructing the spinner calibration plot

Cable Speed vs. Revolutions Per Second (RPS)

 Take average RPS values above each zone for each run of cable
speed
 This average interval is done to minimise the effects of casing ID
variations caused by corrosion or manufacturers tolerances
 The interval of averaging also assumes that there are no additional
delta-flow over that interval, in or out (leaks) of the casing.
 A table is constructed such as the one shown below, which is used
to obtain the CS vs. RPS plot
Cable-Speed Zone-C Zone-B Sump
0 5.462 1.89
30 8.04 4.34 2.51
60 10.49 6.78 5.00
90 12.86 9.32 7.44
130 16.47 12.51 10.91

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 5.1- Single Phase Flow
Ex-1:Oil Producer Single Phase: Q and PI Cable-Speed Zone-C Zone-B Sump
0 5.462 1.89

Choke-1
Material: M. Watfa 30 8.04 4.34 2.51
60 10.49 6.78 5.00
90 12.86 9.32 7.44
20
130 16.47 12.51 10.91
18
16 CS=30

14
Spinner RPS

CS=60
12
10 CS=90

8
CS=130
6
4 Stationary

2 B
C A
0
1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060
Depth

Average Pressure at A-B = 3115

Average Pressure at B-C = 3112
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 5.1- Single Phase Flow

Material: M. Watfa
Ex-1:Oil Producer Single Phase: Q and PI

Choke-1 18

16 Sump
Sump
y = 0.084x + 5.4588
14 Zone Perfs
Above C
12
Zone B
Zone-B y = 0.082x + 1.8843
Spinner RPS

10

y = 0.0839x - 0.0345
4

-2
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Cable speed

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 5.1- Single Phase Flow

Material: M. Watfa
Ex-1:Oil Producer Single Phase: Q and PI

Choke-216
CS=60
14
CS=120

12 Stationary
Spinner RPS

10

2 B
C A
0
1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060
Depth

Average Pressure at A-B = 3115

Average Pressure at B-C = 3112
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 5.1- Single Phase Flow

Material: M. Watfa
Ex-1:Oil Producer Single Phase: Q and PI

Choke-2
16.00

Zone Perfs
Above C
14.00

Sump
Sump
12.00 y = 0.085x + 3.1512
Zone B
Zone-B
10.00
Spinner RPS

y = 0.0848x + 1.02
8.00

6.00

4.00

y = 0.0839x - 0.0336
2.00

0.00

-2.00
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Cable Speed (ft/min)

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 5.1- Single Phase Flow

Material: M. Watfa
Ex-1:Oil Producer Single Phase: Q and PI

Zones Choke-1 Pressure

Slope Intercept Threshold Vspin Q (bl/D)
B 11.90 1.8843 0.41 22.84 944.09 3013
C 11.90 5.46 0.41 65.40 2702.77 3010
C-B 1758.69

Zones Choke-2 Pressure

Slope Intercept Threshold Vspin Q (bl/D)

B 11.90 1.08 0.41 13.27 548.36 3115
C 11.90 3.15 0.41 37.93 1567.41 3112
C-B 1019.05

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 5.1- Single Phase Flow

Material: M. Watfa Oil Producer Single Phase: Pressure vs. Q

3500

3400 PI of B= 1/0.2578= 3.9 bl/psi

B
PI FOR Zone B-C= 1/0.1379= 7.3 bl/psi
3300 C
Pressure (psi)

3200

3100 y = -0.1379x + 3252.5

3000 y = -0.2578x + 3256.3

2900
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

Flow Rates (bl)

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 5.1- Single Phase Flow

Material: M. Watfa Ex-2: Water Injector

Water Injector
A  The example is for an injector well with four perforated zones
 Ideally logging up (log against the direction of flow) is done
for various runs of constant cable speed for each run
B
 In this example four up logging passes were made- note that
C the cable speed is negative and the RPS is negative
 Three passes were also made logging down (with the flow).
This is to demonstrate the effects of positive and negative
D RPS variations with cable speed.
 In all the down passes the spinner reverses direction
E (becomes positive) when the cable speed is faster than the
fluid speed.

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 5.1- Single Phase Flow

Material: M. Watfa
Example 2 : Water Injector

 Water Injector
 Four perforated intervals
 Four Logging up passes (-ve cable speed)
 3 Logging down passes (+ve cable speed)
 Estimate injectivity rate for each perforation

 Casing ID=6.15 inches

 Tool OD= 1 11/16
 Inline spinner is used

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 5.1- Single Phase Flow

Material: M. Watfa
Example 2 : Water Injector
30 CS=-200 CS=-150
CS=-100 CS=-50
20 CS=150 CS=100
CS=50
10

0
Spinner RPS

-10

-20

-30

-40

A B C D E
-50
6200 6250 6300

Depth

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 5.1- Single Phase Flow

Material: M. Watfa
Example 2 : Water Injector
10.00

y = 0.1053x - 6.0209
0.00 y = 0.1067x - 6.9059
y = 0.0966x - 0.285 y = 0.1024x - 15.794

-10.00
y = 0.1038x - 21.619
Spinner RPS

-20.00
A

B
-30.00
C

D
-40.00
E

-50.00
-250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200
Cable Speed

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 5.1- Single Phase Flow

Material: M. Watfa
Example 2 : Water Injector

Computing Spinner Parameters:

Spinner Threshold = 0.285/0.0966 = 3 ft/min

Average spinner response slope from the four flowing stations:
= 1/ {(0.1053 + 0.1067+ 0.1024 +0.1036)/4}

= 1/ 0.1045 = 9.57 ft/min/rps

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 5.1- Single Phase Flow

Material: M. Watfa
Example 2 : Water Injector

Estimating Spinner Velocity at Every station:

Vspin at every station = Slope * Intercept on Y-axis (RPS axis)+ Threshold
Vspin at A = 9.57 x 21.619 + 3 = 209.9 ft/min
Vspin at B = 9.57 x 15.794 + 3 = 154.1 ft/min
Vspin at C = 9.57 x 6.9059 + 3 = 69.1 ft/min
Vspin at D = 9.57 x 6.0209 + 3 = 60.6 ft/min

Flow Rates at each station

Qt = 1.399 * Vspin * 0.83 * (Dc2 – dtool2) bl/day

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 5.1- Single Phase Flow

Material: M. Watfa Example 2 : Water Injector

Estimating Flow Rate at Every station:
Q at A = 1.399 * 209.9 * 0.83 * { 6.152 – (1 + 11/16)2 } = 8524 bl/d
Q at B = = 1.399 * 154.1 * 0.83 * { 6.152 – (1 + 11/16)2 } = 6258 bl/d

Q at C = = 1.399 * 69.1 * 0.83 * { 6.152 – (1 + 11/16)2 } = 2806 bl/d

Q at B = = 1.399 * 60.6 * 0.83 * { 6.152 – (1 + 11/16)2) } = 2461 bl/d

Flow rate into each set of perforations:

Perforations A-B = 8524- 6258 = 2261 bl/d

Perforations B-C = 6258- 2806 = 3452 bl/d

Perforations C-D = 2806- 2461 = 345 bl/d

Perforation E-D = 2461 bl/d
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 5.1- Single Phase Flow

Material: M. Watfa Example 2 : Water Injector

10000

9000

8000
Cumulative flow rate (bl/d)

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0
6200 6210 6220 6230 6240 6250 6260 6270 6280 6290 6300
Depth

Injection Profiles

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 5.1- Single Phase Flow

Material: M. Watfa

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