𝑄2

𝑀𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔′ 𝑠, ℎ = 10.29𝑛2 𝐿 16
FLUID MECHANICS 𝐷3
𝑃 𝐽 ℎ
𝜌𝑔𝑎𝑠 = 𝑅𝑇 𝑅 = 287 ( ⁄𝐾𝑔 − °𝐾) 𝐻𝑎𝑧𝑒𝑛 𝑊𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑠, 𝑄 = 0.2785𝐶𝐷2.63 𝑆0.54 𝑆=
𝑙

𝑉2 1 𝑛 𝑣 2
𝜎 ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 = 𝑘 2𝑔 ℎ𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 = (𝐶 2 − 1) 2𝑔
𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝜇 = (𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒) 𝑉
𝑑𝑉
𝑑𝑦 𝑉 = 𝐶𝑣 √2𝑔ℎ
𝜇 𝑚2 𝑄 = 𝐶𝑐 𝐶𝑣 𝐴𝑜 √2𝑔ℎ 𝐶 = 𝐶𝑐 𝐶𝑣
𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑣𝑘𝑣 = ( 𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑘𝑒)
𝜌 𝑠
3
𝑄 = 2.95𝐶𝐿𝐻 2 → 𝑉𝑎 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑
4𝜎
𝑃𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑡 = 𝑑
𝜎 = 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 3
3
𝑉𝑎 2
𝑄 = 2.95𝐶𝐿 [(𝐻 + ℎ𝑣 )2 − ℎ𝑣2 ] → 𝑉𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 ℎ𝑣 = 2𝑔
4𝜎 cos 𝜃
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑦, ℎ = 𝛾𝑑
𝜃𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 = 140°, 𝜃𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 0°
Francis Formula
∆𝑃 3
𝐻 𝐴𝑠 𝑑ℎ
𝐵𝑢𝑙𝑘 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠, 𝐸 = 𝑄 = 1.84𝐿′ 𝐻 2 → 𝑉𝑎 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑡 = ∫𝐻 2 3
∆𝑣/𝑣 1 1.84𝐿𝐻 2

3 3
𝐹 = 𝛾ℎ̅𝐴 = 𝑃𝑐𝑔 (𝐴) 𝑄 = 1.84𝐿′ [(𝐻 + ℎ𝑣 )2 − ℎ𝑣2 ] → 𝑉𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑
𝐼𝑔 ̅
ℎ
𝑒= 𝑌̅ = 𝐿′ = 𝐿 − 0.1𝐻 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑟) = 𝐿 − 0.2𝐻 (𝑑𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑒)
𝐴𝑌̅ sin 𝜃

5 5
𝐹𝐻 = 𝑃𝑐𝑔 (𝐴) 𝐹𝑉 = 𝛾𝑉𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝜃
𝑄𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 2.36 𝐶 tan 2 𝐻 2 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝜃 = 90°, 𝑄 = 1.4𝐻 2
𝐹
𝐹 = √𝐹𝐻2 + 𝐹𝑉2 tan 𝜃 = 𝐹𝐻 3 𝜃 5
𝑉 𝑄𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑧𝑜𝑖𝑑 = 2.95𝐶𝑅 𝐿𝐻 2 + 2.36𝐶𝑇 tan 𝐻 2
2
𝐵𝐹 = 𝛾𝑉𝑏𝑜𝑡 − 𝛾𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑝
𝑄𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑖 = 1.859𝐿𝐻 3/2
𝑉𝑏𝑜𝑡 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑢𝑝𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 2 8
2.95 = 3 √2𝑔 2.36 = 15 √2𝑔
𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑝 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑢𝑝𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒
1 0.00155
+23+
𝑛 𝑆
𝐵 2
tan 𝜃 2 𝑉 = 𝐶√𝑅𝑆 𝐶= 𝑛 0.00155
𝑀𝐵𝑜 = [1 + ] 1+ (23+ )
√𝑅 𝑆
12𝐷 2
1
2 1
1 𝑅6
𝑂𝑀 = 𝑅𝑀 → 𝑊𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 (𝑥̅ ) = 𝐵𝐹 × 3 𝐵 ′ 2 𝑉= 𝑅3 𝑆 2 𝐶=
𝑛 𝑛
2
𝑎 𝑎 𝑣
tan 𝜃 = 𝑔 ℎ
tan 𝜃 = 𝑔±𝑎 → (−) 𝑖𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦, 𝐻 = +𝑑
𝑣 2𝑔
𝑎 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 𝛾𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 × 𝑅 × 𝑆
𝑝 = 𝛾ℎ (1 ± ) → (+) 𝑢𝑝𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑, (−) 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑
𝑔
1 𝑥12 𝑥22
Most Efficient Sections
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑅2 ℎ = 𝑑
2 𝑦1 𝑦2 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 → 𝑏 = 2𝑑 𝑅=
2
𝑉 2 𝜔 2 𝑅2 𝑑
ℎ= = 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑧𝑜𝑖𝑑 → 𝑥𝑡𝑜𝑝 = 2𝑥𝑏𝑜𝑡 = 2𝑦 𝑅=
2𝑔 2𝑔 2

𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 → 90° 𝑣 − 𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑑

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒, 𝑀 = 𝜌𝑄 𝑊 = 𝛾𝑄
𝑉𝐷𝜌 𝑉𝐷 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 → 𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 , 0.938𝐷 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 , 0.82𝐷
𝑅𝑒𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑙𝑑′ 𝑠, 𝑅 = = → 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑠
𝜇 𝜈𝑘𝑣 𝑉 𝑉
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑑𝑒 ′ 𝑠 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟, 𝐹 = 𝐹𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 =
√𝑔𝐿 √𝑔𝑑
64
𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑓 = → 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤
𝑅 𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ, 𝑑𝑐 , 𝑖𝑠 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦:
𝑣2 𝑃 𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹 = 1
𝐸= + +𝑧
2𝑔 𝛾
Subcritical if 𝐹 < 1 , 𝑑𝑐 < 𝑑 | Supercritical if 𝐹 > 1 , 𝑑𝑐 > 𝑑
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟, 𝑃 = 𝑄 × 𝐻𝐴 × 𝛾𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 → 𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
3 𝑞2 2 𝑄
𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 → 𝑑𝑐 = √ = 𝐻 𝑞=𝑣𝑑=
𝐻𝐴 𝑔 3 𝑏
𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 =
𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝐻 𝑔𝑛2
𝑆𝑐 = 1
𝑓𝐿 𝑉2 𝑄2 𝑑𝑐3
𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦 − 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑠𝑏𝑎𝑐ℎ, ℎ = 𝐷 2𝑔
ℎ = 0.0826𝑓𝐿 𝐷5
𝑄2 𝐴3
𝐴𝑛𝑦 → 𝑔
= 𝐵
; 𝐵 = 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒
 2𝐿
Hydraulic Jump 𝑇= → 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡ℎ
𝑄 1 1 2 𝑐
𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 → 𝐴2 ̅̅̅
ℎ2 − 𝐴1 ̅̅̅
ℎ1 = 𝑔 (𝐴 − 𝐴 )
1 2 Instantaneous Closure (𝒕𝒄 = 𝟎)
𝑉12 𝑉22
𝐻𝐿 = (2𝑔 + 𝑑1 ) − (2𝑔 + 𝑑2 ) 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑟, 𝑃ℎ = 𝜌 𝑐𝑉

𝑞2 𝑑1 𝑑2 (𝑑1 +𝑑2 ) 𝟐𝑳
𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝐶𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙 → = Rapid Closure (𝒕𝒄 < 𝒄
)
𝑔 2

𝐹1 −1 𝑃ℎ = 𝜌 𝑐𝑉
𝐿 = 220𝑑1 tanh 22
𝟐𝑳
(𝑑2 −𝑑1)3
Slow Closure (𝒕𝒄 > )
𝒄
𝐻𝐿 = 4𝑑1𝑑2
2𝐿𝑣𝜌
𝑃ℎ =
𝑡𝑐
Hydrodynamics, Force against the following:
𝑄𝛾 4√𝑓
𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 → 𝐹= 𝑣 = 𝜌𝑄𝑣 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒, 𝑉𝑐 = 𝑉 (1 + )
𝑔 3
𝑄𝛾 𝑄𝛾
𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑒 → 𝐷𝑥 = (𝑣1𝑥 − 𝑣2𝑥 ) 𝐷𝑦 = (𝑣1𝑦 − 𝑣2𝑦 ) √𝑔𝑦𝑆 𝑦′
𝑔 𝑔 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑉 ′ = 𝑉 + (1 + 2.3 log )
𝐾 𝑦

𝐷 = √𝐷𝑥 2 + 𝐷𝑦 2 Where: 𝐾 = 𝑣𝑜𝑛 𝐾𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡, 0.4 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

𝑦 = 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑠

𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑒 → 𝑄 = 𝐴𝑢 𝑢 = 𝑣1 − 𝑣′
Non-Uniform Soil Pressure on Dams
𝐵
For 𝑒 ≤
𝑄′𝛾 6
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 = 𝑢(1 − cos 𝜃)𝑣 ′
𝑔 𝑅𝑦 6𝑒
𝑞= (1 ± )
𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑠 → 𝐹1 = 𝑃1 𝐴1 𝐹2 = 𝑃2 𝐴2 𝐵 𝐵
𝐵
For 𝑒 >
∑ 𝐹𝑥 → 𝑅𝑥 = 𝐹1𝑥 − 𝐹2𝑥 − 𝐷𝑥 6

2𝑅𝑦
∑ 𝐹𝑦 → 𝑅𝑦 = 𝐹1𝑦 − 𝐹2𝑦 − 𝐷𝑦 𝑞=
𝐵
3 ( 2 − 𝑒)
Drag and Lift
𝑣2
𝐹𝐷 = 𝐶𝐷 𝛾 𝐴
2𝑔

𝑣2
𝐹𝐿 = 𝐶𝐿 𝛾 𝐴
2𝑔

24
𝐶𝐷 = → 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑒𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑙𝑑′ 𝑠 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝑅
𝐶𝐿 = 2𝜋 sin 𝛼

Where: 𝛼 = 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 ≤ 25°

Water Hammer
𝐸
For Rigid Pipes 𝑐 = √ 𝜌𝐵

𝐵 𝐸
For Non-Rigid Pipes 𝑐=√ 𝐸 ×𝑑
𝜌(1+ 𝐵 )
𝐸×𝑡

Where: 𝑐 = 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑚/𝑠

𝐸𝐵 = 𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑘 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑

𝐸𝐵 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 @ 30° 𝐶 = 2.25 × 106 𝑃𝑎

𝑡 = 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠; 𝑑 = 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟

𝐸 = 𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒; 𝜌 = 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦

 Aquifers
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟𝑠 → 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐾𝐻 = 𝐾𝑒𝑞
𝑉 𝑛 𝑊𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑒 = 𝑉 𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑑 = 1−𝑛 𝜔= 𝑊𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑
𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 - 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ, 𝑞 = 𝐾𝑒𝑞 𝑖 𝑎
𝑉𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑑 𝑒 𝛾𝑠
𝑛= = 𝐺𝑠 = 𝐷1 −𝐷2 𝐷1 +𝐷2
𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 1+𝑒 𝛾𝑤 𝑖= 𝑎= (𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ)
𝐿 2
𝑉𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑆= 𝑉𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑑
𝐿
𝑛𝑜𝑛 − ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑠 → 𝐾𝑒𝑞 =
𝑙
∑
𝛾 𝐺𝑠 𝛾𝑤 𝑘
𝛾𝑑 = =
1+𝜔 1+𝑒 𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟𝑠
𝐺𝑠 𝛾𝑤 (1 + 𝜔)
𝛾=
1+𝑒 𝜋𝑘(ℎ2 2 − ℎ1 2 )
𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙, 𝑄 = 𝑅
𝛾𝑤 (𝐺𝑠 + 𝑒) ln ( 2 )
𝑅1
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 =
1+𝑒
2𝜋𝑘𝑡(ℎ2 2 − ℎ1 2 )
𝐴𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙, 𝑄 = 𝑅
𝛾𝑤 (𝐺𝑠 − 𝑒)
𝑏𝑢𝑜𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑 → 𝛾𝑏 𝑜𝑟 𝛾 ′ = 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝛾𝑤 = ln ( 2 )
1+𝑒 𝑅1
𝐻
𝐺𝑠 𝜔 = 𝑒𝑆 𝐻𝐿 = 𝑁
𝑑

1 1 1
𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑒 𝛾𝑚𝑖𝑛 − 𝛾𝑑 ∆𝑞 = 𝑘(𝐻𝐿 ) = 𝑘𝐻 (𝑁 )
𝑑
𝐷𝑟 = = 𝑁
𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛 1 1 𝑞 = ∆𝑞(𝑁𝑓 ) = 𝑘𝐻 𝑁𝑓
𝛾𝑚𝑖𝑛 − 𝛾𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑑

𝑁𝑓 = 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑠
𝑃𝐼 = 𝐿𝐿 − 𝑃𝐿 𝑆ℎ𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥, 𝑆𝐼 = 𝑃𝐿 − 𝑆𝐿
𝜔−𝑃𝐿 𝜔1 −𝜔2 𝑁𝑑 = 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑠
𝐿𝐼 = 𝐿𝐿−𝑃𝐿 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥, 𝐹𝐼 = 𝑁2
log( )
𝑁1

2∆𝜔 𝑁 tan 𝛽
𝑃𝐿 = 𝐿𝐿 − 𝑀2 𝐿𝐿 = 𝜔𝑁 ( ) 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝑝𝐸 = 𝑝𝑇 − 𝑝𝑤 → (𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠)
log 25
𝑀1

𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒, 𝑝𝑤 = 𝛾𝑤 ℎ𝑤 → (𝑁𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠)

𝑚1 −𝑚2 𝑉1−𝑉2 1 𝑚2
𝑆𝐿 = − 𝜌𝑤 𝑆𝑅 = 𝜌
𝑚2 𝑚2 𝑤 𝑉2
𝑃𝑇 = ∑ 𝛾ℎ
1 𝐿𝐿−𝜔
𝐺𝑠 = 1 𝑆𝐿 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥, 𝐶𝐼 = 𝐿𝐿−𝑃𝐼
−
𝑆𝑅 100
𝐻(𝑒𝑜 − 𝑒 ′ )
∆𝐻 = → 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐 𝑆𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐺𝐼 = (𝐹200 − 35)[0.2 + 0.005(𝐿𝐿 − 40)] + 0.1(𝐹200 − 15)(𝑃𝐼 − 10) 1 + 𝑒𝑜

𝐷60 (𝐷30 )2 𝐶𝑐 𝑝𝑜 + ∆𝑝
𝐶𝑢 = 𝐶𝐶 = ∆𝐻 = 𝐻 log → 𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
𝐷10 𝐷60 ×𝐷10 1 + 𝑒𝑜 𝑝𝑜

𝐷75 𝑝𝑜 + ∆
𝑆𝑜 = √ ∆𝑒 = 𝐶𝑐 log
𝐷25 𝑝𝑜

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
∆ℎ
𝑉=𝑘𝑖 𝑖= 𝐶 𝑝𝑜 +∆𝑝
𝐿
- 𝑝𝑓 < 𝑝𝑐 → ∆𝐻 = 𝐻 1+𝑒𝑠 log 𝑝𝑜
𝑜
𝑉 𝐶 𝑝 𝐶 𝑝𝑜 +∆𝑝
𝑆𝑒𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑉𝑠 = 𝑄=𝑘𝑖𝐴 - 𝑝𝑓 > 𝑝𝑐 → ∆𝐻 = 𝐻 1+𝑒𝑠 log 𝑝𝑐 + 𝐻 1+𝑒𝑐 log
𝑛 𝑝𝑐
𝑜 𝑜 𝑜

𝑉𝐿 𝑝𝑐
𝑘= 𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜, 𝑂𝐶𝑅 =
ℎ𝐴𝑡 𝑝𝑜
𝐿 𝑎 ℎ1 Where: 𝐶𝑠 = 𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥
𝑘 = ( ) ln
𝑡 𝐴 ℎ2
𝐶𝑐 = 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥
1 𝐻
𝐾𝐻 = (∑ 𝑘ℎ) 𝐾𝑣 = ℎ
𝐻 ∑
𝑘
𝑝𝑓 = 𝑝𝑜 + ∆𝑝

𝑝𝑐 = 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒

𝑝𝑜 = 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠

Compression Index Ultimate Soil Bearing Capacity
𝑆𝑘𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑜𝑛: 𝐶𝑐 = 0.007(𝐿𝐿 − 7%) → 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑦 𝑈𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑞𝑢 = 𝐾𝑐 𝑐𝑁𝑐 + 𝐾𝑞 𝑞𝑁𝑞 + 𝐾𝛾 𝛾𝑒 𝐵𝑁𝛾

𝐶𝑐 = 0.009(𝐿𝐿 − 10%) → 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑦 Where: 𝑐 = 𝑐𝑜ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙

1 + 𝑒𝑜 2.38
𝑅𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑛 − 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑜: 𝐶𝑐 = 0.141 𝐺1.2 ( ) 𝐵 = 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝐺
𝑁𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑑𝑎: 𝐶𝑐 = 1.15(𝑒𝑜 − 0.27) 𝑞 = 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 (𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠)

1 1 𝑁𝑐 = (𝐹, 𝑜𝑓)𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑐𝑜ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑁𝑞 = (𝐹, 𝑜𝑓)𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑛 𝑝.

𝑆𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥, 𝐶𝑠 = 𝐶𝑐 𝑡𝑜 𝐶𝑐
5 10
𝑁𝛾 = (𝐹, 𝑜𝑓)𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙
𝐿𝐿
𝑆𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥, 𝐶𝑠 = 0.0463 × 𝐺 → 𝑁𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑗 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑀𝑢𝑟𝑡𝑦
100 General Shear Failure
𝑡2 Use Ultimate Soil Bearing Capacity Equation and the following
∆𝐻𝑠 = 𝐶𝛼′ 𝐻 log ( ) constants.
𝑡1
𝐶𝛼 ∆𝑒
𝐶𝛼′ = 𝐶𝛼 = Type of Footing 𝑲𝒄 𝑲𝒒 𝑲𝜸
1+𝑒𝑝 log 𝑡2−log 𝑡1
Long Footings 1 1 ½
Where: 𝐶𝛼 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥
Square Footings 1.3 1 0.4
𝑒𝑝 = 𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 Circular Footings 1.3 1 0.3

1 − 𝜇2 Local Shear Failure

∆𝐻𝑖 = 𝑝𝐵 𝐼𝑓 𝑞𝑢 = 𝐾𝑐 𝑐̅ 𝑁′𝑐 + 𝐾𝑞 𝑞 𝑁′𝑞 + 𝐾𝛾 𝛾𝑒 𝐵 𝑁′𝛾
𝐸
Where: 𝐼𝑓 = 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 (𝑛𝑜 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡) 𝑐̅ =
2
𝑐
2
tan 𝜙̅ = 3 tan 𝜙
3
𝜇 = 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑛 ′ 𝑠𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
Use the same constants with General Shear Failure
𝑝 = 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑
𝐵 = 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 Meyerhof’s Equation
For Vertical Loads
𝑞𝑢 = 𝑐 𝑁𝑐 𝑠𝑐 𝑑𝑐 + 𝑞 𝑁𝑞 𝑠𝑞 𝑑𝑞 + 0.5 𝛾 𝐵 𝑁𝛾 𝑠𝛾 𝑑𝛾

For Inclined Loads

𝑞𝑢 = 𝑐 𝑁𝑐 𝑠𝑐 𝑑𝑐 𝑖𝑐 + 𝑞 𝑁𝑞 𝑠𝑞 𝑑𝑞 𝑖𝑞 + 0.5 𝛾 𝐵 𝑁𝛾 𝑠𝛾 𝑑𝛾 𝑖𝛾

𝛼 2 𝛼 2
𝑖𝑐 = 𝑖𝑞 = (1 − 90°) 𝑖𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎 = (1 − 𝜙 )

𝜙
𝐾𝑝 = tan2 (45° + )
2

Bearing Capacity Factors

𝜙
𝑁𝑞 = 𝑒 𝑥 tan 𝜙 tan2 (45° + )
2

𝑁𝑐 = (𝑁𝑞 − 1) cot 𝜙

𝑁𝛾 = (𝑁𝑞 − 1) tan(1.4𝜙)

Shape and Depth Factors

For 𝜙 = 0
𝐵
𝑠𝑐 = 1 + 0.2 𝐿 𝑠𝑞 = 𝑠𝛾 = 1.0
cos 𝛽 − √cos2 𝛽 − cos2 ∅ 1 − sin ∅ 𝐷𝑓
𝐾𝑎 = cos 𝛽 ( )= → (𝑖𝑓 𝛽 = 0) 𝑑𝑐 = 1 + 0.2 𝑑𝑞 = 𝑑𝑣 = 1.0
2 2
cos 𝛽 + √cos 𝛽 − cos ∅ 1 + sin ∅ 𝐵

For 𝜙 ≥ 10°
cos 𝛽 + √cos2 𝛽 − cos2 ∅ 1 + sin ∅
𝐾𝑝 = cos 𝛽 ( )= → (𝑖𝑓 𝛽 = 0)
cos 𝛽 − √cos2 𝛽 − cos2 ∅ 1 − sin ∅ 𝑠𝑐 = 1 + 0.2𝐾𝑝
𝐵
𝑠𝑞 = 𝑠𝛾 = 1 + 0.1 𝐾𝑝
𝐵
𝐿 𝐿

𝐷𝑓 𝐷𝑓
𝑑𝑐 = 1 + 0.2√𝐾𝑎 𝐵
𝑑𝑞 = 𝑑𝛾 = 1 + 0.1√𝐾𝑝 𝐵
Piles and Deep Foundation
2ℎ(𝑊𝑟 + 𝐴𝑟 𝑝)
𝑄𝑢 = , 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑏𝑠 → 𝐴𝐴𝑆𝐻𝑇𝑂 𝐷𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎
𝑠 + 0.1

Theoretical Pile Capacity (TPC)

𝑄𝑢 = 𝑄𝑓 + 𝑄𝑏

Where: 𝑄𝑓 = skin/shaft friction or side shear (ultimate)

𝑄𝑏 = end bearing or point resistance (ultimate)

TPC Alpha 𝛼 Method

𝑄𝑓 = 𝛼 𝑐𝑢 𝑃 𝐿

𝑄𝑏 = 𝑓𝑏 𝐴𝑏 = 𝑁𝑐 (𝑐𝑢 )𝑏 𝐴𝑏
𝑞𝑢 𝑠𝑢
𝑐𝑢 = 𝑜𝑓
2 2

TPC Beta 𝛽 Method

𝑄𝑓 = 𝛽 𝑝𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑃 𝐿

𝑄𝑏 = 𝑁𝑞 (𝑝𝑒𝑓𝑓 ) 𝐴𝑏
𝑏

𝐵𝑢𝑟𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑦), 𝛽 = (1 − sin 𝜙) tan 𝜙 √𝑂𝐶𝑅

Where: 𝑃 = perimeter of pile

𝑐𝑢 = undrained shear strength (cohesion)

(𝑐𝑢 )𝑏 = undrained shear strength of soil at base of pile

𝑓𝑏 = base resistance

𝑠𝑢 𝑜𝑟 𝑞𝑢 = unconfined compressive strength

𝑝𝑒𝑓𝑓 = average effective stress at midheight of pile in a layer

Pile Group
Capacity of Pile Group
𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑄𝑢𝑔
𝑃𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦, 𝜂𝐺 =
∑ 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠, 𝑄𝑢

Settlement of Pile Group

The equivalent footing width or length of a pile group is the distance
between the outermost edges of the pile. The equivalent footing
height as 2/3 of the original footing height. Pressure distribution
below the equivalent footing height will be 2 vertical: 1 horizontal.
Then assume as a footing then solve for the settlement

Effect of Capillary Rise to Soil Stress

𝐶
ℎ=
𝑒𝐷10

𝑝𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝑝𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 − 𝑝𝑤

𝑝𝑤 = −𝑆 𝛾𝑤 ℎ