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    Definite Integration Properties Rdsharma Scan

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    CS DEFINITE INTEGRALS, 1948 wz AO, Let Te gost dx, Thes 0 1+3sin?y 2 1 fas, eA r 4 2 sec? x (Sec? x4 Stan) 7 [Diving N’ and D" by cos! x} = Te 1 7 shee where t = tanx 1 =-§ [tant ~2tan n/a ale = f sin? 2 cos 2a and let sin 2¢ a =u Then, (ein 29 = du => 2005 2 dtmdu = cos 2tat = } dy 2 ETD eat eb ncaa 4 2 =2f.2 alee SJeau =) aL] =t 25 o 8 at ef eye Let 90-3! op Se He ee ~ 2° = Then, 3 JF ae = 4 @-2E Then —3 JE dx = at, Now, x= 4>¢=22 and x=9 5} -234 1-2 fj dae 3 oF 19.4 PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS. In this section, we will study some fundamental properties of definite integrals which are very useful in evaluating integrals, 19.4.1 enor) ' v STATEMENT i fle) dx = f Flt) dt iy integration is independent ofthe change of variable. @ a EKOOE Let ¢(2) bea primitive of f(s). Then, rm a CO=, =f) > — 4 m= FO. Hence, f fe ax = [ ar = 40)-6@) 6) : b b ii) and, f fat = [a] = 90-010 = f © scanned with OKEN Scanner 19.44 MATHEMATICS-Z1 From (and (), Wwe obtain J Hoa yar OED. 19.42 PROPERTY 7 ’ STATEMENT (Onder of integration): J fayde of soy de v a bv : fe ifthe limits of a definite integral are interchanged then its value changes by minus sign only. PROOF Lat a) be a primitive of f(a). Then, J for dy © 9 -4@ 0 and, =f fad de = 14) -6O)1 = 60) -4@) » b a J fordr = = f foyde QED. * + 19.4.3 PROPERTY It , _ , v srarement (Additivity): [ f(a) dx =f f(x) d+ f(x) de, wherea J f(a) dx -[# + ss} +[>? Te = ((4+16) -(1 + 8)] + [48-12] = 47 EXAMPLE2 Evaluate: : i z 5 @ {[15s~31de Gi) J Jcosx|dx Git) f [x2] ax ofe ele 0 os . 4 2 @) [ix +223] ae (vy fdx-tl+lx-21+12-3Ddr (NcERTI 1 2 aie wi) je ae INCERT, CBSE 2012, 2013, 2016] SOLUTION (ji) Clearly, =(6x~3) when 5x-3<0 ie, x<2 |5x- 3] = 5 Sx-3 when 5x-320 is, x22 ‘The graph of y =|5x—3] is shown in Fig. 19.1. Y y=Gx-3) y=-@x-3) 7 O50) G0) x y Fig. 19.1 Graph of y =|5x~ 3) © scanned with OKEN Scanner NE SS ve a) 19.48 MATHEMATICS-x1, 1 Let I = [158 ~ 3 d-then x : aM J |5x-3]dx+ / [5x -3| dx [Using additive property] 3/5 ys ’ mite J ~(Gx- gars f (x -3) dx 0 a5 3/5 2B =>I= fos + = 70 0 (ii) We know that cos x when O =f cos xde+ ff (cas) de ° wm 2/2 0 = 1-[sin | [sin x] =141=2 0 me /2 (ii) Clearly, |x -2| = x-2 when x-220 ie. x22 ~(x-2) when x-2<0 ie, x<2 The graph of y =|x-2| is shown in Fig. 19.3, © scanned with OKEN Scanner 19.47 DEFINITE INTEGRALS |_y=-4x-2) Ga (x-2) 63) X60 1 @0) 60) yr Fig. 19.3 Graph of y=|x~ 2] 8 Jlx-2} dx. 3s Using additive property, we obtain 2 5 I=f [x-2|de+J |x-2] de 2 5 ~(8-2) d+ f (x-2) dx = te(2+8)-(342}-0 2 2 : x, when x20 The graph of y = e!*! is shown in Fig. 19.4. 1 Let =f ell de. “1 y" Fig, 194 Graph of e*! © scanned with OKEN Scanner 19.48 MATHEMATICS-xi, Using additive property, we obtain 0 1 Taf clare f eblar 1 0 0 1 o } foetarss eae [-€7] “FF nae ° wee el) = 2e-2 2 (v) Let = f |x? +2x-3] dr a Clearly, x2 4.2x-3 = (x + 3)(x-1). The signs of x” +2: shown in Fig. 19.5. x — 3 for different values of x are Fig. 195 Signs of x” + 2-3 -(x242x-3) , if O O for all x €(-1, 0) U(1, 2) and, f (x) <0 for all x €(0,1) =} fe), xe1,9 04,2) Vals faa 2, re x3 —x, xe(-1,0)U(1,2) -(x9 -x),x€(0,1) deg 1 2 T= f |x? -x]de+f |x? -adr+f |x? -a] ae [Using additive property] a 0 1 0 1 2 > T= | @?-xdx-[ @°-naref OF -2 ae 1 ° 1 0 1 2 !2P [4 et fe 2 I —-S -|—-=| +|—-— 4 2 4 2 4 2 La lo h 11 te 16 4 0, find | |x” a | dx. 0 SOLUTION Let f(2) =x? -a?. Then, f(x) =(x~a) (x +a). The sign of f(x) for different values of x are shown in Fig. 19.8. © scanned with OKEN Scanner MATHEMATICS.) 19.58 4 7 fel ae 4 [oan dee fonder ; i -(-$+)- 0+(8-4)-| -)-5 1 4 = l= fix- Ware fle -1|dr = 0 4 fel E ‘| h 19.4.4 PROPERTY IV STATEMENT Jf (x) isa continuous function defined on [a,b], then b b J fod ax = [ farb-a de a a PROOF Let x=a+b—f. Then, de=-dt Also, x=a=9f=b andx=b = t=a » 2 J f@) ax = -J fla+b-pat a i b ’ > J fea = J foro -1 dt [By property II] a a b b = f fayax =f f(a+b-xdr [By property I] | QED. Hence, f f(x) dx=[ f(a+b-x) dx ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES. | LEVEL-1 4 £() EXAMPLE 1 Prove that: [ Foren t— ' A FO+f arb a* SOLUTION LetI = Then, ref fla+b-x) Ter 3)+flarb—(arb—ay 7 f(a+b-x) ee “| Fasb-3+fe™ 2 (i) Adding (i) and (ii), we get ar =f £(a) +f (a+b-2) e } Fy +flavb—a)™ at tad = b-a) © scanned with OKEN Scanner DEFINITE INTEGRALS 19.59 EXAMPLE2 Evaluate: 2 i ve 1/3 ® Boxe qe wi f 1 wel* care 2 SOLUTION (i) Let 1 =J vr ‘ Bare in INCERT, CBSE 2014] Then, 2 I= 3-x S 3-(3-x + faa {Using Prop. IV] 2 Sat 1 = (a ve+ fone Ci) Adding (i) and (ii), we get 2 x4 [3—x 2 2 = i - i ESS a -[]) =2-151 > 1=1/2 ALITER Here, a=1,b =2 and f (2) = /z, rt fa J F@)+flasb—» * Using Example 1, we obtain b Clearly, n/3 n/3 7 (i) Let 1 = feces =f yoink ik 1+ Jcot x n/6 [sin x + [cos x off) 1/6 eee ie 2s cere jane 0) Adding (i) and (ii), we get i "13 Join + (ost " 2/3 ess dx = 1-dx =| Gli n/6Voos* + lan” Je FL ATER Herea=4, Sand f(a) =sinx. (@), dx. t__f Clemiy. t=] Fear flaesd- © scanned with OKEN Scanner DEFINITE INTEARALS. 10.01 Adding ( and (, we gor WN sock gM qned wa 4 Qs weet yo apgdy 4 1 (es ies J soe a fa wal) 92 = Teh " 7 7 EXERCISE 19.4 Bonluate of ere foltowi we fof Ollowing integrals (1-15): : 1 | saa te ( } ett Sala 2. Flog (sees + tam x) de Ws i , ‘ m n/d - % a ae 7 Jain 1/6 VINX Vootx ‘ J, Veins + Jeosx id wid “ feat 6. f + yar jaro ana lee’ Ve ms x/2 é 2 7% J —aarax cont Tan 8 de ee Line n/d | xt 3x? 45x? P41 { xe 7 . f Sa 10. § Sp ap tts ne N22 ee cos? x 1 asb-m T a vz 1. J log cos x= log sin 2x) dx 7 § ere 7 Ye 3. f ax uf yar ° Geis 9 Yes W-x w/3 1 15. J iz Tan 2007, 2011] n/6 b 16, If f(a+b—2) = f(x), then prove that | x f(x) dx =. a ANSWERS x x Ln 2.0 sp 4D x & = 5. 27 64 ay BD k a an. -# log 2 nt 9.2 Ma 8 2 5 Zz 15. = B> ws 12 19.45 PROPERTY V \/ 4 4 STATEMENT If (x) 54 continuous function defined on (0, a], then J f(x) dx = | f(a~x) dx. 0 0 ICBSE 2019} PO | © scanned with OKEN Scanner CC q |EMATICs.) 19.62 MATH! ICS.xy, PROOF Letx=a-t,Then,dx = d(a—t) => dv=-dt Also, x=0 > t=aandx=a = t=0 4 0 J £0) ax = ! fla-t at 0 f ‘ [By property 11] = J fo) de =f faa-ndt 0 - t [By property I] = fre a= fse- x) dx 0 Hence, [rorar=f f(a-x) dx f f QED. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES LEVEL 2 pp ee mace ett [CBSE 2002C, 2007] EXAMPLE1 Prove that: \ ace” 7 ‘jm (i SOLUTION Let I = [ ——“~—dx. ea 4 sin x + cos Then, alt ae #5] aaa r= ff ——* Using: | f(x) de=f f(a-x) dr 0 vn(3- }+ ay = { M8iN= + feose sp w/2 og ae S ia Fy azn dr Ai) > r=f 4 x/2 : Hence f sine o x + Jeosx EXAMPLES Evaluate: x/2 @ J log tan x de [CBSE 2007] ° n/4 ® s fog (1 + tan 2) de INCERT, CBSE 2002C,03,04,11,13] n/2 SOLUTION (i) Let I= J log tan x dx (i) ° Then, n/2 I=] log tan (E— ax [ose nf tenes oe oO 0 > 1 = J log cotx dx ) 0 Adding @) and (i), we get 1/2 a=] (log tan x + log cot x) dx 0 nf/2 /2 n/2 > 21 = flog (tan xx cot x) dx= [ log dr=f 0 dx-0 ° 0 ° = [0 s/t Gi) Let 1 = J log (1 + tan 2) de (i) 0 * | a/4 a a ' t= +tan(E-s] a Using: f fox) de=f flax) ae 4 0 0 we tan n/4-tan x per hy 1-tanx > Dostana ice f tog 1a renel © scanned with OKEN Scanner IE '’“S 19.64 MATHEMATICS. xy uA [tttan x41 -t as 2 +1- x ie 0 + tan x 4 - n/a n/4 " ab y+ tan x) dx = I=f fes2-t ofa J tog ade J 108 0 0 n/4 = T= og2)[x], -I > We 782 =>le EXAMPLE Eoaluate: @ SAE ae INCERT] 0 1+ sin x cos x nf iE: (i) J (2 og sin x —log sin 22) dx INCERT, CBSE 2009] 0 #2 ’ {sin x08 py A) SOLUTION (i) Let I= f 0 i sin($-+}-«($-s] “lar 9 ivan(E-3) (3) 1+ sin x cos x Then, dx 4 4 [fen de = | fla-a de 0 0 > . 7 cos —sin * } T+ cosxsin x ‘Adding () and (i), we obtain sin x-cos x 9 1 tsin x cos x ar ay : “cost , cosx~sin x = mn | (Saeeex , cosx-sine |p 1+sinxcosx 1+sin xcosx aA , ye ff mera teossmsins yg a 1+ sin x cos x > r=0 i) Wehave,,, T= [ (2log sin x —log sin 2x) dx 0 2 {2 log sin x ~Iog (2 sin x cos )} de u 4 a2 {2g sin x—1og 2~ log sin x —logeos x} de n/2 n/2 a2 log sin x dx~ [ log 2dx~ [log cos x dx a a u u 0 " © scanned with OKEN Scanner DEFINITE INTEGRALS. Ge fd wa ol = n/2 a. ! Jog sin x dx ~(log 2) bp = flog sin x de 0 0 T= ~( eae > (log 2) ( 0) =-Etag2 x SOLUTION Let 7=f —_e** 9 ee eee Then, e608 ( xx) R=, cesta Using: eres eer eer 27 O8E, wer 5 1] 0 x > rs] oO Adding i) and (i), we get W=fldeexrsrek a 2 2a 2a EXAMPLE6 Prove that: J f(a) dx = J f2a—x) dx, Vv a 0 2 SOLUTION Let J = f fx) dx oO Let 2a—x=t. Then, d(2a-x) = dt => -dx=dt => dx=-dt Also, x=0 => t=2a-0=20 and x=a => t=2a-a=a T= f fea-y(-ay = - f sean at 2a 2a 2a > T= J f2a- at o 2a > Is J fQa-2) dx 2a i 2a Hence, f f(x) dx = J f2a-2) dx 0 0 1 EXAMPLE? Evaluate: [ x(x)" de 0 1 SOLUTION Let = f x(1-2)"dx. Then, a 1 1 =f a-90-@-2)" de 0 19.65 ‘ n/2 J Jog sin x dx —(log 2) “f 1d - [tog xo( 3-2) [Using property V] [CBSE 2009] wi) @ fre dx={ f(a—2) de 0 0 [CBSE 2002C] rl 4 . jnoe--frva| a b b b [: Jf@ ax=] 6 «| (NCERT] 4 4 J fs) ax = joa a Q © scanned with OKEN Scanner ee a 19.66 MATHEMATICS. 1 = Taf d-as"de= jets wth 0 met gue = rl [ee ae O° eRe n+l 42 nel n+2 lo EXAMPLE 8 Prove that: is i { 1og( 4-1] 4r=0 @ J sin 2x log tan xde = 0 «0 [6 zee 0 SOLUTION (i) Let it fi) = J sin 2x log tan x dx an a Sho ds S sin2(3-x) ogo (5x) f(a-x) dx 2 4 > T= [sin 2x log cot x dx aii) 0 Adding (i) and (ii), t ling () and (i), we ge a 21 = J sin 2x (log tan x + log cot x] dx = J sin 2x log (tan x cot x) dx 0 0 a/2 > 21 = f (sin 2x) (log) dx = 0 [> log 1=0) 0 (i) 2 ‘ [oe [ feaef sen 0 0 i) > 120 EXAMPLE 9 Eoaluate: 0) Vets ae Sin x+cosx (CBSE 2002, 2003, 2016, NCERT EXEMP! 2 2 sin* x ( Tet 9 1+sin x cos x © scanned with OKEN Scanner ag ae | MATHEMATICS, | = log 2 [DividingN” and D! by cos? sf 2 2G 2) 21 {-10g2 “iff 8 (aa) and g (x) + g (ax) =2, n/2 a i ~tan EXAMPLE 12 fend {are continuous on (0, a] and satisfy f (8) =f show that INCERT] [reste : [ro ax SOLITION Using Propet Vian [rosea - [40 x) g(a-2) dx ! Feag@rar =f 5 {2-se9} ae fe g@-9 = 2-90] 0 cco. 4 4 F@)g(a)dx = 2) fe)ae-] feyg@y ae a 0 = rf fgaar =2f pera 0 0 ‘ 4 = Jf@s@a =] fear 0 a 19.4.6 PROPERTY VI 4 STATEMENT Jf f(2) is a continuous function defined on [0, 2a], then eas [roraee) soraes | joes axe] {70 +f0-»} 2 PROOF Let I= f f(x) dx. Then, 0 499 tat ay? pe 8 2 XO 1 = [yond Lynde [: free =f pace f 10 al ‘ a : = oe {order where I, = i ls) de PY Let 22-1 =2.Then, di =—dt Also, x20" taand = 24 SG © scanned with OKEN Scanner DEFINITE INTEGRALS 19.71 ne Tree fem -)(-dt) =-f fou ~oate | fr t)dt= [se =x) de Substituting the value of hi in (i), we get s I = [revtesf ran a) dx=f {19+ 00-9} a 0 ie i f(s) dx = j {09 +Fl00-a} de ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES: LEVEL-1 Qn EXAMPLE 1 : 1 Evaluate: [ ll dx [CBSE 2013] SOLUTION Let I = tz ss dx. Then, te 1 1 26 a Tene * Thin dx Using: f f (2) = J ¥@)+FQa-2) dx 0 0 ol EXAMPLE? Evaluate: [ 0 SOLUTION Let | x dx.Then, 0 n/2 1 1 a a I= J {tarda dx [ose {re al tone n/2 x/2 osx 1 1 1 é = f[ (— +e tiae i. (oetae| * s fierce | i x/2 eee +e > Is dx = [ iede -| =i ‘ [fess | J lo? 19.4.7 PROPERTY Vil STATEMENT Let f(x) be a continuous function of x defined on [0, a such that fa—z) = f(x). Then, a f x f() dx =) fle) dx. ° ° © scanned with OKEN Scanner ee SO DI MATHEMATICS. 19.72 PROOF Let | x f(x) dx. Then, a 4 ; Using: f(x) dx =f f(a-x) dr = | @-9 f(a-x dx 0 e 0 q be f@-2) =f (x) > = | @-a)f (adr 0 => Te af fayar - f xfoaar 0 > Tea f(@)dx-1 0 > 2I = af fi) dx ° - 1 . fre QED. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES EXAMPLE? Evaluate: x of >" * INCERT, CBSE 2008, 2014] S a cos? x +6? sin? x @ f 7h a INCERT, CBSE 2003, 05, 08,11, 12,13, 14,20 9 1+ cos? x SOLUTION (i) Let f x t=f> 54 e i) | atau f (e-2) a a => Ief[— 4) a ” dx =f f(e-aax \ Pot a3iv Gea | [re fre ) f n-x = I-[> 4 : f cos? x48? sin? x ~) ‘Adding () and (i) we get 2 = pres ae fra P46? 1 => werf>— ie 2 x +b? sin? x Using ff) dr = fi {re +f(2a-2)} ds, we obtain 0 0 © scanned with OKEN Scanner DEFINITE INTEGRALS, 19.73 x ' 1 Wen 1 Post wap tgp eee tt 0 [W cos” 4d" sin? x a eos%{n—a) 40° sin2(n—%) n/2 « 1 5 21 =2n f 3 eee aunt, 0 cos? 4B sin? n/2 2 21 = 23 Sec” x 2 x | de pDivding numerator and denominator by eos? 0 a’ +b tan? x n/2 2 Isr sec? x a z 0 @ +b? tan? x Let tan x Then, d(tan x) = dt = sec? x dx =dt, Also, x=0 => t=tan0=0 and x=231 an) = E(tan"t2-tn"*0) = #(F-0] = = a)|, ab ab 2ab moe @ r=f/7™* 6 ali reorer, - ® > r= f GaPsin ena) 4 Using: fpearef pa-aax ‘9 1+c0s* (n—2) ° ° x ; = I-f (5-9) sin & ay ii) 9 1+ cos? x Adding (i) and (ii), we get F(x+n-2)sinx,, _ f_sinx ay = f GABA DSIRE iy =e f SOA ae , 1+ cos* x [ieee > af sin ay, 2 ‘y1+cos? x Let cos x =#. Then, d (cos x) = dt => -sin xdx=dt Also, x=0=>t=cos 0=1and © scanned with OKEN Scanner 19.74 EXAMPLE2 Evaluate: a 7 9 J ieanz” 4 J 0 MATHEMATICS yy [NCERT, CBSE2001,2004, 2010, 2013 xtanx [NCERT, CBSE2008,2010, 2015) sec x+ tan x 7 Gi) [ —*~_ ae SOLUTION (i) Let I=[ > 9 sin x+cosx © wll dx : x a aits : 4 J foyac=J flo-a) dr c=) 0 0 4 r= fw 0 ox i 7 I irsinx i ix Adding (i) and (i), we get 2 ej ees dx og itsing ar = nf —t—ae 0 1+sinx = 22 a = dx [f@ar=] {r+s0e0-2)} dx a 0 > = /2 i a > = 2m f (ec? x—tan xse03) dr = 2a[tan x sex] = an |SR=—1 . o cost |, oe 1 2 n/2 = andn | | ag |Z] = on (041) = 28 cos x (sin x+1) |, 1+sin x], > lon . % xtanx f xsinx _ al sexta ste 5 1+sin x axa) sin (9 ay } sin (n—a) _ | (eea)sinx ieee a © scanned with OKEN Scanner perINTEINTEGRALS 19.75 4 msinx-xsin x 2 ee mo) ‘adding 6) and (i), we get _ ft nsinx ay 9 itsinx 5 n/2 sin x gen ( {SMX sin(n-x 2a 4 2 {ha "iaeaf [ Freoae] fnaerer-n} a] oO a =n i sin > + ij 1+sinx” T4sin 5) a ae 7 > =m fe 9 I+sinx > Wa “Paextaana ° 1 sin =2n “Paezcgate z cos? x “p > UW = 2m | (tan-xsecx—tan? x) de 0 n/2 => T= J (tanxseex—tan? 2) dx 0 x/2 > Lan f (tan xsecx—(ee0* x-1)} dx 0 n/2 = Lan f (ex tan x-sec? x +1) dx 0 yr/2 =. Te x [sexton x+ x] lo 1 yn /2 > tan[ae ns] : +[(o+z}-0+0| cosx |, w/2 (ii) Let I = J Le te sali) 9 sin x + cosx n/2 Bix a a re f : | f@) dx = J fa-a de 0 sn(E-#}- 2+ 2 d+tan2= 1+ tan? = 7 ‘ 2x 2x x eet et a ong Pet Tae 2 9 2tan 5 +1-tan? > 9 -tan’ 5 +2tan5 + 2 : 2 2dt } Let tan *=t.Then,d wea) ao rea 2 gx=dt > de=—y° 2 2 2 2 sec" > Also, x=0=> t=tan0=0 and 2dt = 241 > at (2 +1? x aon > aa zp ec2 ey = Fp los2+0) > re zp eeG2+n w/2 * EXAMPLES Eoaluate: [ ~Z2*SSS gy [CBSE 2010, 2011, 9 sin’ x+cos* x ae xsin x ESR ECS dy. Then, SOLUTION LetI = f 9 sin’ x+ cost x 2 [ea pan alta ental gg 9 sin’ (n/2-. x) + cos! (n/2-2) © scanned with OKEN Scanner DEFINITEINTEGRALS, 19.79 STATEMENT IEF (x) #8 acontinuons function defined on [- a, a), then i Soarf { {ress} dy poor Using additive property I, we obtain i fQ)dx = J f(x) as] f(x) dx / aa Letx =—t.Then, ean, ‘Also, go A and x=0 = te 0. Tree = Tye 9ca = Troe frena Peers oO = Jfa= I scnae [By property 1] From @) and (ii), we get row. [seaveef sone = fra =f fren +00} ae OED. “a 3 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES LEVEL-1 Mos mg EXAMPLE1 Evaluate: dx my SOLUTION Let I = [ dx. Then, -n2 te ome 1+e' afd 1 1 a a 1- f ae tee [fear =f {f+ fCn} ae i‘ a 0 w/2 sinx n/2 n/ 2, l+e x ae [A dee 1és= [x] a | l= J 72 ax ICBSE 2015) -w2 j SQ) dx =f {fa)+f-9} «| a a © scanned with OKEN Scanner MATHEMATICS.Xi 19.80 a/2 ms J cos is a Use ree) e] VFfise a. ax) esinZ-sind=1 = Is [|e Jesxar= f coxa ‘| sin5-sin0 a ee ; : 19.4.9 PROPERTY IX then STATEMENT — Iff (x) isa Continuous function defined on [- a : af sepas «if fenieamenerfinctin J fea as" oe 0 7 iff (x) 8 an odd faction PROOF Using property VIIL, we obtain « [ fe) av=] { fa) + fea} ax xa a Fpornaper , ayen = se J oO > J f@ae= a {fe)-fdfas , tpn =-f) { 2f fade » i€f(-a) = FQ), iff) isan even function a edie , iff (ex) =f), if f (3) isan odd function ee a 4 2] f@a, if f (x) is an even function Soe Oe alto : if f (2) is an odd function. one REMARK — The graph of an even function is symmetric about y-axis that is the curve on the left side of ‘yas is exactly Wentical to curee on its right side. a 0 So, f fe) de= | fe) dx (See Fig. 19.10) a YI fr ate= pay ac 4,0) Fig. 19.10 Graph of an even function © scanned with OKEN Scanner DEFINITE INTEGRALS, 19.61 In case of an odd function the curvels symmetici in opposite quadrants. Consequently i Fla) d= - j fle) de (Gee Fig. 19.11) Fig. 19.11 Graph of an odd function ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES LEVEL-4 EXAMPLE1 Eoaluate: n/2 7 x/2 J sin’ xdx INCERT] Gi) J sin? xdx INCERT] -H/2 -#/2 SOLUTION (i) Let f (x) =sin” x. Then, f(x) = sin” (-2) = {sin (-a9” = sin a)? = -sin’ x = -f (a) So, f(x) is an odd function. n/2 n/2 J fe@drso> J sin’ xdr = =a/2 ~x/2 (ii) Let f (x) =sin? x. Then, f(-x) = sin? (-2) = (sin (-x))? = (-sin 2)? = sin? x = f(x) So, f(x) is an even function. n/2 n/2 4 sin? xdx = 2 J sin? x dx . oli) =n /2 n/2 Let = ff sin? xde i) 0 n/2 i - "fa 3) f cos? ade wi) 0 0 ‘Adding (i) and (i), we obtain |, T+1 = f sin? xdx+ [owitt “Tos? x + cos” 2) dx 0 | © scanned with OKEN Scanner MATHEMATICS-xi, 19.82 n/2 > a= fideo eg a > Te 2 ® iy) = J sin? x ax . ™ 0 n/2 ec n_t From (i) and (iv), we obtain sin? xdx =2 J sin? xdr=2x7 = 5: K/2 0 n/2 EXAMPLE2 Evaluate: i | sin x] dx =K/2 SOLUTION Let f(x) =| sinx|. Then , | (Ex) =| sina) | =|-sinx| =|sinx] = (2). So, (a)is an even function. [2 afd | T= f |sinx|dx = 2 J |sinx|dx=2 J sinz de - sin x20 for 0sx< | —n/2 oO 0 8/2 > 1=2[-cosx] = 2{-cooF +o} lo EXAMPLES Evaluate: w/t it Gee dx [CBSE 2002, 2008) atx n/a -a | @ J x sintxde w J SOLUTION (i) Let f(x) =x" sin‘ x. Then, fx) =} sin’ 2) =—x9 [sin (—9)* =-29-sin2) So, f(x) is an odd function. 4 =- x3 sintx =-f(2). ws wh Hence, f fix)dr=0= f x°sin*xdx=0. ws mh © scanned with OKEN Scanner DEFINITE INTEGRALS 19.83 [ae ware and, Meir Eee fovisan a function and 8(3) is an odd function. nef pa and I, = n/4 EXAMPLE4 Evaluate: attws 142 — 608 2k a4 oi SOLUTION Letl = f — 4 dy then, 2=cos 2x 7 K/h * = a/4 T= f ~*~ ast a1 ee =i) 42-6082 J peak We observe that ——* i an odd function and is an even function. 2=cos 2x 2=cos 2x nl /d 1 fd 1 J sax =00 and, J Tee tt=2 J aya 208 2 ng/g 27008 2 9 2ncos2e substituting these values in (i), we obtain 7 1 — a 4 o(§) J 2— cos 28 a4 > IT ap ttten age 2 9 14+3tan? x n/4 2 > es 2 9 1°+(3 tan x) Let 3 tan x =t. Then, dt =d (3 tan x) = 3 sec” x de. ® x Also, x=0 > t=<3tan 0=0 and, x= = t=yBtant = 3. © scanned with OKEN Scanner DEFINITEINTEGRALS 19.87 sheeatesaeste = x Heals} 19.4.10 PROPERTY X STATEMENT If f (x) is a continuous function defined on (0, 2a], then Treva aj Fade» ff Qa-x) = F(a) 0 » iff Qa-2)=-F (x) PROOF Using property VI, we obtain Trew [ {re+se0- afar { {roo+seo} dx if f (20-2) = f(2) = Pros 7 { {ro F(0)} de, if fea =) =~ fla) 2a if =x) = ep {rea = 25 sae f (2a-x) =f (x) a 0 > iff Qa-x)=-f (x) QED. ewan If f(2a-a) =f, thert the graph of f (x) is symmetrical about x=a as shown in Fig. 19.12. Tree = freer a 0 © scanned with OKEN Scanner 19.88 g. 19.13. (a) isas shown in Iff (20-2) =~f (x), then the graph of f a 2m J f(xdx =~ f f(ydr. 0 a Fig. 19.13 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES LEVEL 2n exaMpLe: Evaluate: [ cos® xdx. INCERT] : 5 SOLUTION Let f (x) =cos® x. Then, f (2n— x)= {cos 2a a} = cos? x an z cot xdr = 2 | cos? xde [Using Property X] oO oO Now, 5 Slama) = {cos(n-a)} = cos? x = ~f0) feos? xdx = [Using Property, 0 an x Hence, f cos? x dx = 2 f cos? xdx = 2x0 = 0, 0 0 EXAMPLE2, Prove that : n/2 nf J tos sin xdx= f 10g con x dr =— = log 2 INCERT, CBSE 2008] 0 : nf2 SOLUTION Let I = flog sin x dx, onli) 0 n/2 : Then, I = J iesin(3-x)an x/2 re J wend fii) ad © scanned with OKEN Scanner peFINITE INTEGRALS 19.89 ding ( and Gi, we get x2 at = f logsin S : Fas J og con xa x/2 2 A= J (ogsinx+tog cos x) de 0 n/2 aa | Jog (sin x cos x) dx 0 /2 ‘ B wef ig ( BABES), 0 n/2 : > uf tos 25.22) ae A 2 n/2 n/2 = = | logsin2xde~f tog ade 0. 0 n/2 ‘ = = { Jog sin 2x dx ~F (log 2) 0 n/2 > =f Jog sin 2x de ~F og 2. 0 n/2 Let y= J log sin 2x dx. 0 Putting 2x =t, we get 5 fy = flog sin 0 iF > 1 = 5 J log sint dt 0 ‘ 1 n/2 > h = 5x2 J log sin t dt [Using property X] 0 2/2 > 1 = J logsinxde =I [Using Property I] 0 Putting fy =1 in (iii), we get ore = -Zlog2 21 = 1-Flog2 => I= - 708 n/2 n/2 . Hence, [ log sin xdr= [log cosxdx = ~> 10g? 0 a 2 FXAMPLES Prove that: J log | tan x+ cot x| dt=m loge 2 0 © scanned with OKEN Scanner THEM, ] MA IATICS,; 19.90 Sx n/2 SOLUTION Let I = ! Jog | tan x + cot x| dx. Then, | [sin x | cos x] dx cos x sina} -T log > l= = ts [ sin x>0, cos x>0 for all x €(0, x/2) > 1 =~ [ log(sin xcos.x) dr n/2 nf/2 = 1 == f logsinx de- [ log cos x dx 0 0 > Te- (-# loge 2}-(-Zbs. 2) [See Example 2] = =m loge? EXAMPLES Evaluate: [ log (1 + cos x) dx INCERT] 0 SOLUTION Let] = [ log (1+ osx) dx. 0) 0 Then, 5 4 a T= J log f+ cos(n-2)) dx [ [fear =f fa» 4] 0 0 0 => Jog (1-cos x) dx i) 0 Adding (i) and (ii), we get 21 = J (log (1 + cos x) + log (1 -cos x)) dx 0 ® => 21 = f loga- cos” x) dx 3 = ue] 0 > 21 = 2] log sin x dx a nf? 7 a ghe2 J dog sin ax [Using property X] © scanned with OKEN Scanner pEFINITEINTEGRALS ES T= 2x—F log. 2 ee EXAMPLES Evaluate: f X log sinx dy 0 = ~ loge 2 x SOLUTION LetI = x log sinx dy, Then, } \ z T=] (na) log sin (n—x) de 0 5 2 TJ (3) log sin x dx ty x = Ten J log sin x dx—[ x 10g sin x de 0 n/2 o = [=2n J logsinx dx-1 0 LEVEL-2 wa EXAMPLE6 Evaluate: f log (sin x+cosx) dx n/4 4 SOLUTION LetI= [log (sin x+cosx) dx. Then, —n/4 tJ ole A( anes Fm > I= v {sno coment } -n/4 al -n/4 xi4 > I= J log V2 dx + e ee 1/4 al > 1-(Fioe2)—=] + 7 hog sint dt, wheret=s+ 2 2 -n/4 1 nn) => 1=(4og2)(2+2)-2 log? (482\($+) 208 19.91 2 : J log sin x dx =—F loge 2 fre ax=f f-» 4 0 0 [Using Property X] [See Example 2] INCERT EXEMPLAR | J og {Js (3) t= T {ie siotssin(

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