STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI

PADA SEL PROKARIOT

MIKROBIOLOGI, SEMESTER GENAP 2023/2024

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PENDAHULUAN
✓ What is microbiology?
✓ Why is it important?
MICROBIOLOGY 3

The science of microbiology is all about microorganisms and how

they work, especially the bacteria, a very large group of very small
cells, that have enormous basic and practical importance.

about diversity and evolution of microbial cells, about how

different kinds of microorganisms arose and why.

Ecology → about where microorganisms live on Earth, how they

associate and cooperate with each other, and what they do in
the world at large, in soils and waters and in animals and plants.
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The science of microbiology revolves around two
interconnected
themes:

understanding the nature and functioning of

the microbial world

applying our understanding of the

microbial world for the benefit of humankind and planet
Earth
KARAKTERISTIK UMUM 5
MIKROBA:
❑ Struktur relative sederhana
❑ Kecepatan reproduksi tinggi
❑ Kemampuan yang tinggi
dalam beradaptasi dengan
lingkungan
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DISCOVERING CELL STRUCTURE
• Light microscope
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IMPROVING CONTRAST IN LIGHT MICROSCOPY
• Staining:
Increasing
Contrast for
Bright-Field
Microscopy
• Differential Stains:
the Gram Stain
PHASE-CONTRAST AND DARK-FIELD MICROSCOPY 10
IMAGING CELLS IN THREE DIMENSIONS 11
PROBING CELL 12
STRUCTURE:
ELECTRON
MICROSCOPY

▪ The transmission
electron microscope
(TEM) is used to
examine cells and cell
structure at very high
magnification and
resolution.
▪ The scanning
electron microscope
(SEM) is used for
optimal three-
dimensional imaging
of cells, a
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MORFOLOGI SEL
• Dua fitur sel prokariot yang langsung teramati dengan mikroskop
yaitu: bentuk dan ukurannya yang kecil.
• Morfologi = bentuk sel
• Bentuk sel bervariari

• Sel prokariot secara umum lebih kecil dari sel eukariot

• Bentuk sel dapat digunakan sebagai pembeda antar sel dan memiliki
signifikansi secara ekologis, tetapi jarang secara filogenetik.
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CELL SIZE AND THE SIGNIFICANCE OF BEING SMALL 17
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STRUKTUR MEMBRAN
• General structure of the cytoplasmic
membrane is a phospholipid bilayer →
composed of both Hydrophobic (fatty acid)
and hydrophilic (glycerol–phosphate)
components
• Common fatty acids in the cytoplasmic
membrane include those with 14 to 20 carbon
atoms.
• The cytoplasmic membranes of some Bacteria
are strengthened by sterol-like molecules
called hopanoids. (Sterols are rigid and planar
molecules that function to strengthen the
membranes of eukaryotic cells)
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PROTEIN MEMBRAN
• Integral membrane protein:
embedded in the membrane.
• Peripheral membrane protein:
• not membrane-embedded but
nevertheless remain
associated with membrane
surfaces
• Some of these peripheral
membrane proteins are
lipoproteins.
• Typically interact with integral
membrane proteins in
important cellular processes
such as energy metabolism
and transport.
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FUNGSI MEMBRAN SITOPLASMA
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TRANSPORT
NUTRIEN
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DINDING SEL BAKTERI
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CELL SURFACE STRUCTURES

• Capsula & slime layers

• Bacterial capsules. (a) Capsules of Acinetobacter
species observed by phase-contrast microscopy after
negative staining with India ink. India ink does not
penetrate the capsule and so the capsule appears as a
light area surrounding the cell, which appears black.
(b) Transmission electron micrograph of a thin section
of cells of Rhodobacter capsulatus with capsules
(arrows) clearly evident; cells are about 0.9 mm wide.
(c) Transmission electron micrograph of Rhizobium
trifolii stained with ruthenium red to reveal the capsule.
The cell is about 0.7 mm wide.
• Fimbriae & pili
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CELL INCLUSIONS
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