2013.igem.

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TPN 1221 Food Microbiology

Microbial Diversity:
Bacteria, Archaea and Virus
FM Teaching team
Food Technology Bachelor Program
Department of Food Science and Technology,
Faculty of Agricultural Technology and Engineering
Week Topic
1 Introduction: Microbiology and Food
Microbiology
2 Microbial Diversity: Bacterial, Archaea, Virus
3 Microbial Diversity: Fungi and Protista
4 Microbial Genetic
5 Microbial Metabolism and Ecology
6 Microbial Growth
7 Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors Affecting Growth
and Life of Microbes
Mid Exam
Week Topic
8 Principles of Microbiological Analysis in Food
9 Industrial Microbiology
10 Microbial Spoilage of Fresh Produces and Their
Processed products
11 Foodborne Pathogens and Their Toxins
12 Foodborne Diseases and Outbreaks
13 Microbial Control by High Temperature, Low
Temperature, and Drying
14 Microbial Control by Irradiation, Atmospheric
Control, Preservatives, and Hurdle Concept
End Exam
 Learning Outcomes
1. Students can understand the evolution of life of
microorganism
2. Students are able to explain the bacteria
3. Students are able to explain the archaea
4. Students are able to explain the of virus
Sub Topics

2.1. Evolution of Life

2.2. Bacteria

2.3. Archaea

2.4. Virus
Evolution of life of microorganism
Three domains of life, basis on their RNA sequins'
Bacteria Archaea Eukarya

Prokaryote Eukaryote

https://www.jamstec.go.jp/e/about/press_release/20080722/
https://organismalbio.biosci.gatech.edu/
classification of the three worlds (Haeckel’s,1866)
Energy sources

https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/
Anatomy of bacteria
Cell Structure and Organisation
1. An organism may comprise just a single cell (unicellular), a collection of
cells that are not morphologically or functionally differentiated (colonial),
or several distinct cell types with specialized functions (multicellular).
2. Among microorganisms, all bacteria and protozoans are unicellular; fungi
may be unicellular or multicellular, while algae may exist in all three forms.
3. All organisms are made up of one or other (definitely not both!) of two very
distinct cell types, which we call procaryotic and eucaryotic cells, both of
which exist in the microbial world.
4. These differ of procaryotic and eucaryotic cells depend on size, structural
complexity and organisation of genetic
material
 Similarities between procaryotic and eucaryotic cell structure

*Essential_microbiology.pdf
 Differences between procaryotic and eucaryotic cell structure

*Essential_microbiology.pdf
Prokaryote vs Eukaryote cells

https://www.proprofs.com/
The procaryotic cell
1. Bacteria are much smaller (1–5µm) than eucaryotic cells
2. Triangular and starshaped bacteria have all been discovered

https://www.shutterstock.com/
• Rods, with a large surface area are better able to take up
nutrients from the environment, while the cocci are less prone
to drying out.
• The spiral forms are usually motile; their shape aids their
movement through an aqueous medium.
• Cocci, are frequently found as chains of cells, a reflection of
repeated division in one plane.
• Staphylococci divide in several planes, producing the irregular
and characteristic ‘bunch of grapes’ appearance.
• Rod-shaped bacteria only divide in a single plane and may
therefore be found in chains, while spiral forms also divide in
one plane, but tend not to stick together.
• Blue–greens form filaments; these are regarded as truly
multicellular rather than as a loose association of individuals.
Procaryotic cell structure

Essential_microbiology.pdf
 Bacterial cell

Internal External
structure structure

Plasma membrane Flagella

Cytoplasm Fimbriae
Ribosomes Pili
Nucleoid Glycocalyx
Chromosome
Cell wall
Plasmid
Storage granules
 The internal structural of procaryotic:
1. A bacterial chromosome or nucleoid, comprising a closed loop of double
stranded, supercoiled DNA, and additional DNA in the form of a plasmid
2. Not all bacteria conform to the model of a single circular chromosome;
some have been shown to possess two with genes shared between them,
while examples of linear chromosomes are also known.
3. Thousands of granular ribosomes, a variety of granular inclusions
associated with nutrient storage.
4. The cytoplasm: contained in a thick aqueous soup of carbohydrates,
proteins, lipids and inorganic salts which is surrounded by a plasma
membrane.
5. The cell wall, whose rigidity gives the bacterial cell its characteristic
shape. Depending on the type of bacterium, there may be a further
surrounding layer such as a capsule or slime layer and/or structures
external to the cell associated with motility (flagella) or attachment
(pili/fimbriae).
Genetic material
• The nucleoid or bacterial chromosome comprises a closed circle of
double stranded DNA, many times the length of the cell and
highly folded and compacted. (The common laboratory bacterium
Escherichia coli is around 3–4 µm in length, but contains a DNA
molecule some 1400 µm in length!)
• The DNA may be associated with certain bacterial proteins
• Some bacteria contain additional DNA in the form of small, self-
replicating extrachromosomal elements called plasmids. These do
not carry any genes essential for growth and reproduction,
and thus the cell may survive without them. They can be very
important however, as they may include genes encoding toxins or
resistance to antibiotics, and can be passed from cell to cell
Ribosomes
• These are the site of protein synthesis, and there may be many thousands of
these in an active cell, lending a speckled appearance to the cytoplasm.
• Ribosomes are composed of a complex of protein and RNA, and are the site
of protein synthesis in the cell.
• Ribosomes are measured in Svedberg units (S), a function of their size and
shape, and determined by their rate of sedimentation in a centrifuge;
procaryotic ribosomes are 70S, while those of eucaryotes are 80S.
• A polyribosome (polysome) is a chain of ribosomes attached to
the same molecule of mRNA.
• All ribosomes comprise two unequal subunits (in procaryotes, these are 50S
and 30S, in eucaryotes 60S and 40S. Each subunit contains its own RNA and
a number of proteins
• Many ribosomes may simultaneously be attached to a single mRNA molecule,
forming a threadlike polysome.
Ribosomes
The plasma membrane
• The cytoplasm and its contents are surrounded by a plasma membrane,
which can be thought of as a bilayer of phospholipid
• The function of the plasma membrane is to keep the contents in
• Phospholipids comprise a compact, hydrophilic (= water-loving) head and
a long hydrophobic tail region.
• Also included in the membrane are a variety of proteins; these may pass
right through the bilayer or be associated with the inner (cytoplasmic) or
outer surface only. These proteins may play structural or functional roles
in the life of the cell.
• Proteins involved in the active transport of nutrients are also to be found
associated with the plasma membrane.
• A comparison of the lipid components of plasma membranes reveals a
distinct difference between members of the Archaea and the Bacteria.
 The external structural of procaryotic:
The bacterial cell wall
• Bacteria have a thick, rigid cell wall, which maintains the integrity of
the cell, and determines its characteristic shape.
A protoplast is a cell that has had its cell wall removed.
Concentrations of dissolved substances, they generally
live in a hypotonic environment (i.e. one that is more dilute than
their own cytoplasm).
• There is therefore a natural tendency for water to flow into the cell,
and without the cell wall the cell would fill and burst
• The major component of the cell wall, which is responsible for its
rigidity, is a substance unique to bacteria, called peptidoglycan
(murein).
Essential_microbiology.pdf
Cross-linking of peptidoglycans chain in E coli

Essential_microbiology.pdf
The Gram positive cell wall The Gram negative cell wall

Essential_microbiology.pdf
The flagella • Flagella supports bacterial motility
• Bacteria vary in the way flagella are
attached
• Flagella is involved in taxis movement
1. Chemotaxis : movement in
response to a chemical stimuli
2. Phototaxis: movement in response
to a light stimuli
3. Magnetotaxis : orienting
movement along magnetic field
lines
• Bacterial movement : running,
Essential_microbiology.pdf
tumbling, swarming
The endospore
• During times of extreme conditions not
conducive to replication, such as
starvation, bacteria have the ability to
become endospores.
• In this state, the bacteria can tolerate
exceedingly high and low temperatures,
acidic and basic conditions, and large
amounts of radiation.
• Endospores are extremely hard to kill.
• Endospores can only be made by Gram-
positive bacteria.
• The bacteria will take on a tough
coating composed of calcium and
dipicolinic acid, creating a dense and https://medicosage.com/the-endospores
impregnable barrier to stabilize the DNA
within the cell..
Anatomy of Archaea
 Difference between Archaea and Bacteria

• No peptidoglycan on the walls

• The membrane is a monolayer
• Membrane lipids with ether chain-phospholipid,
while bacteria ester chain-phospholipid.
• Differences in ribosomal RNA
• Archaea is their ability to survive in extreme
environments, including very salty, very acidic, and
very hot surroundings.
• Not sensitive to chloramphenicol, streptomycin,
kanamycin
• Photosynthesis does not involve chlorophyl
• Archaebacteria have a single, round chromosome like bacteria,
but their gene transcription is similar to that which occurs in
the nuclei of eukaryotic cells.
• This leads to the strange situation that most genes involving
most life functions, such as production of the cell membrane,
are more closely shared by Eukarya and Bacteria – but genes
involved in the process of gene transcription are most closely
shared by Eukarya and Archaea.
• Eukaryotic cells arose from a fusion of archaebacteria with
bacteria, possibly when an archaebacteria began living
endosymbiotically inside a bacterial cell.
• Only archaebacteria are capable of methanogenesis – a form
of anaerobis respiration that produces methane.
Anatomy of Virus
 https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless

• All viruses contain nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA (but not
both), and a protein coat, which encases the nucleic acid.
• Some viruses are also enclosed by an envelope of fat and
protein molecules.
• In its infective form, outside the cell, virus particle is called
a virion.
 https://www.immunology.org/publ
• A virus is a genetic
element that can
replicate only inside a
living cell, called the
host cell, obligate
intracellular parasites.

• Viruses possess their

own genomes
independent of the
host cell's genome

• Viruses rely on the host cell for energy, metabolic

intermediates, and protein synthesis
 various shapes (isometric, helical, complex)
Shape Rod Spherical Complex
Symmetry Helical Icosahedral Binal

©Frontiers
 Discussion topics:
1. What are the differences between domain and kingdom in the
microbial taxonomy?
2. What are the differences between procaryotic and eukaryotic ?
3. What are the differences between archaea and bacteria ?
4. What are the differences between bacteria and virus ?
5. What are the components in external structure of cell ?
6. What are the components in internal structure of cell ?
7. What are the differences between Gram negative and Gram
positive cell wall ?
8. Why does the spore more resistant than the vegetative cell ?
Thank You