The Science of

Biology 2
Group 3: DANG LE DUONG HOA
PHAN THI NGOC LNH
PHAM THUONG DOAN
 Chapter 27: The Origin and
Diversification of Eukaryotes
1. How Did the Eukaryotic Cell
Arise?
• Explain why protists are
described as paraphyletic
rather than monophyletic.
• Why was the development of a
flexible cell surface a key event
in eukaryotic cell history?
• Identify some of the probable
events involved in the
evolution of the eukaryotic cell
from a prokaryotic cell.
• What is the difference between
primary and secondary
endosymbiosis?
 The diversity of protists is
reflected in both morphology
and phylogeny.
 Cellular features support the
monophyly of eukaryotes.
 The modern eukaryotic cell
arose in several steps.
• Ramifications of a flexible cell
surface.
• Changes in cell structure and
function.
• Endosymbiosis and organelles.
 Chloroplasts are a study in
endosymbiosis
 The diversity of protists is reflected in
both morphology and phylogeny.
o Morphology:
• There are 3 kingdoms.
Animal-like protists
Plant-like protists
Fungi-like protists .
• But, Protists are not animals,
plants or fungi.
• Morethan 200,000 spieies.
The diversity of protists is reflected in
both morphology and phylogeny.

o Phylogeny:
o Phylogeny
 Cellular features support the
monophyly of eukaryotes
Eukaryotes are monophyletic- a
single eukaryotic ancestor.

Sea Levels Have Changed Repeatedly

BUT, the nature of evolutionary Most mass extinctions of marine
processes, the many synapomorphies organisms (indicated by asterisks)
of eukaryotes undoubtedly did not have coincided with periods of low sea
arise simultaneously. levels.
 The modern eukaryotic cell arose in
several steps.
• The modern eukaryotic cell
arose from an ancestral
prokaryote.
• Modern eukaryotic cell
arose in several steps:
1. Flexible cell surface.
2. Cytoskeleton
3. Nuclear envelope
4. Digestive vesicles
5. Endosymbiotic acquisition
of certain

Evolution of the Eukaryotic Cell

 The modern eukaryotic cell arose in
several steps.
1. Flexible cell surface (From step 1-2)

Cell’s surface is enough flexible:

• fold inward
• elaborate itself
• creating more surface
area for gas and nutrient exchange .
• exchange materials with its
environment rapidly enough to
sustain a larger volume.
 The modern eukaryotic cell arose in
several steps.
2. Changes in cell structure and function.
• the formation of ribosome-studded
internal membranes.
• surrounded the DNA.
• the appearance of a cytoskeleton.
1. microfilaments and microtubules.
 manage changes in shape.
 distribute daughter chromosomes.
 move materials
2. Only evolved microtubules.
 rise to the characteristic eukaryotic
flagellum.
origin clearer, homologs of the
modern prokaryote genes encode many
cytoskeletal proteins.
• the evolution of digestive vacuoles.
 The modern eukaryotic cell arose in
several steps.
3. Endosymbiosis and organelles.

• Mitochondria derived from

proteobacterium capable of aerobic
metabolism
• Chloroplasts appear in several
distantly related protist clades
 Photosynthetic pigments differ.
 Not all chloroplasts have a pair of
membranes.
 Some have three.
3. Endosymbiosis and organelles.
Chloroplasts are a study in
endosymbiosis.

• Primary endosymbiosis
 All chloroplasts trace their
ancestry back to engulfment of a
cyanobacterium
 Chlorophyll a present in all!!
 One membrane from
cyanobacterium, second from
host
 Gave rise to chloroplasts of
green and red algae
• Secondary and tertiary
endosymbiosis
 All other photosynthetic protist
lineages
Lateral gene transfer accounts for the presence of
some prokaryotic genes in eukaryotes
 Chapter 27: The Origin and
Diversification of Eukaryotes
2. What Features Account for
Protist Diversity?
• Can you explain the roles of the
cytoskeleton in the locomotion  Protists occupy many different
of protists? niches.
 Protists employ vacuoles in
• Do you understand the
several ways .
operation of contractile and
 Protists have diverse means of
food vacuoles in Paramecium?
locomotion.
 The cell surfaces of protists are
diverse.
 Protists occupy many different niches

Habitat

Most protists are Animal feces decaying bark of rotting

aquatic. trees

Nutrition

photosynthetic heterotrophs contribute to the

autotrophs global nitrogen cycle.
 Protists occupy many different niches

categories
 Protists have diverse means of
locomotion
• Move Classified based on Movement :
1.Amoeboids- use pseudopods “false feet”
• A network of cytoskeletal microfilaments squeezes the cytoplasm
forward.
2.Ciliates – tiny hairs
• Cilia beat in a coordinated fashion; move cell forward or backward
3.Flagellates – flagellum – “whip-like tails”
• Some pull, some push the cell forward.
• Flagella have a 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules.
 Protists employ vacuoles in several
ways
• Vacuoles increase effective surface area in large cells.
• Contractile vacuoles in freshwater microbial eukaryotes such as
Paramecium are used to excrete excess water.
 Protists employ vacuoles in several
ways
• Digestive vacuole
 are formed by Paramecium
and others when solid food
particles are ingested by
endocytosis.
 The food is digested in the
vacuole.
 Smaller vesicles pinch off—
increasing surface area for
products of digestion to be
absorbed by the rest of the
cell.
 A Paramecium uses cilia for
feeding
 The cell surfaces of protists are diverse

• strengthening their surfaces:

 Paramecium has a covering of surface
proteins called a pellicle, making it flexible
but resilient.
 Some amoebas make a “shell” or test from
bits of sand beneath the plasma membrane.
 The complex cell walls of diatoms are glassy,
based on silica