-

Antipodean English AsEnglisah ish

-large scale migrations of mother tongue English speakers from England ,

Scotland, Ireland
-

10 North America ,
Ans , New Zealands
-

The varieties
of English spoken in modern North America & Ans are not identical with the English
oftheir early colonisers.
-

Altered is response to the changing sociolinguistic

na
ban dia Mi ngbandia Va nybanaia New
Zealand
-

Expansion of vocab through contact in the indigenous Tndian , Aboriginal , or Maori -

populations : Amerindian
- -

1607
,
the 1st permament British

During the 17th century , English spreadto southern parts of America & the Caribbean
-

. The two
I dispersals of English :

1
.

diaspora
First :

Initially involving the large scale migration of spealeers from England , Scotland , &
Ireland predominantly to North America , Australia , & New Zealand
2 .
Second diaspora :

Involving the colonisation of Asia & .

Africa
I. The 1st diaspora :
English is transported to the new world.
In 1607 the 1st permanent colonists arrived a settled in Jamestown ,
-

, Virginia , to be
followedin 1620 by a
group of Puritans a
others on the Mayflower.

The latter
-

group
landed north further
, settling
at what is now Plymouth
,
.
Massachusetts in New England
-

Different backgrounds => differences in the accents of the 2 groups of settlers .

Nest England (Virginia) rhotic(r/a voiced/s/ sounds

- of :

& East
of England (New England) : these features were not a part of the local accent.
-

During the 17th century , English spread to southern parts of America & the Carribbean
result the slave trade
as a
of .

& their captors were initially contact

-

The
Englishes among the slaves and between them
pidgin languages .
-

In the next
generation , they developed into creoles .
 18th century , there was large-scale immigration Northern Ireland
-

In the
from
(Philadelphia , but quickly moving south a west). After the Declaration of American
Independence in 1776 many Loyalists (the British settlers who had supported the
,

British government) for Canada.

Australia -
left
1770 : Tames Cook discovered Australia , landing in modern-day Queensland
-

The First Fleet landed in New South Wales in 1788

-

1788-1852 : around 160, 000 convicts were transported to Australia from Britain &
Ireland
-

1820s :
large numbers of free settlers also began to arrive.
-

The largest proportion of from London o the south-east England

settlers came

others originated regions widely dispered

in as
for example south-west England,
as ,
,
Lancashire Scotland &
the
,
Ireland , = dialect
mixing which
.

further influenced was

by indigenous aboriginal languages .

New Zealand 1790s New Zealand

-

:
first settled by European traders though there
was
, was no

official colony until after the British-Maori Treaty of Waitany; in 1840.

from Anfrom Britaidn
1840s & 105Os
-
Immigrants arrived in 3 stages 1860s
-

:
-

-
1070-1885 from the UK (a considerable :

proportion of Scots (
=> Mixture of dialects , this time subject to
strong Maori influence esp terms
a in

of .
vocab
South
Africa -
1650s South
:
Africa was colonised by the Dutch fromthe 1650s
1820 The British
-
:
begin to settle.
-

From 1822, when English was declared the official language , it was also learnt as a
second language by blacks & Afrikaans speakers
. The
II second disperal :
English is transported to Asia & Africa .

-
2nd diaspora took place at various points during
The the 18th & 19th centuries in very

different results from those of the Is+ diaspora .

English in West Africa

is linked to the slave trade o the development
of pidgin a creole
language.
From thelate 15th century British traders travelled at different times to
a
from the
,
-

, primarily
various coastal territories t
of Wes Africa
Gambia , Sierra Leone , Ghana, Nigeria,
& Cameroon .
 There
major British settlement in the area & , instead , English was employed
was no
-

as a
lingua franca both among the indigenous population , & between these people & the
British traders. English has subsequently gained
which
official states.
-

Ridgins & creoles developed from

English contact , such as Krio & Cameroom
Ridgin English
East Africa -

East
Africa's .
relationship with English followed different path a

The countries
of Kenya, Uganda Tanzania , Malawi , Zambia Zimbabwe
,
& were
-

extensively settled British colonists

by the 1850sfrom .
on

English playing an important role in their major institutions such as government,

-

education , & the law .

remainsthe officiallanguagesinUganda,Zambias although Swahili

Zimbabwe, Malayit
Englishthan
&
is

to be used
more likely English lingua franca Uganda it
as a Kenya in
,
a is in a

Tanzania .

Even Hindi is the

official of
language India, English is an "associate language" official
used alongside Hindi as a neutral
lingua ,
a has
franca a
process undergone of
Indianisation in which it has developed a distinctive national character comparable to
that of American & Aus English
Southest Asia, -

1884-1920, a British protectorate ,

a provides one
of the world's best examples
East Asia, of English-based pidgin , Tok Risin
an .

South Pacific

Philippines gaining independence in 1946 , has retained a strong American-English

-

influence .

Singapore> -
The use
of English has increased in Singapore aa local variety has begun to
Malaysia emerge
-

The use of English has declined Malaysia in as a result of the adoption of

the local language MalaysianBahasa the national
w as
language a medium of
education when Malaysia gained independence in 1957.
-

Nowadays English is also learnt in other countries in neighbouring areas , most

notably China , Taiwan, Japan, & Korea , the latter three having even considered
the possibility making English their
of [
official 2nd language.
 Between 1750 & 1900 the settlements the 1st & 2nd
English-speaking
-

of
diasporas all underwent three similar major changes.
"English speakers Britain who happened to be living overseas"
+
from
+
Ag rowing sense separate identity , which soon extended to the flavour of
of
the lish they used
Eng
+ More non-native
English speakers in these areas learn to use English for survival
& employmentopportunities .

-
Since 1945 , most of the remaining colonies have become independent states,
with English retained functions
in order to provide various internal
often being
and/ortoServeas alinguafre .