Terms

a. Basic Parts and Plan type of a Church

1. ESKWELA/ESCUELA. School, in a church complex, a building intended for
educational studies especially of kids.
2. BAPTISTERYO/BAPTISTERIO. Baptistery, An independent structure or a space
near the church’s entrance. Or at the first level of the bell tower, which is
dedicated for baptism.
3. KUMBENTO. Convent, A building, either attached or beside a church, that
serves as residence of the parish priest.
4. PATYO NG SIMBAHAN/PLAZA IGLESIA. Church Plaza, the huge open space
in front of the church intended for religious activities or ceremonies. The church
plaza is usually enclosed with a low perimeter stone wall and sometimes has a
via crucis (way of the cross) carved on the perimeter wall.
5. SIMBAHAN/IGLESIA. Church, An edifice or place of Christian worship.
6. KAMPANARY/ CAMPANARIO. Bellower, A tower that is either attached or at a
distance from the church; supports one or more bells.
b. CHURCH TYPE
7. KATEDRAL/ CATEDRAL. Cathedral, the principal church of diocese housing the
cathedra or bishop’s throne.
8. EDIPISYO/ EDIFICIO. Edifice, A building, usually large in size, with
massive structure and an imposing appearance.
9. TORRE DEL RELOJ. Clock Tower, A term used to refer to the tower or bet/tower
with a clock.
10. GITNANG PASILYO. Nave, originated from the Latin word "navis," meaning
"ship," it is the central aisle of the church flanked by rows of pews. It probably
symbolizes the faithful journey I life through the direction of the church and
guidance of God.
11. ALKOBA. Alcove, a small room, often as transition space of much larger room.
12. APSE. The semi-circular space adjacent to the church's altar.
13. PANGUNAHING PASUKAN/ PORTAL PRINCIPAL. Main Entrance, the huge,
often richly carved with ornamentation, front door of a church. It is provided with a
secondary small door along its left called “postigo” that serves as service door.
14. ARKADA/ ARCADA. Arcade, the row of columns with arches which separate the
side aisles from the nave.
15. KAPILYA/CAPILLA. Chapel, A room in a church containing an altar intended for
private prayer and small religious services.
16. ALTAR/ALTAR MAYOR. MAIN ALTAR, A raised structure, usually a rectangular
table or stone slab, for religious rites. The main altar is located at the end of the
nave and is the visual focus during worship.
17. ALTAR COLATERAL. Side altar, A secondary altar located on both sides or
beside the main altar.
18. FORTRESS CHURCH. A church built with fortification for defensive purposes in
times of strife.
19. KAMPANARYO/ CAMPANARIO. Bell tower, A tower that is either attached or at
a distance from the church supporting one or more bells.
20. BALON/POSO. Well, A hole dug into the ground serving as fresh groundwater
collector used for drinking and other purposes.
21. PARAPETO. Parapet or Embrasure, The low protective wall above the fort’s
rampart with regular alteration of merlons and crenels as opening for canon's fire
and defense.
22. MURO CORTINA. Curtain Wall, The fortified perimeter wall of a fort between
bastions or towers.
23. BALWARTE. Bastion, A projecting part of the fortification, round or polygonal in
plan, intended to have several firing directions for both cannon and other
weapons to defend the adjacent perimeter.
24. DEPENSANG PADER/ENCEINTE. Defensive Wall, the defensive fortified wall
that protects a church or town.
25. FUNERARY CHAPEL. A chapel conspicuously built inside a campo santo
(cemetery), for the funeral ceremony or service.
26. NITSO/NICHO. Niche, One or a series of small compartments intended to keep
human remains.
27. LAPIDA. Gravestone, an inscribed slab, usually with the person's name and
dates of birth and death, placed above the grave or attached to the niche or
ossuary.
28. LIBINGAN/CAMPOSANTO. Graveyard, an area, usually at a distance from the
cities or towns, that serve as burying ground for deceased persons.
29. HUKAY/SEPULTURA. Grave, An excavation, space, or place for the internment
of the dead.
30. OSUARYO/ OSUARIO. Ossuary, a small compartment usually inside the chapel
or church used as storage place for the bones of the dead.
31. LOOB NG KAPLIYA. The space inside a Catholic funerary chapel where
ceremony for the dead is performed.
32. MOSOLEYO/MAUSOLEO. Mausoleum, A building, usually of stone, with
ossuaries for the bones of several people or niche of an important person.
33. PERRON. An external grand staircase leading up to a building entrance or portal.
34. SIWANG NA HUGIS ARKO. Lunette, a semi-circular opening in a lantern of a
dome or cupola for natural light and ventilation.
35. LINTERNA. Lantern, A vertical structure on top of dome or cupola with openings
or glazing for natural lighting.
36. SIMBORYO. Dome, the imposing curved roof structure above the altar
intentionally built to proclaim the presence of the church and to symbolize heaven
coming down to earth with the light streaming from its lantern.
37. ROSETA. Rosette, an ornament in circular pattern which resembles a stylized
rose flower or any other similar flower.
38. PATSADA. Façade, the front of a building, usually facing the street or road, and
distinguished by an elaborate or imposing elevation.
39. RELYEBE. Relief, An embossed, carved sculptural design.
40. ARKONG PABILOG/ARCO REDONDA. Round Arch, A type of arch with the
"intrados" in a curved semicircle.
41. MALAPOSTE/PILASTRA. Pilaster, A decorative wall treatment that protrudes in
a wall, simulating a pillar with base, shaft and capital.
42. MONASTIC. The huge, often richly carved with ornamentation, front door of a
church provided' with a secondary small door along its leaf, called postigo serving
as service door.
43. RETABLO. Retable/ Altar Piece, A richly decorated framework behind the altar.
At the lower midsection, it is usually carved and painted with ledge and niche for
the saints and tabernacle.
44. PRESBITERYO. Presbytery, the area of the church reserved for the clergy where
the main altar is located.
45. LUHURANG PANG KOMUNYON/COMULGATORIO. Communion Rail, A low
rail with kneelers provided near the altar for the parishioners to kneel in receiving
communion.
46. NARTHEX. The transitional space after the main entrance, that leads to the nave
of a church.
47. PATYO NG SIMBAHA/PLAZA IGLESIA. Church Plaza, the huge open space in
front of the church intended for religious activities or ceremonies. The church
plaza is usually enclosed with a low perimeter stone wall and sometimes has via
cruds (way of the cross) carved on the perimeter wall.
48. PANGUNAHING PASUKAN/PORTAL PRINCIPAL. Main Entrance. The huge,
often richly carved with ornamentation, front door of a church provided' with a
secondary small door along its leaf, called postigo serving as service door.
49. TYMPANUM OCULUS. A circular window in the triangular space (tympanum) of
a pediment, traditionally installed to ventilate and remove the heat build-up along
the ceiling portion of a church.
50. REFECTOYO. Refectory. A room or space designated as dining hall in a
monastery or convent.
51. KLOSTRO/CLAUSTRO. Cloister, A covered passage surrounding a court
usually with colonnade or arcade on the side adjacent to the court.
52. PARISH CHURCH. A church strategically built at the heart of the town and plaza.
It is intended for a particular ecclesiastical unit, such as city or town, and under
the jurisdiction of the resident priest assigned by the bishop.
53. PAROKYA/PARROQUIA. Parish, the place, usually the siyudad
(ciudad, city) or bayan (pueblos, town) including its adjoining baryos (barrios,
barrios) and bisitas (visitas, remote areas) that is under the religious jurisdiction
of a resident priest.
54. PASILYO. Aisle, the longitudinal secondary corridor between the church's pews
that flank the nave.
55. PULPITO/PULPITO. Pulpit. An elevated enclosed stand attached to a wall along
the congregation area with accessible flight of steps intended for the priest's
sermon.
56. DAWDAWAN/PILA DE AGUA BENDITA. Stoup, A basin for holy water located
near the entrance either in freestanding structure, attached or carved out in a wall
or pillar.
57. BENDITAHAN/PILA BAUTISMAL. Baptismal Font, a stone vessel at the
baptistry which contains holy water used in baptism.
58. SAKRISTIYA/SACIRISTIA. Sacristy, A room near the presbytery or behind the
altar where the sacred vessels, ornaments and robes including the priest's vest
and other paraphernalia used in liturgical services are kept.
59. KONTRAPWERTE. Buttress, A vertical mass of masonry built on the exterior
side of the wall for support and stability.
60. KUMBENTO. A structure adjacent or adjoining a Parish Church with offices for
religious function on the lower floor and place of residence for the priests on the
upper floor.
61. PILGRIM CHURCH. A church built to house a miraculous image with a
passageway behind the altar for the veneration to the image of the devotees.
62. IMAHEN. Image, A visual representation resembling the form or figure of God,
Holy Being, person, often painted or carved.
63. SAGRARYO/TABERNAKULO/SAGRARIO. Tabernacle. One of the major
elements of the altar, in the form of a wooden or metal container and often with a
richly ornamented panel door, where the holy host are kept.
64. KROSING. Crossing, the area in the church where the dome is usually located;
the place where the nave crosses the transept.
65. ARCOS TORALES. The wide and imposing arches that spans the intersections
of the nave and the transepts and provides support to the church's central dome.
 66. NAVE DE CRUCERO. Transept. The space that crosses at right angles to the
nave thereby forming a cruciform plan or layout in a church.
67. PASILYO. Passageway, the narrow passage at the back of the pilgrim church,
often with a series of stairways, as means of access for the devotee in order to
touch the image being venerated.
c. CHURCH STYLES IN THE PHILIPPINES
68. EARTHQUAKE BAROQUE. An architectural style coined to refer to the massive
Filipino churches with thick walls and elements of Baroque style such as scrolled
buttress, volute, plain facade with pilasters, and ornamental urns.
69. PINACULO. Finial, A pyramidal or comical decoration on top of a pilaster or of a
gable.
70. SCROLLED BUTTRESS. A thick angle buttress in a form of a scroll.
71. STRINGCOURSE. An ornamental element in a building, usually on a facade,
made from a masonry horizontal band intended to create certain wall division.
72. KORNISA. Cornice, A horizontal, ornamental molding, fixed at the corner of the
internal wall and ceiling, usually made of wood or plaster.
73. MEDALYON. Medallon, An ornamental decoration in either a circular or oval
form with relief ornamentation.
74. NITSO. Niche, A canopied recess in a wall intended for a religious image or
statue.
75. FIL-HISPANIC ROCOCO. An architectural style in Filipino churches which
combine fanciful and elegant designs of shellwork and foliage of Rococo
Architecture with scrolls, rocaille, and Philippine flora and fauna as ornamental
motifs.
76. ROCAILLE. A French term originally referring to rockwork or stonework for
artificial caves and grottoes; usually the use of ornaments such as shells, rocks
and plants.
77. GOTHIC REVIVAL. An architectural style in Philippine churches reviving the
spirit and form of Gothic Architecture, late 12th to mid of 16th century,
characterized by pointed arch, ribbed vault, flying buttress, traceries window,
slender pier and column, and lofty steeple.
78. SPIRE. A slender tapering, pyramidal structure above a square base tower.
79. PINACULO. Pinnacle. A vertical member on top of a buttress and roof usually
with a square base and pointed spire ornamented with crockets.
80. CROCKET. A Gothic adornment that is vegetal in form and is placed at a regular
interval along the edge of spires, pinnacles and gables.
81. KAMPANA/ BATINGAW. Church Bells. A hollow device, usually of copper,
placed inside the uppermost part of a church tower or to an open pediment to
give off sound or signal for the church parishioners.
82. ARKIBOBEDA. Boveda, Archivolt. A decorative molding above the intrados of an
arch
83. HIGH RENAISSANCE. An architectural style based on Italian Renaissance
Architecture, late 15th to early 16th century, typified by heavy rustication, facade
filled with classical elements, and illusion of sculptural volume in design.
84. KRUZ/CRUZ. Cross. Christianity's most important symbol which is comprised of
an upright bar traversed by a horizontal one.
85. MALABINTANA/ VENTANA CIEGA. Blind window. A superimposed window on
a wall showing its external appearance as decorative feature and is not used for
lighting and ventilation purposes.
86. TIMPANO. Tympanum, the triangular space of a pediment, generally decorated
with sculptures and ornaments, enclosed by horizontal and raking cornices.
 87. DALAWAHANG POSTE. Coupled Column. A pair of closely spaced columns
often used as a decorative element or feature.
88. PRONTON. Pediment, A triangular gable that is often provided to cover a gable
roof and usually with enclosing cornices.
89. BAKOD. Fence, A barrier usually of low wall masonry and often with decorative
balusters used to mark the property's boundary.
90. ROMANESQUE REVIVAL. An architectural style in the late 19 th century applying
the elements of the Romanesque style including round arch, thick wall, small
window, and division of interiors into compartment bays.
91. DRUM. The thick wall, often provided with openings for light and ventilation, that
supports a dome.
92. LINTERNA. Lantern, A vertical structure on top of dome or cupola with openings
or glazing for natural lighting.
93. SIMBORIO/MEDIA NARANJA. Dome. The imposing curved roof structure above
the altar intentionally built to proclaim the presence of the church and to
symbolize heaven coming down to earth with the light streaming from its lantern.
94. MODILYON. Modillion, A decorative bracket in a scroll like design with acanthus
closely set beneath the cornice.
95. BINTANANG MALAGULONG. Wheel Window, A large circular window with
series of glazing supports radiating from the center.
96. BARANDILYA. Balustrade, A decorative and protective railing system placed at
the perimeter of a stair, open space or above the roofs. It is composed of closely
set balusters fixed with top rail.
97. PAILALIM NA PASUKAN. Recessed Entrance Arch. An arch equally depressing
towards the interior portion of the space which is provided with decorative
ornaments such as flower and foliage.
98. FRET. An embossed or carved pattern of continuous and repeated geometric
figures.
d. PARTS OF A CHURCH
99. RETABLO. Altarpiece. A richly decorated framework behind the altar usually
carved and painted with a ledge and niche for the saints, and
a tabernacle at the lower midsection of the retable.
100. GITNANG NITSO. Central Niche, A recess in the retablo at the central portion
usually intended to whom the church is dedicated.
101. ATTIC. Attic, the topmost part of the retablo which is usually crowned at the
center with symbolism associated with Jesus or the God the Father such as
crucifix, All Seeing Eye, Dove, and Chi Rho.
102. REREDOS. The panel in the main altar, often of wood, decorated with biblical
events and/or another Catholic iconography.
103. ARBOTANTE. Volute Ornament. A decorative ornament in a spiral scroll form
or design.
104. PREDELYA. Altarpiece base. The supporting base of the retablo with shelves
intended to elevate the main part of the retablo to a height visible from a
distance. It is often designed with ornamentation or narrative from the lives of
the saints to whom the church is dedicated.
105. KALYE. Vertical Register. The main vertical divisions of the retablo which
usually has secondary subdivisions, referred to as "entrecalles."
106. RAMILYETE. Cluster of Flowers, A stylized cluster or bouquet of flowers often
carved in wood or stove as a decorative element.
107. KUWERPO. Horizontal Register. The horizontal divisions or subdivisions of
the retablo.
108. LARGUERO. Stile. The vertical side framing member of a door.
109. TADYANG. Mullion. The central vertical framing of a door.
110. BANDEHA. Panel. A separate member of a door framed by stile and rail
which is often ornately carved with much thinner section than its frame.
111. TABLERO. Board. The vertical board attached to a door frame as its finished
material.
112. KANDADO. Lock. A device or mechanism for securing a door when it is
closed.
113. TRABESANYO. Lock Rail. The horizontal framing member between the top
and the bottom rail at the level of the lockset.
114. TRANGKA. Latch. A locking device to ensure the door is closed, with a
horizontal member of wood or metal that slides into a groove or a hole.
115. BISAGRA. Hinge. device attached to a door and a jamb which allows the
door to swing, turn or move.
116. BOBEDA. Vault. A masonry enclosure over an area or space that applies the
principle of the arch.
117. EMBECADURA. The mortar or earth that serves as infill between the haunch
of the vaults.
118. DOVELA. Voussoir. A wedge-shaped stone or brick used in the construction
of the true arch or vault.
119. BATONG PANGSARA SA ARKO. Keystone. The voussouir at the center or
crown of a vault or an arch, often decorated, that locks the voussoirs in place.
120. RIÑON. Haunch. The curved section or portion of an arch or vault between
the crown and the springing line.
121. RISE. The vertical distance or elevation of an arch measured from the impost
level to the underside of the keystone.
122. IMPOSTA. Spring Line or Impost. The horizontal level of wall from which the
curvature of an arch or vault begins.
123. ESTRIBO. Pier. The enlarged section of a column or a wall between two
adjacent openings.
124. PANLOOB NA ARKO. Intrados. The interior curve of a vault or an arch that
forms its concave underside.
125. PANLABAS NA ARKO. Extrados. the exterior curve of a vault or an arch.
126. BOVEDA DE MEDIA PUNTO. Barrel Vault 127. BOVEDA REBAJADA. Segmental
Vault 128. BOVEDA OGIVAL. Pointed Vault e. FILIPINO HOUSE
129. Filipino House. The hybrid type of house first built in lntramuros, Manila in
the 17th century before spreading throughout the country combining European
classical elements, architectural elements of the traditional Chinese houses,
and architecture and climate-responsive elements of the traditional lowland
houses or bahay kubo. Unique with the house is the use of bintanang capis
(capis window) and extensive use of sustainable elements such as double
facade, wide eaves and awnings, louvers, floor-to-ceiling operable walls and
partitions to maximize natural daylight and ventilation, cross and stack
ventilation systems, and open courtyard as sun and wind catchers.
130. TEHADO/TEJADO. Tiled Roof. A roof finished with curved or flat pieces of
burnt-clay tiles.
131. TEHA/TEJA. Roof Tile. One of the thin roofing tiles covering the roof made
from burnt clay and is approximately semi cylindrical and tapering in shape.
a. TEJA CANALADA. Semi cylindrical roofing tile.
b. TEJA PLANA. Flat Roofing Tile.
132. BALUSTRE, Baluster. One of the upright and short vertical woods or clay
members serving as railing of stair, open deck, and bintanilya (small window).
133. BINTANANG CAPIZ/VENTANA CAPIZ. Capiz Window. A wooden-framed
checkerboard design window, often sliding in operation, with a pane of capiz
shell that provides a non-glary and diffuse light to the interior.
134. CAPIS/CAPIZ. Capiz Pane. One of the small squares, translucent shells,
used as windowpane in a capiz window, from the clam "placuna placenta."
135. CONCHERIA. In a capiz window, an assembly of capiz panes fixed by a
wooden frame.
136. CONCHA. In a capiz window, a piece of capiz pane fixed by a wooden frame.
137. MIRADOR. Mirador. A viewing space on a tower like structure built above the
main house or at an azotea and surrounded by windows or decorative
latticework.
138. CAIDA/KAIDA. Antesala. A transition space right after the stair, leading to
sala (living) or to komedor(dining). Kaida is from the Spanish verb "caer" (to
fall) and is said to be a place where ladies let their trains fall.
139. KUWARTO. Bedroom. A room usually adjacent to the sala (living room) with
kama (bed), tokador (dresser), aparador (cabinet) and mesa (table).
140. SALA. Living Room. The central room in a Filipino house often facing the
street or plaza and is used as the family's leisure and social activities' room.
141. BODEGA. Storeroom. An enclosed room or space where things are stored.
142. SAGUAN/ZAGUAN. Entrance Hall. The space, after the entrance, that serves
as transition space between the entrance and the grand stairs to the upper
floor that is used as storage for carriages, processional floats and where other
implements are kept.
143. AKSESORYA. Accessory. An extension or annex to a house.
144. TINDAHAN. Store. The Space at the ground level that is adjacent to the
streets and utilized for commercial purposes such as keeping goods for retail
store.
145. ALHIBE. Cistern. An enclosed masonry structure for storing water for
household and other uses.
146. DISPENSA. Pantry. A service room adjacent to a kusina (kitchen) and
komedor (dining) for storing food supplies and other provisions.
147. KOMEDOR. Dining. The space adjacent to the kusina (kitchen) where meals
are served.
148. KUSINA. Kitchen. A room where food is prepared and cooked.
149. KUBETA. Toilet. A room with Latrina (latrine), a receptacle for human waste
where ash from the kusina (kitchen) is poured to eliminate odor.
150. BANYO. Bathroom. A room intended for washing or bathing.
151. ASOTEA. Flat Roof. The Flat Roof of the aljibe (cistern) usually at the back of
the kusina (kitchen) and is used as an elevated outdoor terrace or service
area.
152. KALADO. Fretwork. One of the upright ornamental wood panels, with
decorative patterns, formed by perforations above window headers or door
jambs as wall decorations to allow added and cross ventilation.
153. KISAME/QUISAME. ceiling. The overhead, often horizontal surface in a room
either made of wood or metal. It is intended to both conceal the underside of
roofs or floors and provide a decorative overhead surface.
154. KOSTILYAHE. Ceiling Joist. One of the series of square or rectangular
lumbers to which the ceiling is fixed.
155. ARTESONADO. A coffered, carved, or highly patterned wooden ceiling.
156. ESPEHO/ESPEJO. A panel between the window header and the eaves for
exterior wall and above the door jamb and ceiling for interior partition. It is
 either of wood framed checkerboard design with capiz for additional natural
light or, kalado (pierced work) for added ventilation.
157. PERSIANA. Louver Window. A window with wooden frame and thin slanting
wooden slats that is either fixed or movable as solar protection to admit
natural ventilation.
158. SAHIG/SUELO. Floor. The horizontal, levelled surface in a room on which
one walks and stands.
159. SILYA or SILLA. Chair. A seat uses for relaxation, recreation, and
entertaining guests.
160. MALA-ABANIKONG BINTANA/ VENTANA DE ABANICO. Fanlight. A half-
circle window above the door transom with radiating wood or metal bars
typifying an open fan.
161. KOLONET. Colonnete. An upright and slender decorative wood column
usually placed between window opening.
162. BRAKET/BRAZO. Bracket. A decorative element of wood or metal provided
below the roof's eaves or "bolada."
163. ALERO. Eaves. The lower end of the roof projecting beyond the wall board
often with a decorative pierced work of wood board or metal sheet.
164. PASAMANO/PASAMAÑO. Windowsill. The horizontal member between
window opening and bintanilya (small window) that serves both as base of the
window and handrail.
165. BOLADA or VOLADA. Upper Floor Projection. A portion of the upper floor
structure that protrudes the lower floor exterior wall to provide additional
space on the upper floor and shades for the lower floor. Bolada is said to be a
shortened term of "galleria volada" (flying gallery).
166. REHAS/ REJA. Grille. An ornamental metal work as screen or barrier for
window, bintanilya (small window) or balcony and stair rails. A grille provides
security protection and at the same time, allows air circulation.
167. DINGDING/MURO. Wall. A vertical structure of wood or masonry provided to
enclose or divide a space.
168. TUBO DE BAJADA DE AGUA. Downspout. A vertical drainpipe, usually of
thin metal sheet, used to direct rainwater from the roof gutter to the ground or
drain.
169. TUBO DE BAÑADA. Soil Stack. A vertical drainpipe, usually of cast iron,
used to direct foul water coming from the Latrina (latrine).
170. DINGDING NA KAHOY NA MAY BANDEHA. Wood Wallboard with Panel
Design. Thick exterior wallboards vertically or horizontally installed with a
panel design that is either carved or affixed to the boards.
171. BINTANILYA/VENTANILLA. Small Window. The small window between the
floor and the windowsill used to allow natural light and ventilation to the
interior. It is provided with an external protective enclosure of decorative wood
balusters or ornamental metal grille and operable wall.
172. BINTANA/VENTANA. Window. An opening in the external wall of a house or
building intended to allow light and ventilation for the interior space and to
provide view of the outside.
173. ALULOD/CANALON. Gutter. A shallow metal channel placed along the
eaves to catch and carry off rainwater from the roof.
174. BUBONG/TECHA. Roof. The top cover if a building that provides shelter
against the elements.
a. LIMA TESA. Hip Roof. The sloping ridge formed by the junction of two
adjacent pitched roofs.
 b. LIMA HOYA. Valley. The intersection between two sloping roof surfaces
where rainwater flows.
175. YERONG BUBONG OR HIERRO GALVANIZADO. Galvanized Roof. A roof
with galvanized metal sheet with corrugation or wavy profile.
176. PALUPO/CUMBRERA. Ridge. The topmost part of a roof where two sloping
roofing surfaces meet.
177. ANTEFIJA. Antefix. An ornament usually frets or pierced work above the
senepa (eaves fascia) as roof decoration.
178. TAHILAN. Rafter. Heavy parallel wood beams where the top end is attached
to the ridge beam and the bottom part rests to the roof beam to support the
heavy tiled roof or much lighter galvanized roof.
179. BOSOLAN. Roof Beam. A massive lumber above the wooden post or thick
masonry wall as support for the rafters or trusses.
180. TRABESANYO. Horizontal Stud. A Framing Timber laid horizontally between
vertical studs to stiffen the vertical framing and to provide added support to
the finished board or partition.
181. PILARETE. Vertical Stud. One of the vertical wooden frames that is fixed
between the top plate and the sole plate to carry the finished wall boards or
partitions.
182. GILILAN. Soleplate. A rectangular lumber, horizontal laid on floorboards
where the vertical studs are fixed.
183. TABLA. Floorboard. The boards, usually 1 inch in thickness, fixed to the floor
joist as finished surface of a room.
184. LANGUWETE. Tongue and Groove. A joint used for paneled wood floor or
wall made by a tongue on one edge of a panel into a corresponding groove on
the edge of another panel to produce a flush surface.
185. SOLERAS. Floor Joist. Rectangular beams laid in parallel with each other at
about 2 feet spacing over the floor beams where floorboards are fixed.
186. HALIGI. Post. Heavy square timber columns or logs buried directly in the
ground above stone boulders to support floor and roof beams.
187. PUNDASYON. Footing. A structural Element in the form of huge stones or
cut-stone blocks to support a column or wall from underneath.
188. SOKALO/ZOCALO. Footing Block. Portion of the masonry wall that is buried
or partly buried in the ground, often much thicker than the wall and acts as
wall's foundation.
189. PADER/CALICANTO. Lime and Masonry Wall. A wall built of natural stones
or bricks bonded together using lime mortar.
190. TAHILAN/CAHAB-AN or VIGA DEL PISO. Floor Beam. The secondary
rectangular floor beam resting on the biga (beam) where the soleras (floor
joists) are fixed.
191. REHAS NA BUNTIS/BARRIGONES. Bulging Iron Grilles. Ornamental
grillwork with closely spaced members in scroll pattern comparable to a
bulging shape.
192. BARAKILAN. Purlin. A rectangular or square lumber horizontally laid above
rafters or top chord where galvanized roofing sheets are fixed, or in case of a
tile roof material, where battens are attached.
193. BARATEJA. Battens. A small lumber serving as clay tile roof base.
194. PENDOLON. King or Queen Post. A vertical member (either as king or queen
post) installed in a wooden truss to provide support especially for the diagonal
members.
195. PALUPO. Ridge Beam. A rectangular lumber fixed at the ridge of the roof to
provide support to the upper ends of rafters.
 196. TIRANTE. Tie Beam or Bottom Cord. A weighty piece of lumber with its ends
connected to the roof beams through lap joints in order to keep them from
spreading.
197. KABALYETE. Ridge Roll. The horizontal cap of metal or clay tile that covers
the ridge of the roof.
f. ROOF TYPES OF A FILIPINO HOUSE
198. DOS AGUAS. Gable Roof. A roof having two sloping planes, each
descending from the ridge to the eaves and forming a gable at each end.
199. KUWATRO AGUAS. Hip Roof. A roof with four sloping panels with its sides
meeting at an angle.
200. MEDYA AGWA. Awning. A roof-like structure above the windows to provide
protection from the sun and the rain.
201. SANEPA/ CENEFA. Fascia Board. A horizontal wood board vertically
attached to the rafter's end to provide a band throughout the eaves or support
the alulod (gutter).
202. MAMPOSTERIA. Rubble. A masonry wall built out of small or broken stones
or cobbles of irregular shapes.
203. LARGAMASA. Mortar. A wet mixture of cementitious materials (lime or
cement, sand, and water) that serves as bonding agent for stone blocks or
bricks.
204. PALAPALA/ANDAMYO. Scaffolding. A structure or platform, either
temporary or movable, used as supporting framework or for persons working
high above the ground or floor.
a. The scaffolding has a Puente (platform) and is supported by pies derechos
(post), machinates (horizontal), and riostra (diagonal brace).
205. ARMADURA. Frameworks. The wooden skeletal element of a wall or roof
assembled or fitted together to handle both interior and exterior finishes.
206. ESTUKO. Stucco. An exterior finish to masonry wall composed of wet mixture
of lime and sand.
207. PALITADA. Plaster Finish. The hard, protective coating of a masonry wall
composed of sand, water and lime.
208. TABIKE. Thin Masonry Wall. A type of masonry wall serving as partition in
upper floors, constructed of solid bricks that are laid or inserted in a wood
framework with x-bracing before finishing with a lime plaster or stucco.
209. PIYEDRA. Dimension Granite Stone. Blocks of granite stones often employed
for paving, steps for stairs and ground level flooring. Originally, the stones
were used as ballast for Chinese ships.
210. ASULEHOS/ AZULEJOS. Glazed Tiles. Colorful glazed tiles, originally mostly
in shades of blue, used for wainscoting and as surface finishes for floors and
stairs.
211. HALO/ MIZCLA. Mixture. A stucco of cal (lime), arena (sand), and cement.
212. KALIKANTO, CAL Y CANTO. A stucco made of lime and pebbles.
213. PLASTER. Plaster. A wet substance, usually of lime, sand, and water, applied
as either a protective or a decorative coating when it hardens for masonry
walls and ceilings.
214. KLABIHA. Wood Dowel. A piece of wood, shaped in a rectangular form, as
peg for jointing two pieces of wood in beams, columns, and rafters.
215. TABIKE PAMPANGO. Tabique Pampango. A thin masonry wall constructed
using interwoven strips of bamboo covered with lime plaster.
216. SILYAR. Dimension stone. A solid piece of quarried dressed stone, usually in
square or rectangular shape and used as interior or exterior masonry finish.
a. DE SILYAR. A Masonry Wall built out of solid dressed stones.
 217. HAGDAN/ESCALERA. Stair. The basic means of accessing upper floors
comprised of a series of steps, landing, and decorative balustrades on both
sides.
218. PASAMANO. Pasamanos, handrail. A narrow wooden handrail on top of a
balustrade that is usually at waist height to provide a handrail.
219. MADRENG HAGDAN. Stringer. The long parallel piece of lumber that holds
and supports the stairs' steps and railings.
220. BARANDILYA. Railing. A low barrier enclosing a stair composed of a rail for
grasping with hand and decorative wood panels or upright posts (balusters) at
regular intervals as supports.
221. BAITANG/HUELLA. Tread. The horizontal upper surface of a step in a stair
usually of wood or stone materials.
222. MESETA. Landing. The horizontal platform either at the foot or end flight of a
stair; or, between the flight of stairs.
223. TAKIP SILIPAN/ CONTRAHUELA. Riser. The vertical wood board between
stair treads that covers the opening between treads.
224. KAHABAAN NG HAGDAN/ TRAMO DE ESCALERA. Flight of Stairs.
Continuous series of steps in a stair between landings, or floor.
a. ESCALERA IMPERIAL. Double Return Stair.
b. ESCALERA A LA CATALANA. Double-L Stair.
c. ESCALERA DE IDA Y VUELTA. Half-Turn Stair.
d. ESCALERA DE DOS TRAMOS. Quarter Turn Stair
e. ESCALERA CURVA DE UN SOLO. Straight-run curve stair.
f. ESCALERA DE OJO. Circular Stair.
g. ESPIRAL. Spiral
h. ESCALERA RECTA DE UN SOLO. Straight-run stair.
g. FORTS
225. KUTA/FUERTE. Fort. A strong defensive place, intended for military troops,
enclosed with ditches and ramparts and protected by bastions and bartizans.
226. GARITA. Bartizan. A small tower at the upper corner of the fortified wall or
bastion as lookout.
227. PUERTA DE SANTIAGO. Fort Santiago Gate. The imposing ornamental
entrance gate of Fort Santiago in lntramuros, Manila
228. BODEGA NG PULBURA/ ALMACEN DE POLVORA. Gunpowder Storage. A
structure for the storage of gunpowder, which is often near the main
terreplein.
229. KALSADANG PANG PATROLYA/CAMINO DE RONDA. Gangway. A
continuous passageway along the perimeter of the fortified wall used for
patrolling and communicating.
230. BALWARTE/BALUARTE. Bastion. A projecting part of the fortification, round
or polygonal in plan, intended to have a number of/ firing direction for both
cannon and other weapons to defend the adjacent perimeter.
231. MERLON. The thick solid part of the parapet between crenels or embrasures.
232. CRENEL. The opening between merlons along the parapet that allows a
cannon to fire through it.
233. TERREPLEIN. The levelled, top platform of a bastion or semi bastion where
cannons are mounted.
234. PARAPETO. Parapet. The fortified parapet wall with alternate merlons and
crenels intended for defense and as wall decorative motif.
235. CARA. Face. The two outer sides of the bastions or mini bastion that meet to
form a V-shaped outwork.
 236. FLANCO. Flank. The portion of the bastion or mini bastion that protrudes
beyond the curtain.
237. EPAULE. The corner of a bastion or semi bastion where the face and flank
meet.
238. ESCARPA. Escarp. The outer slope of a rampart or fortified wall.
239. MOWT/FOSO. Moat. A wide, deep trench surrounding the rampart of a
fortified place that is usually filled with water
240. PLASA NG MILITAR/ PLAZA DE ARMAS. Military Plaza. An open space
within the fortified walls for military activities such as drills and formations.
h. IVATAN HOUSE DURING THE SPANISH ERA
241. SINADUMPARAN. A type of lvatan house usually built parallel to the road
and with stone masonry wall and thick thatch roof The masonry on the gable wall
covers the gable-end of the thick roof Traditional(y, the main house with paya
(shelves) is a one room space used for sleeping and living while the kitchen is an
independent structure. A Sinadumparan is provided with windows only on the
southern and western side due to the strong winds coming from the northern and
north eastern areas during typhoons.
242. SINADUMPARAN A BINEDBERAN. A variation of the Sinadumparan with
the thick gable-end cogon roof exposed or built above the masonry gable wall.
243. KAVAHAYAN. Village. The housing section of a Batanes town or community.
244. MAYTUAB/NITUAVAN. Another variation of the Sinadumparan house with
thick hip type thatch roofing.
245. CHIVUVUHUNG. An lvatan house having its three sides made from cogon
grass securely tied to the wall studs while the remaining wall is erected out of
stone masonry. It has a thick cogon grass roof in gable design.
246. MAYHURAHED. An Ivatan house with thick cogon roof, the lower portion of
the enclosing wall is of masonry while the upper portion is constructed using
cogon grass securely tied to the wall studs.
i. PARTS OF AN IVATAN HOUSE
247. ATEP. Roof. The top covering of a Batanes house comprised of 45 layers of a
thick bundle of cogon grass above reed matting and with wood spacers tied with
each other.
248. RIHAS. Balustrade. The entire railing system composed of wood top rail,
decorative 6alusters and bottom rail.
249. AHBU. Basement. The first floor of the house used for storing jars, boats and
other household belongings or implements.
250. RIYAN. Eaves. The portion of the thick cogon roof that projects beyond the
exterior stone masonry wall.
251. RAKUH. Main House. The living quarters of the house for sleeping, working
and eating.
a. The kusina (kitchen) has a
b. rapuyan (stove),
c. tavuhen(elevated wall for native jars),
d. padagak (built-in cabinet),
e. and dulang (low table) with
f. bangku (small chairs).

- The tukah (tie beam) above the stove, that connects the lower end of the
rafters, is often used as paya (shelf or shelves) for cooking implements and
firewood.
252. YAYIS. Batten. A bundle of two to three pieces of reeds laid horizontally and
in between bundles of cogon to fasten or tie the cogon roof.
 253. SAPAWAN. Ridge Beam. A 4" x 4" wood beam at the ridge of the roof to
support the upper ends of rafters.
254. ROSAY. The first layer of thick bundle of cogon grass roof laid directly at the
reed mat.
255. REKLAN. Binding Rafter. A 4"x4" longitudinal wood member placed at the
bottom of the rafters to tie the rafters and prevent them from moving.
256. TARUGO. Collar Beam. A piece of timber attached below the ridge to tie and
unite two opposing rafters.
257. SADUMPAD. Gable Wall. The extension of the masonry stone wall along the
shorter house dimension to cover the roof's opening.
258. TAPI. Floorboard. The boards, 1" thick and 12" wide, fixed to the floor joists
as walking surface of the house.
259. MARCU. Exterior Lintel. A horizontal piece of wood or stone over an exterior
window or door opening carrying the masonry stone wall above it.
260. SUYID. Wall Footing. The widened part of masonry stones, about 47" in
width, laid in layers to transmit loads directly to the soil.
261. TIRANTE. Girder. A 3"x8" horizontal piece of lumber resting above the
bunghalo (cantilever support) to support the floor joists.
262. MINARUMAN. Lime Mortar. Stonework mortar consisting of slaked lime and
sand. Lime in Batanes is called "amed."
263. PANAGATAN. Floor Joist. 3 "x6" rectangular beams laid parallel with each
other over a girder as support for the floorboards.
264. GADA-GADA. Masonry Wall. A wall built of natural stone, usually coral
stones, quarried and cut into blocks and bonded together using lime mortar.
265. PANGAÑIVUCAN. Roof Beam. A long piece of heavy square timber, 6"x6" in
size, resting above the longer wall of the house to support the roof's rafters.
266. BUNGHALO. Cantilever Support. A piece of timber or stone laid and
projected horizontally beyond the surface of the wall to provide support for the
roof beam or floor girder.
267. PAKAW. Rafter. A 4" x 4" parallel wood beams attached to the ridge beam
and roof beams to support the thick and heavy cogon grass roof.
268. NIDKEL. Reed Matt. A roof under sheeting in Batanes houses made from
closely-knit reeds arranged in a parallel form along the roof's ridge.
j. LIGHT HOUSE OR PARO
269. PARO OR FARO. Lighthouse. A complex light house usually located on top
of the hill containing the lighthouse tower, the pavilion, the storage and kitchen. It
is intended to provide readily available light that will guide sea vessel navigation
and keep ships and other vessels from potential hazard.
270. ALMASEN. Storage. The building where things are stored. For the
lighthouse, this building is intended for storing combustible fuel equipment and
other implements.
271. PABELYON. Pavilion. An elevated structure which contains the office and the
living quarters of the keepers.
272. CUPULA. Cupola. A domed structure usually with circular base intended as
ceiling or roof.
273. BINTANANG SALAMIN. Glass Pane. The framed glass used as wall
enclosure for the lighthouse's lantern.
274. TORE. Tower. The tall and slender structure, often of masonry or steel, which
houses the lantern on its topmost level.
275. PARAPETO. Parapet. A walkway around the lantern which is protected by
railings.
 276. BENTILASYON. Ventilation. An opening, either permanent or operable, in the
floor, interior or exterior wall, ceiling or roof to allow fresh air inside the structures
and keep off heat build-up in the interiors.
277. TAAS NG POKAL/ALTURA FOCAL. Focus Plane. The height above the
base of the tower or from the sea level where the center of the beam of light
emanates.
278. OPTIKANG FRESNEL. Fresnel Lens. An optic unit based on the design
principles of Augustin Fresnel with lens that intensifies brightly and narrows
concentrated light.
279. ILAW NG PARO. Lighthouse light. The lighting equipment comprised of lamp
and lens that gives and distributes concentrated light in a lighthouse.
280. PRISMA. Prism. A transparent object with two nonparallel planes at its end
and is used to bend the beam of light.
281. LINTERNA. Lantern. A room above the tower which houses the lighthouse's
lens with glass framed windows all around.
282. BERANDA. Veranda. An open space in front of the building usually covered
and often provided with perimeter rail or grille.
k. TOROGAN HOUSE
283. TOROGAN. Sultan’s House. A place of residence and office of the reigning
sultan and immediate members of his family. Torogan is also the community's
venue for important social events such as weddings, thanksgiving, wakes aside
from cultural rituals and spiritual-related activities.
a. Torogan is a huge one-room house with pukananan or pugigaan (mat)
assigned for every member staying with sultan and baol (wood chest) as
storage for their belongings.
b. The okir is a popular Maranao art form and is applied both in the
"sarimanuk" (wild rooster symbolizing completeness, wealth, prestige, and
power) and "panolong" (end-beam design). These art forms are
extensively used as decorations in both interior and exterior of their
houses (torogan and mala a wala1)1 boats, musical instruments such as
harp and kotiyapi (string instrument), weapons such as kampilan (sable),
danganan, and sebat (spear), and coconut grater and ladle.
c. The Maranao are dwellers of Lake Lanao and said to be of mixed
Malaysian and Indonesian ancestry.
284. MALA A WALAI. A house of the highest rank or richest datu in a "pagawid"
principality.
285. LAWIG. A house of light materials for the common people. It has no
ornamentation and is raised above ground on stilts and with or without indoor
cooking area.
286. PANOLONG. Beam-end Design. Richly carved and colorful endbeam design
that flares upward into sculptured wings with either naga (sea-serpent) or pako
rabong (growing fern) ornamentation. The naga and pako rabong panolongs are
alternately placed on the east section of the house to symbolically capture the
sun's energy.
a. ONSOD. Fence-like Motif. Triangular or pyramidal design usually applied
at the facade of the house below the window.
b. TIALI-TALI. Rope-like Motif. Rope-like design symbolizing strength and
unity generally applied at the facade of the house above the window.
c. OBAR-OBAR. Flower design often applied at the facade of the house,
including the face of the upper front and corner columns.
d. BIRDO. Growing Vine or Scroll-like motif. The most common ornamental
design symbolizing continuity both for interior and exterior uses.
287. LAMIN. Princess’ Room. A richly decorated room serving as private space for
sultan's daughter and her attendants.
288. LAPA. Princess Bed. An elevated bed with abundant ornamentation on its
sides and exclusively intended for the sultan's daughter.
289. TULANG. Kitchen. A spacious area for preparation and cooking activities
inside the house. It has also "tapaan" or fish drying area and "laya" for storing
bamboo containers.
290. PUKANAN(DINING) or PUGIGAAN (SLEEPING AREA). A mat provided for
each member living inside the house where he/she will take his/her meal and will
rest or sleep.
291. TOWA. Stairs. The main access to the upper floor level of the house with the
entire framework, including the railings, made from wood.
292. KERIT. Tread. Pieces of rectangular boards or planks of wood used as steps
in a stair.
293. LALANSAY. Hand-embroidered and lavishly embellished drapery that is
vertically hanged below "mamandiang" to cover the interior wallboards.
294. SOMANDEG. Hand-made and richly ornamented piece of cloth horizontally
laid below "lalansay."
295. MAMANDIANG. Hand-embroidered and opulent designed piece of fabric laid
horizontally above the wall where the sultan’s bed rests.
296. PANGGAO. Sultan’s Bed. The only elevated bed with rich carved
ornamentation all around its sides. The bed is oriented east-to-west and is
shared with sultan's first wife.
297. SENDIGAN. Sultan’s Area. An area located away from the entrance of the
house and designated for the sultan. It is provided with
a. bed (panggao) and richly ornamented fabric called mamandiang,
lalansay, and somandeg.
298. ATUP. Roof. A steep, thick cogon roof covering the entire house with a
flaring-end at its lower base due to the varying inclination of its roof framework.
299. PULAOS BUNGAN. King Post. The elaborately carved vertical members
above the tinai-a-walay (tie-beam) to support the roof
300. KALASAGAN. Rafter. Rectangular wood member set at a highpitch angle as
framework for the thick thatch roof.
301. TINAI-A-WALAI. Tie Beam. The thick and huge horizontal member often
elaborately carved with Maranao decorative elements that reinforces the
perimeter roof beams and supports the king post.
302. SUMANG. Hip Rafter. The second layer rafter which is connected to the lower
end of kalasagan (rafter) and with a very low inclination or pitch. The exposed
section of this rafter, located below the roof eaves, is embellished with carvings.
303. LANTAY. Floorboard. The thick wooden planks that function as floor panels
of the main house.
304. DULOG. Floor Joist. The thick and huge hand-hewn horizontal member that
supports the floor of the spacious house.
305. TUKUD. Corner Post. The massive often carved wooden column at the
corner of the house and built above the ground on huge stones or boulders.
306. TAPUWILIH. Central Post. The massive wooden column situated at the
centre of the house and aligns with the pulaos bungan (king post).
307. RUNDING. Wallboard. The thick wooden planks that are vertically installed as
house enclosure. The wallboards on the side where panolongs (endbeam
designs) are located are richly carved with decorative motifs such as tiati-tiali
(ropelike), obar-obar (flower-like), onsod (fence-like), and birdo (growing vine or
scroll-like).
l. MOSQUE
308. MASYID/MASJID. Mosque. A spiritual sanctuary for Muslim worship primarily
governed by the liturgical axis towards Makkah (Mecca). For Tausug and
Yakan, its Langgal while for the Maranaos, its Ranggar.
309. CIRCULAR MINARET. A tall tower with a circular base, attached to a mosque
and with stairs that lead towards the balcony or balconies where the muezzin
calls the faithful into prayer
310. ALLAH. Arabic term for God, the creator of the universe.
311. OCTAHEDRAL BASE OF THE MINARET. The minaret's base having eight
sides or faces.
312. MIRHAB. Prayer Niche. A niche inside a mosque that indicates the direction
of Mecca.
313. KIBLAH. Qibla. The prime orientation in Mosque Architecture which shows
the axis of prayer towards Mecca.
314. HILAL. Star and Crescent Moon. An emblem of the Islamic world placed at
the topmost portion of the onion dome roof
315. MINARET. From the Arabic "manara" meaning "giving off light"; a tall, slender
tower of a mosque where the call to prayer is pronounced.
316. ONION DOME ROOF. A bulbous ogee-shaped dome resembling an onion.
m. TOWN PLAZA
317. PLAZA COMPLEX. The layout and placement of both civic and ecclesiastical
buildings around the central plaza based on Ordenanza of 1573 (Prescriptions for
the Foundation of Hispanic Colonial Towns) or commonly referred to as the Laws
of the Indies.
318. TRAZA. The gridiron plan that defines the layout of the town or city.
319. SIMBAHAN/IGLESIA. Church. An edifice or place of Christian worship.
320. ESKINITA. Alley. A narrow road that provides access to interior lots or
buildings.
321. MUNISIPYO. Town Hall. One of the civic buildings adjacent to the plaza that
serves as the resident-office of the designated town official who has an
administrative jurisdiction over a town or city.
322. PANGUNAHING KALSADA/ CALLE REAL. Main Road. The wide or
spacious flat surface, intended to transport goods, and acts as a way of travel for
people, that is adjacent to the plaza and connecting nearby towns or cities.
323. KALSADA/ CALZADA. Road. The wide or spacious road between buildings
and houses connected to the main road.
324. PLASA/PLAZA. The wide-open space bounded by roads and adjacent to the
civic and ecclesiastical buildings of a town or city and intended for political or
social activities. In the Ordenanza of 1573 or Laws of the Indies, the plaza was
the starting point in the creation of a town or city.
325. OBELISKO. Obelisk. A slender stone with square base that tapers as it rises
and terminates with a pyramidal form at its apex. It is usually built inside the
plaza to commemorate a significant event or a person.
326. BAHAY/CASA. House. The dwelling place of a family. See also Filipino
House.
a. CASA DE VIVIENDA. big house or apartment
b. CASA GRANDE. huge house of a plantation or hacienda
c. CASA DE MADERA. log or wooden house
 d. CASA DE DOS AGUAS. Gabled roof house e. CASA DE QUATRO AGUAS.
Hipped roof house f. CASA DE MATERIALES FUERTES. house of strong materials
g. CASA DE MATERIALES LIGAROS. house of light materials
327. LOOBAN o BAKURAN. Plot. A small area of land that is or could be used for
a particular purpose, for example, where a building is constructed.
328. LINDERO. Lot Boundary. The legally defined and recorded boundaries of a
property or parcel of land.
329. HUKUMAN/KORTE or CASA TRIBUNAL. Courthouse. During
the Hispanic Period, a multi-use civic building with meeting halls for municipal
guilds, courtroom and detention for law offenders, and temporary shelter for
transient and wayfarers.
n. FORTRESS CITY
330. INTRAMUROS. Fortress City. The center of civic and ecclesiastic rule during
the Spanish period with the capital city surrounded by a strong, defensive wall for
protection and a military fort at the mouth of the Pasig River.
331. TULAY/PUENTE. Bridge. A structure built above an obstacle or depression,
enabling passage of a pathway or roadway.
332. BALWARTE/BALUARTE. Bastion. A projecting part of the fortification, round
or polygonal in plan, intended to have a number of firing direction for both cannon
and other weapons to defend the adjacent perimeter.
333. ESKWELA/ESCUELA. School. A building or complex devoted for educational
studies at differentiated levels. Schools in lntramuros during the Hispanic Period
reached to a total of ten and were all managed by religious groups.
334. MONASTERYO. Monastery. A building where religious people, monks or
nuns, retire from the world for prayer and contemplation.
335. BODEGA NG ARMAS/ MESTRANZA. Arsenal. A building for both
manufacturing and storing weapons and am unitions.
336. ALMASENES. Storehouse. A building constructed near a port for storing
goods or a space inside civic building, like casa real, to store tributes in for of
goods.
337. AYUNTAMYENTO/AYUNTAMIENTO/CABILDO. City Hall. The chief
administrative building with offices for both the gobernadorheneral (head of the
country) and the alcalde (head of the city) with their regidores (councilors).
Ayuntamiento of Manila has also space for the prison.
338. EMBARCADERO. Embarcadero. An area used as a landing place for ships
and other water vessels.
339. ADWANA.ADUANA. Custom House. A building designated for the payment
of customs and duties and where vessels are entered and clear.
340. ILOG/RIO. River. A natural stream of water collected from the precipitation of
hills and uplands towards the sea.
341. BEATERIO. Orphanage. A structure under a religious order which provides
care for the orphans.
342. OSPITAL. Hospital. A building used to give medical and surgical care to the
sick and injured.
343. KATEDRAL. Cathedral. The principal church of a diocese containing a
“cathedra” or bishop’s throne.
344. PLASA MAYOR. Main Plaza. An open public square that is adjacent to both
major roads and prestigious civic and religious buildings. The plaza mayor of
Intramuros is ailed Plaza Roma.
345. KUTA/FUERTE. Fort. A strong, defensive place intended for military troops. It
is enclosed with ditches and ramparts and protected
by bastions and bartizans.
 346. MOWT/FOSO. Moat. A wide, deep trench surrounding the rampart of a
fortified place that is usually filled with water.
347. BARYO. Barrio. A district, containing a neighborhood or area that forms a
relatively self-contained social unit. lntramuros, Manila has four barrios, namely:
San Antonio, San Carlos, San Gabriel and San Luis.
348. REBELIN/REVELLIN. Ravelin. A V-shaped defensive elevated structure,
detached from the rampart and provided with its own ammunitions serving as
outside protection of rampart and main gate/portal.
349. PUERTA. Portal. An imposing entrance, often ornamental, wide enough as
passage for both pedestrian and wheeled vehicles. The fortified wall of
lntramuros has eight main portals which include Real, Sta. Lucia, Almacenes,
Aduana, Sto. Domingo, Isabell II, Postigo, and Parian.
350. KUMBENTO/CONVENTO. Convent. A Building, either attached or beside a
church, that serves as residence of the parish priest.
351. SIMBAHAN/IGLESIA. Church. An edifice or place of Christian worship. In
lntramuros, a total of eight churches were built, namely: Capuchino, San
Francisco, Venerable Orden Tercera, Sagrario, Recoletos, San Agustin and San
Ignacio Churches.
352. MALIIT NA BALWARTE/BALUARTILLO. Mini bastion. A smaller bastion
distributed along the ramparts.
353. MURALYA. Rampart. The elevated fortified wall usually with sloping facing
wall, parapet and gangway, connected to the fort and bastions.
354. ARSOBISPADO/ARZOBISPADO. Episcopal Palace. The official residence of
the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Manila.
355. PARIAN. Originally refers to a Chinese ghetto, a place of residence, business
and trade for the Chinese settlers or merchants.

1. Kinds of Church Plan:

LINEAR PLAN

LATIN CROSS PLAN

 GREEK CROSS PLAN

2. Spaces inside a Roman Catholic Church

a. aranya, arafia, chandelier
b. atril, atril, lectern
c. badaho, badajo, bell clapper
d. bangko,banco, bench
e. blandon, blandon, large church candlestick
f. blandonsilyo, blandoncillo, small church candlestick
g. rebulto, rebulto, carved religious image
h. canojeria, chest to keep vestment in the sacristy
i. kalis, caliz, chalice
j. kandelero, candelero, candlestick
k. komoda, comoda, cabinet with drawers
l. kumpisalan, confesionario, confessional
m. krusipiho, crucifijo, crucifix
n. custodia, monstrance
o. facistol, a stand
3. TYPES OF CHURCH
a. Cathedral
b. Fortress Church
c. Funerary Chapel
d. Monastic
e. Parish
f. Pilgrim
4. ARCHITECTURAL STYLES OF CHURCHES IN THE PHILIPPINES
a. Earthquake Baroque
b. Fil-Hispanic Baroque
c. Gothic Revival
d. High Renaissance
e. Romanesque Revival