Official Notes HOA Midterm buildings, open space, cultivation and pasturing
(Hispanic) lands, and even the main procedural phases of
Bahay na Bato (Spanish Antillian House)
Architectural Analysis
PLAN
The bahay na bato is a two-storey house with
the upper floor overhanging (volada) the
ground floor. The ground floor contains the
following areas:
ZAGUAN – where the carriage and saints’ float
(andas) are usually kept.
CUADRA - horse stable
BODEGA – a storage room for keeping old
furniture and palay bins
ENTRESUELO – a mezzanine elevated at about a
meter from the ground. The master of the house
is the only person who has access to this, for this
is where he keeps his money and jewelry. The
entresuelo is used as an office (oficina or
dispacho) by the owner of the house or as a
bedroom during siesta hours, a bedroom for an
unmarried aunt or uncle, or a bedroom for an
overnight guest.
PATIO – it is an enclosed courtyard open to the
sky and adjacent to the zaguan. The second
floor has the following areas:
CAIDA – the most immediate room from the
stairs, it is a spacious hall used for entertaining
friends; an antesala; and all purpose room for
dining, sewing or even dancing.
SALA – is the living room where balls and dances
during fiestas and other special occasions take
place
COMEDOR – dining room
COCINA- the kitchen which is sometimes built
separately from the house but connected to the
house proper by causeway.
DISPENSA – the room adjacent to the kitchen
used as food storage
COMUN or LATRINA – the toilet which is usually
adjacent to the service
BAÑO or PALIGUAN – the bathroom often built
separately from the toilet
AZOTEA – a flat, open terrace open to the toilet,
bath and kitchen areas; it is often forms as an
extension of the house used as a Laundry-drying
space and service area for the servants.
CUARTO, ALCOBA, or DORMITORIO – bedroom
BALCON – the overhanging balcony where one
can watch procession or parades passing the
street or simply a conversation area overlooking
the street.
ALJIBE – the cistern used for the storage of
collected rainwater. This is often located
underneath the azotea.
Philippine Hispanic Churches, Infrastructures
And the Laws of the Indies
Laws of the Indies – the royal ordinances
proclaimed by King Philip II on
July 23, 1573. This was to establish a criterion in
the planning of cities,
towns, and villages as well as for the governing
of Spanish colonial
settlements in the Americas and the Philippines.
These laws provided guidelines for site
selection, layout and dimensioning of streets
and squares, the location of civic and religious
planning and construction.
▪ Characteristics:
▪ elevated location
▪ an orderly grid of streets
▪ a central plaza, a defensive wall, and zones for
churches, shops, government buildings,
hospitals,
and slaughterhouses.
▪ Encapsulates the classicist theories of urban
design
proposed by Vitruvius and Alberti.
ARCHITECTURAL ANALYSIS OF PHILIPPINE
HISPANIC CHURCHES
1. PLAN
Initially, the plan adopted for Philippine
churches was the
basilican type with a single nave. Later the
church plan was in the form
of a pseudo-Latin cross. A tpical church plan is
arranged as follows:
a. Nave- This is the central aisle. The main
entrance opens to
the nave which terminates in the sanctuary, the
focal point of the
church. An impression of length is achieved
through the unobstructed
view of the altar from the main entrance.
Sometimes side aisles are
provided and are separated from the nave by
arcades and colonnades.
Naves of large churches usually measures from
80 to 100 m long and 22
m wide.
b. Apse – Located at the end of the church
which houses the
altar. Sacristies are usually placed on both sides
or sometimes behind it.
This is used by the priests when preparing for a
religious ceremony and
are also used for keeping vestments and sacred
vessels. Sometimes
sacristies contain small altars and baptismal
fonts for the performance of
simple and private ceremonies.
c. Choir Loft – This is found right above the main
entrance behind the front façade and often
spans the whole
width of the church. It is sometimes rectangular
in plan or
curves outward towards the nave.
d. Bell tower / Campanille – This form as an
integral
part of the church. They function in various ways
as:
1. An architectural landmark of a town or a city
2. A watchtower for sighting of enemy attack or
raids
3. A communication system for various events
like Mass
and calls for morning and evening prayers,
weddings,
baptisms, funerals, or alarms for impending
dangers.
e. Transepts – This is a later addition to the
church.
Most often the transepts do not follow the usual
norm of
proportion as used in the Latin cross plan of
European churches.
They are short and placed so near the apse that
it forms a T-shape
plan rather than the normal Latin cross.
f. Baptistry – Few meters from the doorway, the
baptistry may be found either on the left or right
side of the
church. Either opened or enclosed by iron grilles,
a large
baptismal font dominates the area.
Parts of a Church
▪ Altar mayor, main altar.
▪ Sagrario, tabernacle.
▪ Pulpito, pulpit.
▪ Retablo, elaborately ornamented altar screen.
▪ Sacristia, where the priest and his assistants
put on
their robes before the mass.
▪ Coro, choir loft.
▪ Tribunas, screened gallery
Church Complex
▪ Church
▪ Convento, parish house or rectory.
▪ Campanarios, bell towers.
PHILIPPNE
HISPANIC CHURCHES
PAOAY CHURCH,
Paoay, Ilocos Norte
built in 1699 by Antonio Estavillo, completed
1702-1710
Saint Augustine Church.
■ Most outstanding example in the Philippines
of 'Earthquake Baroque'.
■ Volutes of contrafuertes (buttresses) and in
the pyramidal finials of wall facades.
■ Massive coral stone belltower.
STA. MARIA CHURCH,
Sta. Maria, Ilocos Sur
- constructed late 18th century, 85 steps
leading to the church was built by
Augustinian Benigno Fernandez
 Church of Nuestra Señora de la Asunción.
 Situated on a hill surrounded by a defensive
wall.
 Separate pagoda-like bell tower at the
midpoint of the nave wall.
 The brick walls are devoid of ornament but
have delicately carved side entrances and
strong buttresses.
BARASOAIN CHURCH,
Barasoain, Bulacan
1871-1878 : stone church was constructed to
replace wooden structure; 1880 – earthquake
ruined the church
• 1885 : Augustinian Juan Giron commissioned a
builder named Magpayo to rebuild the church
• variation on the circle motif
• flutings on pilasters with ends blunted into
semicircles detract from the NeoClassical
• belltower has a cubic base, three layes
accented by blind and open windows, top has
crenellations and six-sided cone
• The seat of Malolos Congress on Sept. 15, 1898
and the
MIAGAO CHURCH,
Miagao, Iloilo
■ Sto. Tomas de Villanueva Church
■ Stands on the highest point of Miag-ao, its
towers serving as lookouts against Muslim raids.
■ It is the finest surviving example of 'Fortress
Baroque'.
■ The facade epitomizes the Filipino
transfiguration of western decorative elements.
San Agustin Church
Intramuros, Manila.
■ The Church of the Immaculate
Conception of SanAgustín.
• oldest church in the Philippines; built 1587-
1607 by Juan Macias according to the plans
approved by the Royal Audencia de Mexico and
by a Royal Cedula
■ First church to be built in Luzon.
■ Only structure in Intramuros to survive WWII.
■ High Baroque style retablo.
■ Ceiling paintings in the trompe l’oeil style.
■ Chinese fu dogs at the entrance.
VIGAN
CHURCH
Vigan, Ilocos Sur
• finished in 1800
• located within the grid iron planned streets of
a colonial town
• baroque elements include protruding
columns and solid frames; three arched
doorways leading to three naves at the first
level, guarded by ionic pillars with chinese fu
dogs
• urn-like finial at pediment
SAN SEBASTIAN CHURCH,
Manila
(The first and only all-steel church in Asia; Neo-
Gothic.)
by Genaro
Palacios in Revivalist
architecture
made entirely of steel;
Basilica Minore del Santo Niño; Cebu. by Diego de
Herrera
(Oldest church in the Philippines.)
Bantay Church (Shrine of Our Lady of Charity);
Ilocos Sur. (Belfry served as a watchtower for
pirates; Neo-Gothic.)
Carcar Church (Church of Sta. Catalina de
Alexandria); Cebu. (Minaret-like bell towers; Neo-
Mudejar.)
Manila Cathedral; Intramuros, Manila.
(Restoration, Fernando Ocampo; Neo-
Romanesque)
QUIAPO CHURCH
Manila
Ar. Juan Nakpil 1933
OUR LADY OF MANAOAG CHURCH
Manaoag, pangasinan
Ar Roque Ruano  Encomienda

CALASIAO CHURCH The colony was divided into parcels assigned to

Calasiao, Pangasinan a Spanish colonist (encomendero) who was
 2nd best bell tower mandated
 by Fr. Ramon Dalinao to “allocate, allot or distribute” the resources of
the domain.
CALASIAO CHURCH
Calasiao, Pangasinan  System of Cities and Towns
 2nd best bell tower The institution of a hierarchal settlement
 by Fr. Ramon Dalinao system. Cabecera (city) or poblacion (town),
core of the municipality. Barrios, adjacent
LAS PINAS CHURCH barangays.
Las Pinas Church
 by Fr. Diego Cera Intramuros
Famous in the world for Las Pinas bamboo - The walled city of Manila
organ - 1.2 sq. KM in area; perimeter is 3.4 KM
- home of the Spanish (except for the Friars &
LOBOC CHURCH the high ranking officials)
Loboc, Bohol - decentralization occurred and settlements
 biggest number of murals on walls and ceilings were built in Malate, San Miguel, and Paco,
among other areas
MANILA CATHEDRAL
Manila Cathedral Extramuros
 by Bishop Domingo Salazar Living beyond the walls.
▪ Pueblos, villages outside the walls.
MORONG CHURCH ▪ Parian, a separate urban quarter designated to
Morong , Rizal the Chinese community .
 Spanish Baroque style ▪ Dilao, Japanese community.
 by Fr. Blas dela Madre
 Cuadricula
PANAY CHURCH A system of streets and blocks laid out in a grid
Panay Church pattern, with uniform precision.
largest bell, from 30 sacks of coins donated by
townspeople Plaza Complex
Grid pattern of streets with the main
QUIAPO CHURCH plaza at the center surrounded by the
Quiapo, Manila church, the tribunal, other government
restored by Juan Nakpil and Jose Maria buildings, and the marketplace.
Zaragosa
Fortresses
TAAL CHURCH Characterized by heavy stone walls, moats, and
Taal, Batangas grid
by Fr. Martin Aguirre road layouts. Bastions, keeps, and watchtowers
biggest church were
also built to cover blind spots.
STA. ANA CHURCH
Sta. Ana Church, Manila Fort Santiago
by Fr. Vicente Ingles Intramuros, Manila.
restored by Juan Nakpil - defense fortress built for Spanish conquistador,
Miguel López de Legazpi. The architect of Fort
Conservation Santiago was a Jesuit Fr. Antonio Sedenio.
▪ RA 10066 (National Heritage Law)
▪ RA 10086 (National Historical Commission of Parts of a Fort
the ▪ Cortinas, thick perimeter walls.
Philippines Law) ▪ Bastiones or baluartes,four-sided bulwarks
skirting the cortinas on both ends.
Instruments of Urbanism ▪ Foso, moat.
▪ Reducción ▪ Casamatas, stone embrasures where artilleries
▪ Encomienda system were propped up.
▪ System of cities and towns
▪ Cuadricula Institutional Buildings
▪ Colonial infrastructures Monumental civic architecture epitomized the
colonial institutions under the Spanish
 Reducción governance.
The formerly scattered barangays were brought
together and reduced in number and made into Ayuntamiento
compact and larger communities to facilitate Intramuros, Manila.
religious conversion and cultural change. ■ Also known as Casa del Ayuntamiento, Casa del
Cabildo, Casa Consistorial, or Casa Real.
■ As a seat of colonial governance, it housed
several administrative offices and archives.
Palacio Real
Intramuros, Manila.
■ Also known as Palacio del Gobernador General.
■ Residence of the highest official of the land.
■ Malacañang Palace, the summer residence of
the Governor General
Other civic buildings
▪ Real Audiencia, or Tribunal, trial court.
▪ Aduana, customs house.
▪ Hacienda Publica, treasury.
▪ Municipio, Casa de Municipal, or Casa Real, a
smaller version of the Ayuntamiento in the
provincial towns.
▪ Casa Hacienda, expansive structures housing
spaces for the administrators and his workers on
a landed estate.
Educational and Scientific Buildings
The various religious orders fulfilled the
missionary tasks of bringing education,
healthcare, and social welfare to the indigenous
subjects.
Schools
University of Sto. Tomas, Manila.
Oldest established university in Asia. Built in 1611.
■ Colegio or universidad, found in the urban
areas.
■ Escuela primaria,found in different pueblos.
Hospitals
▪ Hospital Real, first hospital; built by the
Franciscans; catered only to the Spaniards.
▪ Hospital de San Gabriel, for the Chinese in
Binondo.
▪ Hospital de San Lazaro, for the lepers.
water was offered to the public free of charge.
Commercial Buildings
Spain attempted to establish an Asian trading
empire to be based in Manila. Soon the city
became one of the major colonial port cities in
Southeast Asia.
Shops
■ Alcaiceria de San Fernando, very first large
commercial structure; silk market in Binondo;
housed stores for Chinese merchants and
government offices.
■ Tabacaleras, tobacco and cigar factories;
Cigarreras, female workers.
■ The bahay na bato was later retrofitted to
have room for commercial function.
■ Sari-sari store and carinderias
Hotels
■ Hotel la Palma de Mallorca,Hotel de Paris, and
Hotel de Espana, foremost hotels in Intramuros.
■ Casas de huespedes, boarding houses; less
expensive lodgings.
Banks
■ Banco Español-Filipino de Isabel II, first bank
built; initially housed in the Aduana.
Domestic Structures
Dwellings reflecting the differences in social
class.
Accesorias
■ Apartment dwellings
■ Evolved from the need of migrant laborers for
cheap housing in commercial and industrial
areas.
■ Vivienda, each unit; has a zaguan, sala and
sleeping quarters.

Observatories
▪ ObservatorioAstronomico y Meteorologico de
Manila, or the Manila Observatory; established
by the Jesuits to assist in forecasting typhoons.

Industrial Buildings
Because of the Hispanic urban program, living
standards were elevated through urban
infrastructure and public works.

Bridges
■ Puente de España (Bridge of Spain), built after
the destruction of Puente Grande (first and only
bridge crossing the Pasig River) in the 1863
earthquake.

Train Stations
■ The Tutuban Station of the ManilaDagupan
railway line; served as the main terminal for all
northbound destinations.

Lighthouses
■ The Pasig Farola, the oldest lighthouse in the
Philippines; also
known as the San Nicolas lighthouse.

Water System
■ The Carriedo Waterworks installed the piped-
in water system. The