HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4
SPANISH COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE
The bahay na bato is a Filipino
structurebdeveloped during the Spanish
colonial era, adapted from the vernacular bahay
kubo as evidenced by its skeletal structure
being a house on stilts.
ARQUITECTURA MESTIZA
The style is a hybrid of Austronesian, Spanish,
and Chinese; and later, with early 20th-century
American architecture.
BAHAY-NA-BATO
 bintanang capis (capiz windows) and
extensive use of
 sustainable elements such as double
facade, wide eaves and awnings,
louvers, floor to ceiling operable walls
and partitions to maximize natural
daylighting and ventilation, cross and
stack ventilation systems,
FEATURES
PROTECTIVE ELEMENTS
 Hipped roof pitched steeply from 30° to
60° with ceiling height from 3.00m to
4.50m
 Clay tile and nipa but later revised by GI
sheets
 Overhang eaves surround the house
 Roof vent are provided for air
ventilation
 an open courtyard as sun and wind
catchers.
CIRCULATORY ELEMENTS
 Approach to 2nd floor is through a
grand stairway of 2.00m wide. First 3 is
made of marble and rest of wood with
handrails of carved wooden baluster
(barandillas)
 Window - sliding panels with capiz
shells or wooden jalousies (persianas)
 Smaller ventanillas are placed below
the large window sill and often with
grilles
 Window awnings (tapancos or media
aguas) were placed over the window
openings for additional protection
 Tracery (calados) – continuous air
circulation in the interior found in the
upper wall above the window
PARTS
 Zaguan-carriages and saint’s float
(andas) are kept
 Bodega-a storage room for keeping
old furniture and play bins
 Aljibe-water cistern found
underneath the azotea
 Entresuelo-mezzanine elevates at about
a meter from the ground and found
underneath the master bedroom
 Patio-an enclosed courtyard open
to the sky and adjacent to the
 Cuadra-the horse stable
SECOND FLOOR
 Caida-the most immediate room
from the stairs used for
entertaining guests
 Sala-the living room where balls
and dances are held during special
occasions
 Cuarto, Alcoba,
Dormitorio
  Volada, Balcon
overhanging balcony
bedroom
 Dispensa
pantry; -adjacent to the kitchen
for food storage
 Comedor
Kitchen
 Comun, Latrina
toilet that is adjacent to the
service area
 Banyo, Paliguan
bathroom built separately
 Azotea-open terrace

REGIONAL VARIANTS
Manila-has some of the most diverse styles and
materials of bahay na bato, ranging from the
early period of Spanish colonization to the
American era
North Luzon-Northern Luzon has some of the
best preserved bahay na bato in the whole
hilippines.
Calabarzon-region with some of the most
thoroughly-preserved heritage houses, built
mostly using adobe stones.
Central Luzon-Bahay na bato inBulacan and
many in Central Luzon are famous for their
carvings
Visayan-Most bahay na bato in Visayas uses
coral stone material though many are still
adobe and bricks. Cebu, Bohol, Negros and Iloilo
are famous for their bahay na bato houses.
CHURCHES-Spanish Colonial Architecture
Characteristic Simple, patterned after early
Christian types
 Linear Plan
 Latin Cross Plan
 Greek Cross
Thick walls reinforced with heavy buttresses for
earthquakes protection Materials used include:
volcanic tuff (adobe), hardened lava, volcanic
ejecta, sandstone, river boulders, clay, corals,
limestone, oyster shells, eggs
BASIC PARTS
 Iglesia simbahan, church. An edifice or
place of Christian worship
 Escuela, school-in a church complex, a
building intended for educational
studies especially for kids.
 Baptisterio-independent structure or a
space near the church entrance, or at
the first level of the bell tower
 Plaza Iglesia-a huge open space in front
of the church intended for religious
activities or ceremonies
 Campanario- a tower that is either
attached or at a distance from the
church; supports one or more bell.
 Convento-building attached or beside a
church that serves as residence of the
parish priest
CHURCH TYPE
 Catedral-Principal church of the diocese
housing the cathedra or bishop's
throne.
 Fortress Church-A church built with
fortification for defensive purposes in
times of strife.
  Funerary Chapel-a chapel,
conspicuously built inside a campo
santo (cemetery) for the funeral
Ceremony or service.
 Monastic Church- The principal church
of a religious order built beside their
monastery complex
 Parish church- A church strategically
built at the heart of town and plaza. It is
intended for a particular ecclesiastical
unit, such as city or town, and under the
jurisdiction of the resident priest
assigned by the bishop.
 Pilgrim church A church built to house a
miraculous image with a passageway
behind the altar for the veneration of
the image of the devotees.
CHURCH ARCHITECTURAL STYLE
Earthquake Baroque An architectural style
coined to refer to the massive Filipino Churches
with thick walls and elements of Baroque style
such as scrolled buttress, volute, plain facade
with pilasters and ornamental urns.
FILIPINO HISPANIC ROCOCO architectural style
in Filpina Churches which combine fanciful and
elegant designs of shellework and foliage of
Rococo Architecture with scrolls, rocaille and
Philippine flora and fauna ornamental motifs
GOTHIC REVIVAL An architectural style in
Philippine churches reviving the spirit and form
of Gothic Architecture, late 12th to mid of 16th
century, characterized by pointed arch, ribbed
vault, flying buttress, tracery windows, slender
pier and column, and lofty steeple
High Renaissance An architectural style based
on Italian Renaissance Architecture, late 15th to
early 16th century, typified by heavy
rustification, facade filled with classical
elements and illusion of sculptural volume in
design.
RomanesqueRevival An architectural style in
the late 19th century applying the elements of
the Romanesque style including round arch,
thick wall, small window and division of
interiors into compartment bays.
CHURCHES
1. BARASOAIN CHURCH, BULACAN
 Our Lady of Mt. Carmel Parish
 Early builders: Augustinians (1859)
 Stone church was constructed to
replace wooden structure
2. BINONDO CHURCH, MANILA
 Early builders: Dominicans (1596)
 Supervision of the dome by Domingo
Cruz y Gonzalez (1781) In 1596,
Dominican priests founded Binondo
church to serve their Chinese converts
to Christianity as well as to the native
Filipinos.
3. LAOAG CHURCH, ILOCOS NORTE
 St. William’s Cathedral
 Designed by Fr. Joseph Ruiz Famous for
its sinking bell Tower
4. MORONG CHURCH, RIZAL
 St. Jerome Parish Church
 Designed by Fr. Blas dela Madre
 Exquisite Spanish Baroque Style
5. PANAY CHURCH, ROXAS CITY
 Santa Monica Parish Church
 Has the largest bell in the country, from
30 sacks of coins donated by towns
people
 The bell was cast by Juan Reina in about
1884
6. SAN SEBASTIAN CHURCH
 Basilica Minore de San Sebastian
 The 1st to be recognized as the
“all iron church in the World”(1991)
 Early builders by Augustinian
 Recollects then Engr. Don Genaro
Palacios y Guerra designed the present
7. CALASIAO CHURCH, PANGASINAN
 Parish Church of Saints Peter and Paul
 Designed by Fr.Ramon Dalinao
 Known to have the 2nd best bell tower
 Its massive bricks or "ladrillo"
8. LOBOC CHURCH, BOHOL
 St. Peter the Apostle Parish Church
 One of the oldest structures in stone in
Bohol
 Known to have the biggest number of
murals on walls and ceilings Built by the
Jesuits in the 17th Century
9. MALATE CHURCH, MANILA
 Our Lady of Remedies Parish
 Mexican Baroque-style church
 Early builders: Augustinians (1591)

UNESCO world heritage list of churches

1. SAN AGUSTIN CHURCH, INTRAMUROS

MANILA
 2. PAOY CHURCH, ILOCOS NORTE
3. STA MARIA CHURCH, ILOCOS SUR
4. MIAGAO CHURCH, ILOILO
MANILA: city of God
Intramuros : Ciudad Murada
 Known as the Walled City or “City
Within the Walls” Capital of the
Philippines during Spanish regime and
center of the Spanish empire in Asia
Consists of two parts:
a. Military establishment at the mouth of the
Pasig River (Fort Santiago)
b. Citadel or Walled City
 Different from Provincia de Manila
(encompasses the arrabales or suburbs)
known as the Extramaduras and other
28 towns
 Cuadricula (Grid Pattern) Square or
rectangular blocks on parallel and
perpendicular streets crossing one
another
 An 1851 map of Intramuros
 Bastion de San Diego
1581 – Fr. Antonio Sedeno designed a circular
roofed fortification in the style of medieval
towers on the southwestern side of the city
called Nuestra Senora de Guia Known today as
Baluarte de San Diego
Nuestra Senora de Guia-One of the oldest
stone fortification in Intramuros
FORT SANTIAGO
Fortress built between 1596 and 1602 on the
land promontory between the sea and the Pasig
River Most important and oldest fortification
built in Manila
Named in honor of St. James, slayer of Moors
(Santiago Matamoros)
The fortification consists:
Falsabarga – low rampart built in front
of the main fortification
Fortins or reductos – small forts or
redoubts
Cortina – Curtain wall that linked the
bastions together
Revellin – outer fortification that
protects the gate
Bastion - a protruding structure with
facing flanks built along the Cortina
Foso – moat
Escarpa – scarp, embankment of the
moat
Capilla Real – Royal Chapel
Garita – sentry post
Maestranza – military arsenal
Parian – Chinese market
Plaza de la Fuerza (Fortress Plaza or
Plaza Moriones) – public promenade
Postigo – a small gate which serves as
an emergency egress
Puerta Real – Royal Entrance
INTRAMUROS GATES
 Puerta Real-Gate facing the sout
 Puerta de Parian-Gate facing the east
 Puerta Isabel II-One of the gates facing
the north
CIVIC BUILDINGs
1. Aduana/Intendencia-Custom house
which serves as central treasury
 2. Audencia-Superior Court and also
housed jail
3. Ayuntamiento (Casas Consitoriales or
Cabildo)
4. City Hall or Town Council Hall
5. Palacio del Gobernador Residence and
office of the governor general

ECCLESSIASTICAL BUILDINGS

The Eight Major Churches of Intramuros

Recoletos Church and convent

1. St. Ignatius Church

2. Lourdes Church
3. San Francisco Church and Convent
4. Jesuit Church and monastery
5. Manila Cathedral
6. San Agustin Church
7. Santo Domingo Church

ECCLESSIASTICAL BUILDINGS

San Agustín Church (1604), a permanent miracle

in stone, a church built in the "severe baroque"
style with Spanish and Italian influences
imported from the "Virreinato" of Mexico.

There were Eight Schools

1. Colegio de Santa Catalina

2. Universidad de Santo Tomas
3. Colegio de Santa Rosa
4. Colegio de Santa Potenciana
5. Manila High School
6. Ateneo de Manila
7. Colegio de Santa Isabel
8. Colegio de San Juan de Letran

CATHEDRAL PARTS

FORTRESS parts
Parish church parts

FORT
TOWN PLAN