SPANISH PERIOD

IN THE
PHILIPPINES
 RELIGION

SPAIN HOPED TO SPREAD CHRISTIANITY INTO CHINA

WHY THE
PHILIPPINES? PHILIPPINES’ CENTRAL LOCATION IN THE PACIFIC, NEAR
THE COLONIES OF OTHER EUROPEAN POWERS, GAVE
SPAIN A NAVAL ADVANTAGE

ARCHITECTURE IN THE PHILIPPINES IS THE RESULT OF

NATURAL DEVELOPMENT ENRICHED WITH THE
ABSORPTION OF VARIED SOCIAL, CULTURAL AND
RELIGIOUS INFLUENCES
 A CONGLOMERATION OF VARIOUS ARCHITECTURE

DEFINITION OF REGIONALIZED
PHILIPPINE
ARCHITECTURE ETHNIC

FOLK ARCHITECTURE – mixture of pre-western culture

and western culture brought from Spain & America
ARCHITECTURE IN SPAIN (1521-1899)

SPANISH RENAISSSANCE

SPANISH BAROQUE

SPANISH COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE

NEOCLASSICAL STYLE
RENAISSANCE
ARCHITECTURE
Use of human scale
SAN AGUSTIN CHURCH, INTRAMUROS
SPANISH
BAROQUE
• CHURRIGUERESQUE
• SPANISH BAROQUE STYLE OF
ELABORATE SCULPTURAL
ARCHITECTURAL ORNAMENT
WHICH EMERGED AS A MANNER
OF STUCCO DECORATION
OUR LADY OF THE GATE
CHURCH OF STO. TOMAS DE
ALBAY
VILLANUEVA
ILOILO
 • THE COMBINATION OF THE NATIVE
AMERICAN & MOORISH DECORATIVE
INFLUENCES WITH AN EXTREMELY
EXPRESSIVE INTERPRETATION OF THE
SPANISH CHURREGUERESQUE MAY ACCOUNT FOR
THE FULL-BODIED AND VARIED CHARACTER
COLONIAL OF THE BAROQUE IN THE AMERICAN
ARCHITECTURE COLONIES OF SPAIN
• WE ARE MORE MEXICANS RATHER THAN
SPANISH
• MANILA-ACAPULCO GALLEON TRADE
SPANISH MISSION ARCHITECTURE
GUIMBAL CHURCH
ILOILO
DANAO CITY CHURCH
CEBU
NEOCLASSICAL STYLE
MAESTRO DE OBRAS
NATIONAL ARTISTS
FIRST ARCHITECT • FELIX ARROYO ROJAS
WHO ACTED AS
ARCHITECTS
PRIOR TO THE • SPANISH FRIARS
MAESTRO DE • THE FRIARS ARMED WITH THE DESIRE
OBRAS? TO CONVERT THE FILIPINOS TO
CHRISTIANITY TOOK THE TASK OF
BUILDING THE IMPRINTS OF THE
CATHOLIC RELIGION
HOSPITAL
REAL, 1564
INTRAMUROS, MANILA, 1571
FORT SANTIAGO
• Within the vast walled enclosure of
Intramuros lie 51 blocks, covering a
total area of about 66 hectares.
There are 7 fortified gateways around
the walls, granting access in or out of
the city. The moat was actually added
to the main structure in 1603, 32
years after the city was built. The
district contains many hospitals,
military barracks, domestic
accommodations, schools, 12
churches, and the Governor’s Palace.
• built in 1593, is a citadel built by
Spanish navigator and
governor Miguel López de Legazpi for
the new established city of Manila in
the Philippines.
EARTHQUAKE
BAROQUE
 The Implementation of the hybrid type of construction called
arquitectura mestiza was characterized by the use of wood in
ARQUITECTURA the upper floor and stone in the lower floor, house posts
(haligues) supporting the second floor, stone floors at the
MESTIZA ground floor acting as a solid curtain concealing the wooden
framework within, and wooden pegs and dovetailed joints
connecting the wooden structural system together.
ACCESORIA
(APARTMENT
DWELLINGS)
• LAST QUARTER
OF THE 19TH
CENTURY
• SINGLE OR TWO-
STOREY
• MULTIPLE UNITS
CALLED
VIVIENDAS
 BAHAY NA BATO (ANTILLEAN HOUSE)

PEN & INK SKETCH OF ELEVATION &

PERSPECTIVE ( LABEL PARTS IN ELEVATION )

PERFORMANCE PORTRAIT FORMAT

TASK
COVER PAGE FORMAT
TITLE: BAHAY NA BATO (ANTILLEAN HOUSE)
DUE DATE : JULY 13, 2023
 Asymmetrical

Low-pitched flat, gable, or hip roof, typically with no

overhang
Tile roof

GENERAL Half-round arches, doors and windows

CHARACTERISTICS
Stucco over adobe brick or adobe brick exterior walls

Plaster interior walls

Ornate tile, wrought iron and woodwork

 EDUCATION WAS MOSTLY RUN BY THE
CHURCH
EARLY AUGUSTINIANS OPENED A SCHOOL IN
PERIODS OF CEBU IN 1565
EDUCATION FRANCISCANS IN 1577
DURING THE
SPANISH JESUITS IN 1581
OCCUPATION
DOMINICANS IN 1587 WITH FIRST MISSION
IN BATAAN
UNIVERSIDAD DE SAN IGNACIO, 1590
MANILA
COLEGIO DE SAN ILDEFONSO, 1595
CEBU ( USC )
UNIVERSIDAD DE SANTO TOMAS,
1611
COLEGIO DE SAN JOSE, 1601
MANILA
 UNESCO HERITAGE SITES
BAROQUE CHURCHES IN THE PHILIPPINES
PAOAY CHURCH, 1694
ILOCOS NORTE
SAN AGUSTIN CHURCH, 1586
INTRAMUROS MANILA
MIAGAO CHURCH, ILOILO
CHURCH OF LA NUESTRA DE LA ASUNCION
ILOCOS SUR
SPANISH COLONIAL FORTIFICATIONS IN THE
PHILIPPINES
STRONGHOLDS CONSTRUCTED BY FILIPINOS & SPANISH UNDER THE RULE OF
THE SPANIARDS IN THE PHILIPPINES

PROTECTION AGAINST LOCAL AND FOREIGN AGGRESSORS

EARLY FORTS WERE MADE OF PALM TREE LOGS AND MOUNDS OF EARTH

LATER WERE MADE OF ADOBE OR OTHER TYPES OF STONE

FORT DEL PILAR, ZAMBOANGA FORT SANTIAGO, INTRAMUROS
 UNDER SPANISH RULE, IT
SERVED AS FORTRESS OF
DEFENSE, PENAL
INSTITUTION AND A
STATION FOR CUSTOMS
INSPECTIONS,BUT ALSO A
SIGNAL OUTPOST TO WARN
MANILA

THE ISLAND CAME UNDER SPANISH

SOVEREIGNTY ON MAY 19, 1570.
CORREGIDOR WAS USED AS A
SUPPORT SITE FOR THE 9 GALLEONS
USED DURING THE SPANISH
CAMPAIGN
 Introduction of the gridiron arrangement – plaza complex

Dominant structures were the church and town hall around

the town plaza
URBAN
PLANNING Streets were laid out to provide route for religious
processions
(COLONIAL
PERIOD) Around the edifice revolved the residence of the Spaniards,
the principalia and the masses

Towards the 19th century, road building programs were

initiated by the Spanish government. The Manila-Dagupan
railway lines was constructed.
LESSON 3 :
AMERICAN PERIOD
(1898-1946)
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4
DOMESTIC
STRUCTURES
THE TSALET
 ITALIANATE
VICTORIAN
MISSION REVIVAL
VARIOUS NEOCLASSIC
PERIODS & NEO-GOTHIC
STYLES NEO-RENAISSANCE
ART DECO
STREAMLINED DECO
BAUHAUS
ITALIANATE
REVIVAL OF ITALIAN RENAISSANCE

• SQUARE COPOLAS OR TOWERS

• ELABORATE CLASSICAL DETAILINGS
• WIDE OVERHANG EAVES WITH CLOSELY SPACED
DECORATIVE BRACKETS
• TALL & NARROW SQUARE OR ARCHED WINDOWS
• L-SHAPED PLANS
• ARCADED PORCHES WITH BALUSTRADES
• LOW-PITCHED OR FLAT ROOF
VILLA LIZARES,
ILOILO
MALACANANG PALACE
VICTORIAN
REVIVING AND/OR COMBINING THE ELEMENTS OF GOTHIC & ITALIANATE STYLES

• STEEP GABLED ROOF & DORMERS

• CONED-SHAPE TURRETS OR SQUARE TOWER W/ MANSARD ROOF
• INTRICATE OR RICHLY ORNAMENTED PANELLING, TRUSSES & BRACES
• PANELLED EXTERIOR WALLING WITH EITHER HORIZONTAL, VERTICAL &
DIAGONAL LINES
• WIDE OVERHANGING EAVES WITH EXPOSED RAFTER ENDS
MISSION REVIVAL
ORIGINATED IN THE US AT THE END OF THE 19TH CENTURY REVIVING &/OR EMPLOYING THE
ELEMENTS OF SPANISH COLONIAL REVIVAL STYLE

• USE OF LOW-PITCHED ROOF

• STUCCO FINISH EXTERIOR WALL
• WIDE EAVES WITH CLOSELY SPACED EXPOSED RAFTERS
• FRONTISPIECE WITH EXPOSED GABLE WALL
• IMPOSING SQUARE TOWERS WITH PYRAMIDAL ROOF
NEOCLASSICAL ( BEAUX ARTS CLASSICISM )
GREEK + ROMAN CLASSICAL + IDEAS OF RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE

• GRANDIOSE SYMMETRICAL COMPOSITIONS & FAÇADE

• COLONNATED PORTICO W/ GRAND STAIR & IMPOSING COLUMNS
• BALUSTRADED BALCONIES
• PRONOUNCED CORNICES & ENTABLATURES
• TRIANGULAR PEDIMENT
NEOGOTHIC
REVIVING THE ARCHITECTURE VOCABULARY OF GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE

• LOFTY FACADES
• POINTED ARCHES
• SOARING SPIRES
• RIBBED VAULTING
• FLYING BUTTRESS
• RICH ORNAMENATION AND TRACERY
NEO-RENAISSANCE
ORIGINATED IN ITALY DURING THE REVIVAL PERIOD IN THE 19TH CENTURY

• HIP TYPE TILED ROOF WITH LOW-PITCH OR INCLINATION

• EAVES WITH SUPPORTING DECORATIVE BRACKETS
• EMPLOYMENT OF DETAILS SUCH AS COLUMNS, PILASTERS,
PEDIMENTS, QUOINS AND ARCHES
• SYMMETRICALLY BALANCED
URBAN PLANNING IN THE
AMERICAN PERIOD
MAESTRO DE OBRAS
• The first formal school for master builders was opened during the
last decade of the 19th century
• On Sept. 14, 1902, many of the graduates of this school joined the
civil engineers and surveyors in the country and founded the first
professional organization of architects and allied professionals: the
ACADEMIA DE ARQUITECTURA y AGUIMENSURA de FILIPINOS
(AAAF)
• It maintained direct consultation with the American Institutes of
Architects (AIA)
• A year after, its name was changed to ACADEMIA de INGINIERA,
ARQUITECTURA y AGRIMENSURA de FILIPINAS (AIAAF)
• In 1904 it founded the first school of Architecture in the Phils.
MAESTRO DE OBRAS
• The school, named Escuela de Ingenieria y Arquitectura, which
offered 5 year courses in Architecture & Civil Engineering
• In 1911, the AIAAF was dissolved when the civil engineers withdrew
to form their own professional organization
• In 1921, the Philippine National Assembly Act No. 2985 passed the
first enabling law for the practice of the professions of engineering &
architecture as unique & separate identities of the two professions
MAESTRO DE OBRAS
• Among the first Filipino architects, Arcadio Arellano was the first to
be engaged by the Americans, serving as consultant to the
Governor-General William Howard Taft in 1901
• More rendered public service through the Bureau of Public Works,
most notably the pensionados who received academic scholarships
in the US: Carlos Barretto (1903) Antonio Toledo (1910), Tomas
Mapua (1911), Juan Arellano (1912)
• They became the most influencial Filipino architects of the time
FIRST GENERATION OF
FILIPINO ARCHITECTS

• Tomas Bautista Mapua

• First registered Filipino architect
• Founder and first president of the Mapua Institute
of Technology in 1925
 St. Lasalle Hall, 1920

Manila Post Office, 1926

With Juan Arellano
FIRST GENERATION PF
FILIPINO ARCHITECTS

• Tomas Arguelles
• Due to the Engineers & Architect’s Law of 1921,
he was allowed to practice architecture because
of his experience as maestro de obra
• Obtained the title of Perito Agrimensor at Colegio
de San Juan de Letran
HEACOCK DEPARTMENT STORE, ESCOLTA
FIRST GENERATION OF
FILIPINO ARCHITECTS

• Antonio Manalac Toledo

• Graduated with a degree in Architecture at Ohio
State in 1911
• Was one of the pioneer professors of Mapua
Institute of Technology
MANILA CITY HALL, 1930’S
FIRST GENERATION OF
FILIPINO ARCHITECTS

• Juan Marcos Arellano

• Attended the Ateneo Municipal de Manila and
graduated in 1908
• Went to the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts
in1911 & transferred to Drexel to finish
Architecture
• He was trained in the Beaux Arts
 MANILA METROPOLITAN
THEATER

CEBU PROVINCIAL
CAPITOL
THE DEMISE OF THE SPANISH EMPIRE AT THE END OF
THE 19TH CENTURY SIGNALED THE EMERGENCE OF
MONUMENTAL NEOCLASSICISM IN THE PHILIPPINES &
SIGNIFIED THE ADVENT OF AMERICAN COLONIALISM &
ITS CULTURAL DOMINANCE
This style in a way gave continuity to a form of government
that shifted from Spanish to American colonial rule. A military
government was soon established to conduct various modes
of pacification in the region.

The American troops pledged freedom and a more civilized

way of life. The Filipinos, with the exception of those who
rebelled, responded with great optimism.