ATD1 – TROPICAL DESIGN

TOPIC 2
AR. ANNA MARI VALINO, uap, aia
PHILIPPINES - A TROPICAL COUNTRY
Architecture in the Philippines today is the result
of a natural growth enriched with the absorption
of varied influences. It developed from the pre-
colonial influences of our neighboring Malay
brothers, continuing on to the Spanish colonial
period, the American Commonwealth period, and
the modern contemporary times.
What is the first architecture in the Philipp
The earliest records of pre-colonial
architecture in the Philippines
are rock shelters and caves in
Palawan. Early Filipinos are nomadic
since they are constantly in search for
food through hunting or fishing so
they mainly rely on nature when
creating shelter and do not need to
build permanent structures
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PHILIPPINES - A TROPICAL COUNTRY
Pre-Hispanic Era

These shelters were predominantly rectangular in

shape with thatched roofs and standing on
stilts so that the whole structure may be lifted
and transported to a new site since early Filipinos
constantly travel to look for food.
These structures were of light construction, simple
in plan and built with the use of locally available
materials – with wood, bamboo and palm thatch,
a vernacular architecture created by native
Filipinos with little to no architectural expertise or
knowledge.
The earliest records of pre-colonial architecture in
the Philippines are rock shelters and caves in
Palawan. Early Filipinos are nomadic since they
are constantly in search for food through hunting
or fishing so they mainly rely on nature when
creating shelter and do not need to build
permanent structures
PHILIPPINES - A TROPICAL COUNTRY
The earliest records of pre-colonial
architecture in the Philippines are rock
shelters and caves in Palawan. Early
Filipinos are nomadic since they are
constantly in search for food through
hunting or fishing so they mainly rely
on nature when creating shelter and do
not need to build permanent structures
The first buildings during the early
years of Spanish occupation were
of wood and bamboo, materials with
which the pre-Hispanic indigenous
Filipinos had been working expertly
since early times known as bahay kubo
(later named by the Americans as "nipa
hut"). Bahay kubo roofs were made of
nipa palm or cogon grass.
These structures were of light construction, simple
in plan and built with the use of locally available
materials – with wood, bamboo and palm thatch,
a vernacular architecture created by native
Filipinos with little to no architectural expertise or
knowledge.
The bahay kubo, also known as payag (Nipon) in
the Visayan languages, is a type of stilt
house indigenous to the Philippines. It often serves
as an icon of Philippine culture.
Bahay Kubo or Nipa Huts were the native houses
of our indigenous countrymen and were utilized
since the pre-Hispanic Era. This house design
remains the house most identified with Filipino
culture.
ANATOMY OF A BAHAY KUBO

It (usually) features a three-layered

structure
There are three areas in the bahay
kubo: bubong (roof), silid (living
space), and the silong (space
underneath). The traditional roof of
the bahay kubo is made of long
sleeves stacked together to form
sharp edges.
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE
ASSIGNMENT:
RESEARCH ON DIFFERENT VERNACULAR
ARCHITECTURE OF THE PHILIPPINES.
EX: FALE - IFUGAO HOUSE OF BANAUE
PHILIPPINES - A TROPICAL COUNTRY
Spanish Colonial Era
Large churches with towering bell towers and
elegant facades distinguish the Spanish colonial
architecture of the Philippines. This style emerged
when Spain invaded the Philippine Islands in the
16th century. The Spanish brought Catholicism
with them, which eventually became the
dominant religion in the Philippines.

Bahay na bato

Bahay na bato (Filipino for "stone house"), also known

in Cebuano as balay na bato or balay nga bato and
in Spanish as casa Filipino, is a type of building
originating during the Spanish colonial period of the
Philippines.
PHILIPPINES - A TROPICAL COUNTRY

The bahay na bato is a Filipino structure

developed during the Spanish colonial era,
adapted from the local bahay kubo as evidenced
by its skeletal structure being a house on stilts.
Good examples of early Philippine architecture are
the Rizal house in Calamba and Laguna and the
Luna house at Badoc, Ilocos Norte. The best
Spanish quarters are still in existence in Vigan,
Ilocos Sur, and Taal in Batangas. There are also
notable old houses in Ilo-ilo, Cebu, and Manila.
It is an updated version of the traditional bahay kubo of the
Christianized lowlanders, known for its use of masonry in its
construction, using stone and brick materials and later synthetic
concrete, rather than just full organic materials of the former style.
Its design has evolved throughout the ages, but still maintains
the bahay kubo's architectural principle, which is adapted to
the tropical climate, stormy season, and earthquake-prone
environment of the whole archipelago of the Philippines, and fuses
it with the influence of Spanish colonizers and Chinese traders. It is
one of the many architecture throughout the Spanish Empire known
as Arquitectura mestiza.
ANATOMY OF A BAHAY NA BATO

The bahay na bato is a Filipino structure

developed during the Spanish colonial
era, adapted from the local bahay
kubo as evidenced by its skeletal
structure being a house on stilts. Proving
that the bahay na bato is Filipino was a
step forward in reclaiming our
independent existence as a people—
one with rich culture, tradition, and
heritage long before our islands were
colonized.

1. Rehas 2. Bolada 3.
Dingding 4. Bintanilya
5. Bintana 6. Alero 7. Brazo
8. Kolonet
9. Abanico Bintana
ANATOMY OF A BAHAY NA BATO

1. Saguan 2. Bodega 3. Alhibe 4. Sala

5. Dispensa 6. Komedor 7. Kuwarto 8. Kaida
9. Kusina 10. Kubeta 11. Banyo 12. Azotea
VERNACULAR TERMS FOR BAHAY NA BATO

Saguan or Zaguan Kusina or Cocina

The space, after the entrance, that serves as transition A room where food is prepared and cooked.
space between the entrance and the grand stairs to the
upper floor that is used as storage for
Kuwarto or Cuarto
carriages, processional floats and where other
implements are kept.
A bedroom usually adjacent to the sala having a bed,
Bodega
dresser, cabinet and a table.
An enclosed room or space where things are stored.
Mirador

A viewing space on a tower like structure built above the

Escalera or Hagdan main house or at an Azotea and surrounded by windows
or decorative latticework.
The basic means of accessing upper floors comprised of
series of steps, landing and decorative balustrades on Asotea or Azotea
both sides.
The flat roof of the alhibe usually at the back of the kusina and
used as an elevated outdoor terrace or service area.
Dispensa

A service room or pantry adjacent to a kusina and Verandah

komdeor for storing the food supplies and otherr
provisions.
The ground floor porch.
VERNACULAR TERMS FOR BAHAY NA BATO
Kolonet or Colonnete
An upright and slender decorative wood column usually
placed between window opening.
Mala-Abanikong Bintana
A fan light or a half-circle window above the door
transom with radiating wood or metal bars
typifying an open fan.
Rehas
An ornamental grille metal work as screen or barrier
for windows, balconies or stair rails.
Rehas na Buntis or Barrigones
An ornamental grille work with closely-spaced members
in scroll pattern comparable to a bulging shape.
Bintana or Ventana
An opening in the external wall of a house or building
intended to allow light and ventilation for interior space
and provide view of the outside.
Espeho or Espejo
A panel between the window header and eaves
for exterior wall and above the door jamb and
ceiling for interior partition.
Kalado or Calado
Term for fretwork or pierced board.
Persiana
A louver window with wooden frame and thin slanting
wooden slats that is either fixed or movable as solar
protection to admit natural ventilation.
Bintanilya or Ventanilla
The small window between the floor and the window
sill used to allow natural light and ventilation to the interior.
It is provided with an external protective enclosure of
decorative wood balusters or ornamental metal grille and
operable wall.
VERNACULAR TERMS FOR BAHAY NA BATO

Brazo
Balconaje
A decorative element of wood or metal
The second floor balcony.
provided below the roof's eaves.
Bolada or Volada
Alero
A portion of the upper floor structure that protrudes the lower
floor exterior wall to provide additional space on the upper floor A colonial term for eaves.
and shade for the lower floor.

Bano or Banyo Zuelo or Sahig

A room intended for washing and bathing. A Colonial term for floor.

Kubeta or Cubeta
A room with a latrina or toilet, a receptacle for human waste
where ash from the kusina is poured to eliminate the odor.
Alhibe or Aljibe
A cistern or enclosed masonry structure
for storing water for households and other uses.
PHILIPPINES - A TROPICAL COUNTRY
LATE 20TH CENTURY
In the late 20th century, modern architecture with
straight lines and functional aspects was introduced,
particularly in the Brutalist architecture that
characterized government-built structures done in
the Marcos period.

During this period many of the older structures fell

into decay due to the imposition of martial law. After
the return of democracy in 1986, a new age of
Philippine architecture came into focus through
modernism. Early in the 21st century, a revival of the
respect for the traditional Filipino elements in the
architecture returned.
PHILIPPINES - A TROPICAL COUNTRY

Who is the most influential Filipino architects of the 20th century?

Francisco "Bobby" Tronqued Mañosa

(February 12, 1931 – February 20, 2019) was a Filipino

architect considered one of the most influential Filipino
architects of the 20th century for having pioneered the art
of Philippine neovernacular architecture.
PHILIPPINES - A TROPICAL COUNTRY
LATE 20TH CENTURY
During the 19th century, wealthy Filipinos built some fine houses, usually with solid stone
foundations or brick lower walls, and overhanging, wooden upper story with balustrades and
kapis shell sliding windows, and a tiled roof.

The beauty of Philippine architecture reflects its history and culture. It is a blend of indigenous,
Chinese, Spanish, American, and Asian influences with a mixture of Western-style buildings.

GOVERNORS MANSION BOHOL

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BATASANG PAMBANSA COMPLEX

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COBANGBANG ANCESTRAL HOUSE

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CALVO BUILDING
PHILIPPINES - A TROPICAL COUNTRY
THE NEW MILLENNIUM
Modern architecture in the Philippines
is characterized by its use of new materials and
technologies, such as reinforced concrete, steel, and
glass. The style is also known for its clean lines,
minimalist design, and lack of ornamentation.

Modern architecture in the Philippines is a manner

that emphasizes personal expression, minimalism,
and utility. It's also about embracing change and
adapting to varying circumstances.

The term “Modern architecture”

describes architecture designed and built within the
social, artistic, and cultural attitude known as
Modernism. It put an emphasis on experimentation,
the rejection of predetermined “rules,” and freedom
of expression in art, literature, architecture, and
music
PHILIPPINES - A TROPICAL COUNTRY

Who is the Filipino architect known as modernist?

Pablo Sebero Antonio, Sr.

(January 25, 1901 – June 14, 1975)[1] was a Filipino architect.

A pioneer of modern Philippine architecture, he was recognized in

some quarters as the foremost Filipino modernist architect of his time.
The rank and title of National Artist of the Philippines was conferred on
him by President Ferdinand Marcos in 1976.

Antonio was born in Binondo, Manila on January 25, 1901. He

was orphaned by the age of 12, and had to work in the daytime in
order to finish his high school education and work at night. He studied
architecture at the Mapua Institute of Technology but dropped out of
school.
Ramon Arevalo, the engineer in charge of the Legislative Building
project, funded Antonio's education at the University of London. He
completed a five-year architecture course in three years, graduating
in 1927
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FEU MAIN BUILDING FACADE

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IDEAL THEATER
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WHITE CROSS ORPHANAGE

PHILIPPINES - A TROPICAL COUNTRY

CAPITAN LUIS GONZAGA BULDING

PHILIPPINES - 21ST CENTURY MODERN ARCHITECTURE
21ST CENTURY PHILIPPINE
ARCHITECTURE
A growing tendency in the 21st century is eco-
architecture, also termed sustainable architecture;
buildings with features which conserve heat and
energy, and sometimes produce their own energy
through solar cells and windmills, and use solar
heat to generate solar hot water.
How technology in the 21st century influences the
evolution of architecture?
In the 21st century, the advent of computer-
aided design, computer- assisted collaboration,
construction automation, “intelligent” buildings,
and “virtual” places, promise to have as much of
an impact on architectural design processes and
products as earlier technological advances have
had.
The beauty of Philippine architecture
reflects its history and culture. It is a
blend of indigenous, Chinese, Spanish,
American, and Asian influences with a
mixture of Western-style buildings.
How do you describe modern
architecture?
The term “Modern architecture”
describes architecture designed and built
within the social, artistic, and cultural
attitude known as Modernism. It put an
emphasis on experimentation, the
rejection of predetermined “rules,” and
freedom of expression in art, literature,
architecture, and music.
PHILIPPINES - 21ST CENTURY MODERN ARCHITECTURE
21ST CENTURY PHILIPPINE
ARCHITECTURE
Who introduced modern architecture in the
Philippines?

Leandro Valencia Locsin (August 15, 1928 –

November 15, 1994) was a Filipino architect, artist,
and interior designer known for his use of concrete,
floating volume and simplistic design in his various
projects. An avid collector, he was fond of modern
painting and Chinese ceramics. He was proclaimed
a National Artist of the Philippines for
Architecture[1] in 1990 by the late President Corazon
C. Aquino.

One of the better know pioneers of Brutalist

architecture in the Philippines is Leandro Locsin.
In his designs, the primary material of concrete is
present within structures such as arts centers,
airport terminals, stock exchange structures, and
the like.
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21ST CENTURY PHILIPPINE
ARCHITECTURE

CALAMBA CITY HALL

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21ST CENTURY PHILIPPINE
ARCHITECTURE

BACOOR CITY HALL

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21ST CENTURY PHILIPPINE
ARCHITECTURE

MALACAÑANG OF THE SOUTH

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PHILIPPINES - 21ST CENTURY MODERN ARCHITECTURE
PHILIPPINES - 21ST CENTURY MODERN ARCHITECTURE
PHILIPPINES - 21ST CENTURY MODERN ARCHITECTURE
PHILIPPINES - 21ST CENTURY MODERN ARCHITECTURE