PHILIPPINES ETHNIC

HOUSES
(Southern Philippines)
1. CAVE : TABON CAVE
 Location: Lipuun Point, Quezon, Palawan
Date of Excavation: 1962-1966
Excavated by: The National Museum headed by Robert Fox, an
anthropologist, and his colleagues

The Tabon Caves is a 29-cave complex

(which 17 have been excavated) of
archaeological artifacts and fossilized
bones of the Tabon Man.
 It is considered as the oldest known habitation in Southeast Asia, and one
of Asia’s great Upper Paleolithic archaeological sites. It is the habitat of
men in the archipelago not just a few millennia before Christ, but more
than 50,000 years.
 It have yielded the oldest-known Filipino skull, earth wares dating to 890-
710 B.C., a 2000-year old jar, and other artifacts and fossilized human
bones.

The skull is carbon dated to be 22,000 years old. Evidences from these
caves suggest a cultural chronology that embraces more than 50,000 years
of Philippine prehistory. The excavations in Tabon Cave have clearly
established the presence of Pleistocene man in the Philippines.
Caves
2. LEAN-TO

1. Wind shield or one-sided lean-to with or without flooring.

2. Single-pitched roof supported by rafters.
 Materials used for walls, roof and floor framing were rattan and bamboo.
 Sheathing – nipa, palm leaves, banana leaves coconut fronds or grass.
- used by negritos, ati, ata, aeta and dumagat.
LEAN TO
 3.TREE HOUSE
 built in forked branches of 6m to 18 m. high trees atop 4.5 m to 6m high
stumps which served as foundations.
 bamboo used for framing, flooring and walls.
 Rattan used for securing the whole framework
 nipa palm as roofing.
 Used by the Gaddang and Kalinga in Luzon.
 Manobo,Mandaya of Mindanao, Bagobo of the Gulf of Davao, mandaya, Bilaan
and Ilongot.
TREE-HOUSE
BADJAO
BADJAO
 The Badjaos are popularly known as the "Sea Gypsies" of the Sulu and
Celebes seas. They are generally boat dwellers whose religion is ancestor
worship mixed with Islamic influences.
 The term "Badjao" is a Malay-Borneo word which connotes "man of the
seas" or Orang Laut in Bahasa Malayo.
 Badjaos maybe divided into two groups: the southern Badjao and the
northern Badjao.
 The southern Badjao is located on the islands of Tawi-Tawi, Sibutu and
Semporna(Sabah)
 The northern Badjao is located in Siasi, Jolo, Basilan and Zamboanga.
BADJAO HOUSE
 ARCHITECTURAL ANALYSIS
1. PLAN
- Elevated house
-DJENGING- used for storage and sleeping.
 3.6 m in length
 Made of bamboo slats nailed permanently to floor joists.

2. STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
- Interior space was enclosed by wooden walls nailed permanently for
protection against elements.
3. PROTECTIVE ELEMENTS
- Headroom .90 m. did not allow anyone so stand erect.
4. CIRCULATORY ELEMENTS
- Doors and windows were provided in cabin to allow light and air inside.
5. DECORATIVE ELEMENTS
- Mirror in the sala- indicate the no. of children the family had.
 Used to drive away evil spirits.
UPLAND BAGOBO
BAGOBO
 The heavily ornamented Bagobo live along the desolate eastern coast of
the Gulf of Davao.
 In imitating the metal art works of the Moros (Muslim Warriors), the tribe
has produced an ornate tradition in weaponry, and inlaid, bell-jangled
metal boxes.
 The Bagobo also weave abaca cloths of ruddy earth tones, and weave
baskets.
UPLAND BAGOBO
 “Bagobo” comes from “bago” meaning “new, recent” and
“obo/obbo/uvu” meaning “growth, grow,” so that the term refers to a
recent formation of people along the coast of the Davao Gulf.

The term may loosely apply to the coastal

people of Davao Gulf, especially those
native groups on the western shores of
southeastern Davao.
These groups include several ethnicities,
such as the Tagabawa, Jangan or Attaw,
and Tagacaolo.
 ENVIRONMENTAL SITUATION : Upper stretch of Pulangi and Davao Rivers.
 ARCHITECTURAL ANALYSIS :
1. PLAN
- BUILT on stilts had its floors on different levels.
- Flooring made of strips of palma brava.
- Elevated floor use as sleeping area for members of the family.
- Special sleeping place for unmarried daughter
 Unmarried son sleeping areas located on boards placed underneath the roof.

- Hearth located near the main door.

2. STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
- Walls made of bark of tree.
 Sleeping area 1.80m high made of flattened bamboo.

3. PROTECTIVE ELEMENTS
- House covered by steep gable roof made of bamboo grass or bark.
4. CIRCULATORY ELEMENTS
- Absence of window.
 Small hole cut through the walls allows the occupant to observe people
outside.
 Provide small amount of light for weaving, decorating of clothing and spinning.
 COASTAL BAGOBO
 ENVIRONMENTAL SITUATION
 Hills east and south of Mt. Apo and the coastal towns of Daliao, Sta. Cruz and
Digos behind the Davao gulf.
 ARCHITECTURAL ANALYSIS
1. PLAN
- Datu house designed to accommodate large gathering.
- Used as defense center and ceremonial house.
2. STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
- Piles were used to support the house
3. PROTECTIVE ELEMENTS
- Gabled roof was made of bamboo with thatch covering.
4. DECORATIVE ELEMENTS
- Sleeping platform used to display gongs and old jars -- Symbol of wealth
and hanging spirit altars and decorated poles for deities of warfare.
BAGOBO HOUSE
BILAAN
BILAAN
 The word "Bilaan" could have derived from "bila," meaning "house," and
the suffix "an," meaning "people," so that the term may be taken to mean
"people living in houses." 

The Bilaan inhabit the southern part of South Cotabato and

southeastern part of Davao del Sur, as well as the areas around
Buluan Lake in North Cotabato. 
Some Bilaan live on Sarangani Island, off the coast of Davao del Sur,
although they are referred to as Sarangani Manobo.
 Other Bilaan groups on this island have been referred to as Balud or
Tumanao. 
 The Bilaan share similarities in culture and physical features with the
neighboring Tagacaolo and the Tagabawa.   
 ARCHITECTURAL ANALYSIS
1. PLAN
- The house was designed with floors in varying levels of two to five
with each level made few centimeters above the other.
- Floor made of timber covered with broad strips of barks.
 Platforms were placed outside the walls drying areas and as a place for their
dancalan- which was a wooden plate with handle used for chopping meat.
 Large stove used as `a fireplace and cooking area
 Underneath the house cage for horses pigs and dogs.
2. STRUCTURAL ELEMENT
- Poles with length of 6m and made of hardwood material were used
as uprights to which side beams and cross beams were attached by
lashings.
3. PROTECTIVE ELEMENTS
- Roof was single pitch made of flattened bamboo and had overhanging
eaves of approximately .30 m from the walls.
4. CIRCULATORY ELEMENTS
- Stair made of long, wooden log with notches was provided. But one did
not immediately enter the house, he did so from the lowest platform
which formed as the landing or the entry porch.
- Doors are provided while windows are few and small.
TAUSUG HOUSE
 The Tausug speak bahasa sug, a Malayo-Polynesian language related to the
Visayan variety spoken in Surigao, and write in a Malayo-Arabic script
known as jawi or sulat sug.

The Tausog of Sulu, one of the Muslim peoples of the

Philippines, are known as seafarers; but they build their
houses on land, away from the shore.
A site is considered lucky if it is flat and dry or if it gently
slopes westward, that is, towards Mecca.
 The traditional Tausog house rests on nine posts, each signifying a part of
the body the neck, shoulders, navel, ribs, groin, and hips.
 Basically a one room house, the Tausog dwelling includes a porch and a
separate kitchen.
 A distinguishing feature of the house is an elaborately carved wooden
finial called tajuk pasung placed at one or both ends of the roof ridge.
 (It was a carving in the form of the manuk-manuk bird showing a stylized
head and neck of a rooster or a stylized design of a naga dragon).
TAUSUG HOUSE
YAKAN
 The Yakans are the traditional settlers of Basilan Island in the Southern
Philippines, situated to the west of Zamboanga in Mindanao.
 Typical Yakan house houses have three main components: the main house,
the kitchen and the porch.
 The main house is a single room, with no partitions and has various
functions such as a venue for social affairs, weaving area and as sleeping
quarters.
 The kitchen serves as the cooking and eating area. There was a bridge
connecting the kitchen and the main house.
 The pantan or the porch is the main entry to the house, it can be open or
roofed, also the main wooden ladder is located here.
 Water jars and dugtung or large bamboos crafted as water containers are
also places here.
 The houses of the Yakan people face the east, and according to their
beliefs the building materials should be stockpiled also in the east.
 The sapiaw or the roof is made of a steeply pitched cogon on bamboo or
timber frames. The walls are made of wooden bamboo strips called
sawali. The floor may be made of bamboo but often times it is made of
timber.
 There are no ceilings and only one window or tandiwan was allowed for
the main house . The tandiwan and ladder were allowed at the kitchen
house.
 ARCHITECTURAL ANALYSIS :
1. PLAN
- Elevated on piles about 2 to 3m. above the ground
 Single room structure rectangular in plan- 50 – 100sqm floor area.
- No partitions
 Main room with door leading to the kitchen and another roofed porch running
the length of the house.
 Mezzanine for the young girls family.
 Kitchen used as the family's dining area.
 Stove above where bamboo ladles, coconut shells and fish driers are hung.
 Porch used for entertaining guests and resting place for the household.
2. STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
- Posts were made of sturdy wood
- Walls made of sawali
3. PROTECTIVE ELEMENTS :
- Steep ridged roof covered with cogon thatch
 Roof sloped downwards and broke into a light angle upward towards its lower
side.
 Roof eaves overhang the wall at .50 m.
4. CIRCULATORY ELEMENTS
- Ladder with notched poles and steps in odd number.
 Ladder for the kitchen.
 Doors oriented towards the east for prosperity
  Small windows- belief that bad spirits could not pass through the small
openings quite easily.
5. DECORATIVE ELEMENTS
- living room- cloth weaving loom located near the door which lead to
the porch outside
 Wooden or bamboo boxes for palay which may be used as benches for visitors,
clothes chest, brass metal containers,-for betel and mats.
ILONGOT
 The Ilongots are a tribe who inhabit the southern Sierra Madre and
Caraballo Mountains on the east side of Luzon Island in the Philippines.
 Presently, there are about 2500 Ilongots. The Ilongots tend to inhabit
areas close to rivers, as they provide a food source and a means for
transportation.
  For mutual protection, aid and association, the people in each locality
are banded into a group.
 The chief or head of a group is called a beganganat.
 There are usually about eleven or more houses in the group which is called
an alipian.
 The chief has an assistant called a macatoy.
 They are chosen for their leadership, ability, and age.
 The chief’s word is absolute and he rules for life.
 After his death, the assistant takes his place and a new assistant is
elected.
 ARCHITECTURAL ANALYSIS
1.PLAN
- Communal type of house allowed several families within the structure
but partitions are not provided to separate the family.
 Flooring- rattan strips
 Elevated 1.5m from the ground
 Approx. area 77.5 sqm- 187.5 sqm.
 Center of the floor was a 7.5 sqm -77.5 sqm floor space sunk .15m. Below the
floor line.
 One side of the sunken area –apportioned spaces for each family.
 Remaining spaces of 1.2m to 1.5m were used for fireplaces and storage
spaces per family.
2. STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
- Wooden posts structural supports
 Walls low and open at the upper part or high and entirely closed above.
3. PROTECTIVE ELEMENTS
- Roof- thatched sloping pyramidal type
 Booth ends of the ridge were projecting wood with curved upward
simulating a pair of horns.
4. CIRCULATORY ELEMENTS
- Stair- single notched pole leading to a single main door.
 Clerestory above the low wall provided ventilation to the house.
5. DECORATIVE ELEMENTS
- Skulls of animals as decorations
HILIGAYNON
Hiligaynon (or "Ilonggo")
 The Hiligaynon are the indigenous inhabitants of the large coastal plain of
East Panay island.
 Over the years, intermigrations and intramigrations have contributed to
the diaspora of the Hiligaynon to different parts of the country.

Now, the Hiligaynon form the majority in Iloilo province, Capiz province,
Negros Occidental province, Guimaras province, and Sultan Kudarat
province.
They are part of the wider Visayan ethnic group, who constitute the
largest Filipino ethnic group. They speak Hiligaynon language and also
speak Cebuano in Sultan Kudarat, South Cotabato, and Siquijor as second
language.
 Houses are raised 9 to 13 feet (3 to 4 meters) off the ground; walls are of
plaited (braided) bamboo, and roofs are of nipa or coconut palm leaves or
cogon grass.
 Sulay, bamboo, or timber props, are placed against all sides of a house to
keep it from being blown away by typhoons.
 The room for receiving guests is separated from the rest of the house by a
wall; a sofa and two side chairs occupy the space immediately inside the
front door.
 Small children of both sexes sleep together, but once they are older, boys
sleep near the door and girls sleep in a bedroom at the back.
 Animals are kept under the house, and rice is stored there (if not in a
separate granary structure).
 The house lot is enclosed with a bamboo fence or a hedge of ornamental
plants; fruit tree groves and gardens are nearby.
LUSARAN VALLEY HOUSE
 LUSARAN VALLEY HOUSE
- Lowland of Cebu
 ARCHITECTURAL ANALYSIS
1. Plan
- Elevated approx. .90 m from the ground
 Rectangular, L shape square shape and T shape and variation called
double T- two wings were added perpendicularly to the axis of the main
house.
 Kitchen- contained hearth made of earth
 Open shelf for the water jug and other utensils.
- Open platform made of bamboo used for dishwashing, preparing food
pounding the grain , brush teeth and wash feet.
2. STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
-POSTS- made of tree trunks which were burried.90 m into the ground.
 Bamboo- beams, floor joists and wall.
3.PROTECTIVE ELEMENTS
- Roof- hipped/ gabled covered with cogon grass
 Butterfly roof was used over the kitchen designed to lead the smoke
outside the kitchen area.
4. DECORATIVE ELEMENTS/ FURNISHINGS
- Long bench and a table permanently attached to the wall- found in
the corner of the living room.
MAGAHAT
 Steep hills on top of hills or along creeks and rivers in deep valleys of
Southern Negros Island.
1. Plan
- Square or rectangular
 Space within used as receiving room and a kitchen, dining area and as a
bedroom.
 2.5om above the ground
 Made of bark of trees, bamboo splits or split trunks of palm trees.
2.STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
- Long posts used as columns buried .50 m below the ground.
 Beams attached to poles by tying them with rattan.
 Walls- split bamboo, bark or rattan leaf thatches.
3. PROTECTIVE ELEMENTS
- Gable roof framing supported by log beams.
 Roof beams tied to ridge pole
 To prevent rain from entering the house bark of trees or split bamboos
were placed over the ridge poles.
4. CIRCULATORY ELEMENTS
- 0.10m diameter log with notches on one side was used as main stair to
the house.
 Can be drawn or removed and hidden when magahat leave house.
 Main door 1.0m wide oriented to the east.
5. DECORATIVE ELEMENTS
 No furniture-ceilings filled with trophies of jawbones of a wild pig or deer
antler, hornbill heads or legs of wild chicken.
MANDAYA
 Mandaya" derives from "man" meaning "first," and "daya" meaning
"upstream" or "upper portion of a river," and therefore means "the first
people upstream".
 It refers to a number of groups found along the mountain ranges of Davao
Oriental, as well as to their customs, language, and beliefs.
 The Mandaya are also found in Compostela and New Bataan in Davao del
Norte.
1. Plan
- Tree houses of two kinds:
A. rested directly on the limbs of trees whose size and shape were dictated
by the direction to which the supporting branches grows.
B. built on top of tree stumps of 4.5 to 6.0m high.
- Planned with living room, enclosed bedrooms, small porch adjacent to
the living room and an earth covered hearth found in the rear of the
house.
 Flooring- bamboo strips or beaten barks secured by rattan lashings.
2. STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
- 2 to 3 foundation posts were extended upwards to support the roof.
 Walls- flattened bamboo strips or nipa poles with nipa palms.
3. PROTECTIVE ELEMENTS
- Gable roof made of bamboo framing
 NipaPalm coverings
 From the roof ridge sloping downwards up to the eaves several bamboo
poles were placed on which the nipa covering were lashed.
4. CIRCULATORY ELEMENTS
- Stairs led to entry porch made of single notched tree or from bamboo
poles.
 Small windows if provided
5. DECORATIVE ELEMENTS
- Suspended from rafters were the swing made of bamboo and
`reserved for the honored guests or for the other who rocks the baby
to sleep.
 BUDJAK- fighting spear gear inserted between the rafters
 Guitar, bamboo flute
 Back loom occupied a space for cloth weaving activity of women.
MANGYAN
 Mangyan is the generic name for the eight indigenous
groups found in Mindoro island, each with its own tribal
name, language, and customs.
MANGYAN HOUSE
 "Mangyan" is the collective name of seven ethnolinguistic group inhabiting
most of the highland region of Mindoro.
1. Plan
• COMMUNAL HOUSE- elevated from the ground at 1.50 m high. One
room structure 6 m. x 10m.- rectangular in plan.
• PALAGANAN-passageway leading from the main door- lower than the
platforms.

•Visitors might sleep along the palaganan- most of the time

used as an extra storage space for families.
•Flooring made of large logs laid parallel to each other and
attached to the joists by vines or rattan lashing
 STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
- Walls made of bark of trees one meter above the flor
 PROTECTIVE ELEMENTS
- House plan covered by a gabled roof with cogon grass thatching.
 CIRCULATORY ELEMENTS
- Ladder -4 steps- led to the palaganan.
 No windows , openings provided through the space between the flooring
and the underneath surface of the wall
MANOBO
 "Manobo" or "Manuvu" means "person" or "people"; it may also have been
originally "Mansuba" from man (person or people) and suba (river), hence
meaning "river people."

A third derivation is from "Banobo," the name of a creek that

presently flows to Pulangi River about 2 km below Cotabato City.
A fourth is from "man" meaning "first, aboriginal" and "tuvu"
meaning "grow, growth." Manobo " is the hispanized form.
 The Manobo Belong to the original stock of proto-Philippine or proto-
Austronesian people who came from South China thousands of years ago,
earlier than the Ifugao and other terrace-building peoples of the northern
Luzon.
 Social Organization and Customs
 The traditional social structure consists of four classes: the bagani, the
baylan, commoner, and slave. The bagani class, now gone, defended the
community and went to battle.
 The baylan, who can still be found, is a male or female priest and healer.
The commoners were farmers; and the slaves, who had been seized in
raids, belonged to the ruler and were usually given away as part of the
bride wealth.
 Village members could also become enslaved if they could not pay the
penalty for a crime they had committed, such as thievery, destruction of
property, adultery, or verbal offense.
 Slaves, however could win their freedom through diligence in the
fulfillment of their duties, faithfulness to their master, or payment of
their debt through servitude.
 Slaves who were treated like members of the family although still in
servitude are bilew, and it was considered an insult if they were referred
to as slaves.
 Lowland of Agusan, Bukidnon, Davao, Misamis Oriental, Cotabato
 ARCHITECTURAL ANALYSIS
1.Plan
- built .15m to 2.10m above the ground.
 Kitchen first one to be built
 Flooring .30 m. to .37 m. lower than the house proper.
 Flooring made of withered bark of mahogany tree or split bamboo.
2. STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
 4 or more corner posts were used as main supports to the house,
numerous poles support to the floor.
 3.6m x3.6m = 4 posts extending up to the roof
 Beyond the limit more posts and more poles of about 20 to 50 were
provided for the flooring.
3. PROTECTIVE ELEMENTS
- Main house protected with sundried cogon grass gabled roof shaped like
an inverted V.
 Roof for kitchen- lower than the main roof.
4. CIRCULATORY ELEMENTS
- Kitchen area- only entrance to the house.
 Ladder was made of trunk of the tree cut with notches to serve as its
steps.
5. DECORATIVE ELEMENTS
- No or little decorations – Manobos stays outdoors most of the time.
 For larger houses- angled piece of wood attached to the top beam – as
status symbol , protection against evil spirits.
SAMAL
 "Samal" is a covering term for Muslim Samalan speakers.

One of the many ethnic-minority groups in the

Philippines, they are one of ten Islamic groups
presently living in the southern Philippines.
They speak a Malayo-Polynesian language, Siamal or
Samalan, perhaps the oldest in the Sulu Archipelago.
 Coastal Waters of Jolo
 ARCHITECTURAL ANALYSIS
1. Plan
 Eastern Sulu-1 or more small rooms and a kitchen built above the ground
and water on wooden posts.
 Western SULU- BUILT on stilts above tidal mud flats were connected to
one another by catwalks made of timber or bamboo.
2. Structural Elements
- Stilts were made of bamboo poles, walls were made of wooden
boards or sawali.
3. PROTECTIVE ELEMENTS
- Gable roof project underneath it were lower lean-to roofs.
 Roof thatching
4. CIRCULATORY ELEMENTS
- Stairs were not provided- catwalks serves as approach to each house.
 Doors and windows with sliding sashes.
SUBANON
 As the Subanon retreated deeper and deeper into the interior, the coastal
areas became home to inhabitants from Bukidnon who were steadily
followed by settlers from nearby Cebu and Bohol.    
 The name Subanon, "which is derived from the word suba, "river," means a
river people.

Subanon, a cultural group that once roamed the seas in great

number, the province was an easy prey to the marauding sea
pirates of Lanao whose habit was to stage lightning forays
along the coastal areas in search of slaves.
 All of the Subanon are farmers who practice "slash and burn" agriculture.
 This is a type of farming in which a section of forest is cut down, the
debris is burned, and various crops are planted on the clearing.
 Every year a new field is cleared. After one or two years of use, the field
must lie fallow for up to 15 years.
 The Subanon also raise various types of livestock, including pigs, chickens,
cattle, and water buffaloes. 

This is a type of farming in which a section of forest is cut

down, the debris is burned, and various crops are planted on
the clearing.
Every year a new field is cleared. After one or two years of use,
the field must lie fallow for up to 15 years.
The Subanon also raise various types of livestock, including pigs, chickens, cattle, and water
buffaloes. 
 Subanon houses usually have some distance between them.
 Their homes are typically rectangular, raised on stilts, and have thatched
roofs.
 They are generally situated on hillsides or ridges that overlook the family
fields.
 Every three or four years the Subanon move to a new location to clear
more forest for fields. 
TAGBANUA
 The term "Tagbanua" derived from "taga" meaning "people from" and
"banua" meaning "countryside," and therefore means "people from the
inland area".
 The Tagbanua are the most widely distributed group on Palawan Island,
Philippines.

They occupy areas in the northern, central, and southern parts of

the island, particularly the eastern and the western coastal area,
the near-coastal plains and the valleys of central Palawan.
 To the north of the main Tagbanua communities live the small and
dwindling Palawan group known as Ken-uy, and the southern highlands
dwellers known as the Palawan.
 On Culion Island, at the northern end of Palawan, also live some Tagbanua
groups.
 ARCHITECTURAL ANALYSIS
1.PLAN
- Elevated on stilts about 2.40m high
 House made of 8 levels- each corresponded to certain functions such as
entrance, cooking/hearth, dining sleeping and various levels for storage
for pillows, and blankets.
2. STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
- Various floor levels partitions are unnecessary.
3.CIRCULATORY ELEMENTS
 No windows
T’BOLI
 The Tboli, also known as T'boli, Tiboli, and Tagabili, are an old indigenous
people living in South Cotabato.

They occupy areas in the northern,

central, and southern parts of the island,
particularly the eastern and the western
coastal area, the near-coastal plains and
the valleys of central Palawan.
 The Tboli use of body ornaments definitely follows the idea that "more is
better." A pair of earrings is certainly not enough.
 They have to wear several sets. She has a choice of wearing the
kawat, simple brass rings;
 the bketot, a round mirror, 1.5 cm in diameter,
surrounded by small colored glass beads;
 the nomong, a chandelier-type earring consisting of
nine to 12 10-cm lengths of brass interspersed with
horsehair links having little clusters of multicolored
glass bead at the end; and
 the bkoku, which is composed of 5-cm long triangular
pearly nautilus shells which dangle over the woman's
shoulders.
 Hilltops and mountaintops in the Lake Sebu area in Cotabato
 ARCHITECTURAL ANALYSIS
1.Plan
- Built 1.80m high stilts
 Designed in various levels with each level having different function. Lowa-
central space used as sleeping area for overnight guests.
 Blaba- side are usually 1.80m wide used as working and conversational
space.
 Desyung- located opposite the lowa and the blaba.
 Area of honor – head of the house entertain guests and performed rites
under curtained canopy.
 Dofil- located on both sides of the desyung and sometimes elevated at a
height of .90m over the lowa
- Sleeping quarters for wives and children of headman
 Bakdol -entrance to the house.
 Kohu -hearth made of beaten-earth floor.
 Had shelf where pots and pans, baskets and other utensils were kept.
 Dol- Area used for kohu and stair landing
 Fato Hu- located at the rearmost part of the house- utility area.
 Kotel -detached structure located some few feet away from the house
which functioned as a toilet.
2. STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
- Bamboo used for house posts
- Walls made of sawali or woven bamboo strips
 Dofils separated from one another by means of a sawali wall.
3. PROTECTIVE ELEMENTS
- Roof design provided the house an impression as a roof on stilts
 Roof slope 30 degrees extending downwards.
 Apex standing at 5.10 m high.
4. CIRCULATORY ELEMENTS
- stair was made of single bamboo pole with notches.
 Door- 0.60m above the floor was designed similarly to the door of a chest
which could be lowered and closed.
TIRURAY
 The word "Tiruray" comes from "tiru," signifying "place of origin, birth or
residence," and "ray," from "daya," meaning  "upper part of a stream or
river."
 The Tirurau are a traditional hill people of southwestern Mindanao.
 They live in the upper portion of a river-drained area in the northwestern
part of South Cotabato, where the mountainous terrain of the Cotabato
Cordillera faces the Celebes Sea.
 The Tiruray may be classified into the acculturated and the traditional.
 The first refers to those who live in the northernmost areas of the
mountains, and who have had close contact with Christian and Muslim
lowland peasants, as well as with Americans since the beginning of the
century.
 The second refers to Tiruray who have survived deep in the tropical forest
region of the Cotabato Cordillera, and have retained a traditional mode of
production and value system.
 ARCHITECTURAL ANALYSIS :
1. Plan
- Rectangular in shape, built on posts 1.20m to 1.80m high above the
ground.
 Used for sleeping and meeting purposes
 Near the main door- hearth where cooking is done.
 Bamboo flooring.
2. STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
- Wooden posts were used as support to the house
 Bamboo walls.
3. PROTECTIVE ELEMENTS
- Gabled type of roofing covered with nipa or cogon thatched
4. CIRCULATORY ELEMENTS
- Stairs made of notched poles
- Detachable for security and protection
MARANAO/TOROGAN
 The people (mostly Muslims), who live in the provinces of Lanao del Norte
and Lanao del Sur on the island of Mindanao are usually referred to us
"Maranaws" or "Maranaos".
 The term means "people of the lake area," and they are given this name
because their greatest concentration is around Lake Lanao.
 Some Maranaws are also found in the provinces of Misamis Oriental and on
the mountain slopes of northwestern Cotabato Province.
 These people have also been called "Moros," a term applied to Muslims in
the southern Philippines in general.
 The language of these people is called "Maranaw" or "Maranao." The
difference is only a matter of spelling. The term "Iranon," if used, refers
to a speech variant of Maranaw.
 The Panulung (floor
beams) with artistic
okkir (designs)
distinguishes the
Maranaw royal house
from the other native
huts of the Philippines.
 Okir designs
 The Torogan is the ancestral house of the upper-class Maranao in the
Lanao Region of Mindanao.
 It is the dwelling place of the datu along with his wives and children.
 There could not be any house larger than torogan of the datu within the
sultanate, for this signifies rank, prestige and wealth.
Torogan Architecture
 The Maranaos have three types of house: lawig the small houses, mala-a-
walai the large houses and the torogan.
 The existing torogans were built by the community and the slaves for the
datu in 1800s.
 This house of the datu has no partitions and it is a multifamily dwelling
where all the wives and the children of the datu lived.
 The windows of torogan are slits and richly framed in wood panels with
okir designs located in front of the house.
 The communal kitchen is half a meter lower than the main house is both
used for cooking and eating.
 The distinct high gable roof of the torogan, thin at the apex and gracefully
flaring out to the eaves, sits on a huge structures enclosed by slabs of
timber and lifted more than two meters above the ground by a huge trunk
of a tree that was set on a rock.
 The end floor beams lengthen as panolongs the seemed to lift up the
whole house.
 The torogan is suffused with decorations.
 There were diongal at the apex of the roof, also an intricately carved tinai
a walai, okir designs in the floor, on windows and on panolongs.
 There were also brightly colored weaves or malongs hanging from the
rafters, it was hung up using ropes around a particular territory for
privacy.
 The house was built to sway during earthquakes. Twenty-five post of huge
tree trunks were not buried but are freestanding.
 Sometimes, if needed, wooden pegs were used to secure the wood
members. These were all used to prevent the house from collapsing.
Research Work No. 2

 COMPARATIVEANALYSIS : PHILIPPINE VERNACULAR

ARCHITECTURE (tabulated form)
 GIVEN :
 DUE :
 CUT AND PASTE : USE GREEN CARTOLINA CUT TO STANDARD
SIZE. Descriptions Encoded century gothic –size 11.
 Labeleach page ( calling Card size) name, subject, date
given due, date submitted, reference