FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE

FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE

EARLY PERIOD OR PRE-SPANISH

ARCHITECTURE
Philippine architecture is very complex, since only few records have been
saved, we are still not sure of our own architecture. In our contemporary era,
many buildings are of the Spaniards and above inspiration. Multiple countries
colonized us, as this affects our architecture.

Early Periods *During this period, Filipinos

*The indigenous tribes of the
Philippines that were quite a diverse
group and of nomadic nature had little
art of building to speak of
*Their architectural art was revealed
in their houses of nipa, cogon and
bamboo.
established their villages near bodies of
water where mostly food were taken
from the sea, also from agricultural
environment.
*25,000 B.C. Ancient Negroid people
immigrate to the Philippines over a land
bridge then still connecting the
archipelago with the Asian mainland
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE

They are food gatherers and

hunters, and the forefathers of
today's Negritos. These people use
bows and arrows and stone made
implements. They live in caves.
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE
Cave Dwellings
*Cave Dwellings is the earliest human
habitation
-the Tabon Cave, Palawan had been
inhabited for 30,000 years.
-Tabon Cave are a set of caves in
Quezon, Palawan, Philippines. They are
famous for the found skullcap
remains of the Tabon Man, which are
22,000 years old. Bones of elephants
have also been found in the area
signifying that the Philippines was once
connected to mainland Asia.
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE

*Caves in Angono, Rizal with

ancient petroglyphs
However, earliest type of shelter which
man built is called Lean-To, consisted of a
*Wind breaks or windscreens as the
simple, single pitched roof resting on an inclined
first attempt at building
series of rafters made- up of tree branches w/ the
*Served as shelters during a hunting
end resting of the ground & the other end resting
or foodgathering journey
horizontal wooden lintel supported by tree trunks
and roofed with grass
Made of light branches and fronds,
but strong enough to Mindanao &
Sulu Region withstand a storm
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE
TREE HOUSES
Perched on forked branches of trees, up
to 60 feet above the ground
Prevented attack by animals and human
enemies
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE
American Rule:
INFLUENCES  islands ceded to America, as
a result of Spanish war with
A. HISTORY USA
Pre-Colonial:  fighting
 immigrants of Malay origin,  self-government
food gatherers and hunters Japanese Invasion:
 3000 BC, joined by advanced  December 1941
agricultural race from Indonesia  puppet government
 barangays as tribal system  liberation by Gen. McArthur in
 converted to Islam in 1300 AD July 1945
 trade center of the Orient independence in 1946
3rd largest English-speaking
Spanish Rule: country in the world
 1521 Ferdinand Magellan citadel of Christianity and
landed democracy in East Asia
 1564 Miguel Lopez de Legazpi mixture of races: Malay, Chinese,
brought Christianity Spanish
 until 1900's B. RELIGION
 nationalist movement by Jose  Roman Catholics
Rizal, unsuccessful revolt by  Islam
Aguinaldo  Protestants
 Aglipayan
 Iglesia ni Kristo
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
A. DESCRIPTION
 tropical architecture
 open and transparent
 light
SCHOOLS:
Escuela Practica Y Profecional de
Artes Oficio de Manila (1890)
 taught maestros de obras
Liceo de Manila
 MO-P “Maestros de Obra-
Practica”
 MO-A “Maestros de Obra-
Academia”
Escuela de Ingenieria Y
Arquitectura
 closed after one year
Mapua Institute of Architecture
(1925)
 1st school of Architecture
Adamson University
 2nd school of Architecture
UST College of Architecture
(1930)
 3rd school of architecture
ORGANIZATIONS:
Philippine Architects Society
Philippine Institute of Architects
League of Philippine Architects
Association of Phil. Government
Architects
PIA + LPA + APGA = United
Architects of the Philippines
EXAMPLES
PRE-SPANISH HOUSES
 Bahay Kubo style of dwelling
 well- adapted to tropical
climate
 of wood, bamboo, and palm
leaves
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE
 Cordillera Region  Mindanao & Sulu Region

Badjao Samal
Isneg Kalinga

Yakan
 Island of Panay Maranao
Ifugao
Bontoc

Kankana
i
Ivatan, Mangyan, Subanun, Mandaya
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE
 Cordillera Region
ISNEG BINURON
homes of the Isneg boatpeople
pyramidal or hipped roof
annex on one or both ends
removable sidings for special
occasions
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE
 Cordillera Region
ISNEG BINURON
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE
 Cordillera Region
ISNEG BINURON
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE
 Cordillera Region

KALINGA BINAYON
octagonal or rectangular
painted round human figures
roof ridge perpendicular to river
loft or granary hides roof
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE
 Cordillera Region
KALINGA BINAYON
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE
 Cordillera Region

KALINGA BINAYON
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE
 Cordillera Region
BONTOC HOUSES
SAGADA
house within a house
shelter for rice, chickens,
pigs, and people
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE
 Cordillera Region
BONTOC HOUSES
SAGADA
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE
 Cordillera Region
BONTOC HOUSES
SAGADA
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE
 Cordillera Region

IFUGAO
built on the rice terraces
near a spring or grove
entry faces down slope
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE
 Cordillera Region

IFUGAO
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE
 Cordillera Region

KANKANAI BINANGIYAN
Similar to the ifugao house
ridge parallel to front
made of narra or pine
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE
 Cordillera Region

KANKANAI BINANGIYAN
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE
 Mindanao & Sulu Region
BADJAO
ladder serves as wash area
mirrors symbolize the number of children
lipa, djenging, and dapang houseboats
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE
 Mindanao & Sulu Region
BADJAO
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE
 Mindanao & Sulu Region
SAMAL HOUSE
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE
 Mindanao & Sulu Region
SAMAL HOUSE
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE
 Mindanao & Sulu Region

SAMAL HOUSE
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE
 Mindanao & Sulu Region
YAKAN HOUSE
elevated 2 to 3 meters above ground
kitchen annex
door faces east
rooms and steps are odd
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE
 Mindanao & Sulu Region
YAKAN HOUSE
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE
 Mindanao & Sulu Region

MARANAO TOROGAN
House built for sultans and datus
Arranged in a line along the river
Elevated 2 to 3 meters above ground
Windows face front and right
Panolong and okir carvings
A lamin or tower built atop the torogan
hides the sultan’s daughter
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE
 Mindanao & Sulu Region
MARANAO TOROGAN
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE
 Island of Panay
BAHAY KUBO
bamboo house on stilts
home to an extended family
often surrounded by a garden
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE
 Island of Panay
BAHAY KUBO
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE
 Island of Panay
BAHAY KUBO
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE
SPANISH CHURCHES

Calasiao, Pangasinan
 2nd best bell tower
 by Fr. Ramon Dalinao
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE
SPANISH CHURCHES

Laoag Church, Ilocos Norte

 by Fr. Joseph Ruiz
 sinking belltower
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE
SPANISH CHURCHES

Las Pinas Church

 by Fr. Diego Cera
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE
SPANISH CHURCHES

Loboc, Bohol
 biggest number of murals
on walls and ceilings
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE
SPANISH CHURCHES

Manila Cathedral
 by Bishop Domingo
Salazar
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE
SPANISH CHURCHES

Miagao Church, Ilo-ilo

 by Fr. Fernando
Comporedondo
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE
SPANISH CHURCHES

Morong Church, Rizal

 Spanish Baroque style
 by Fr. Blas dela Madre
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE
SPANISH CHURCHES

Panay Church
largest bell, from 30 sacks of
coins donated by
townspeople
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE
SPANISH CHURCHES
Quiapo Church
restored by Juan Nakpil and
Jose Maria Zaragosa
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE
SPANISH CHURCHES

San Agustin Church

by Fr. Juan Macias
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE
SPANISH CHURCHES

San Sebastian
one of first steel buildings
steel from Belgium by Eiffel
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE
SPANISH CHURCHES

Taal Church, Batangas

by Fr. Martin Aguirre
biggest church
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE
SPANISH CHURCHES

Sta. Ana Church, Manila

by Fr. Vicente Ingles
restored by Juan Nakpil
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE
SPANISH CHURCHES
Sto. Nino, Cebu
by Diego de Herrera
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE 

Vigan Houses
Antillan Houses
UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE LIST  Ivatan Houses

San Agustin, Intramuros PARTS

Miagao Church, Ilo-ilo
San Agustin, Paoay, Ilocos Norte FIRST FLOOR:
Sta. Monica, Ilocos Sur Zaguan, for caroza
Quadra, horse stable
SPANISH HOUSES: BAHAY-NA- Bodega, storeroom
BATO
evolved from the Bahay Kubo: SECOND FLOOR:
 tropical house Stairway
 steep, hip roof Caida, ante-sala from stairs
 post and lintel construction Sala, living room
 light and airy structure Comedor, dining room
 elevated living quarters Cocina, kitchen
 economy of materials Dispensa, pantry
 space flowing from one room Letrina or Comun, toilet
to next Baño, bath
Azotea, open terrace
Spanish, Neo-Classical, Gothic, Aljibe, water cistern
and Baroque influence: Cuarto, Alcoba, Dormitorio
 grandeur and solidity Entresuelo, vault
 ornamentation Balcon, balcony
Patio, courtyard
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE
MORE VERNACULAR TERMS:
Kapatas, foreman
Unosinotra, alternate/staggered Balangkas, framework
Liyabe, anchor Dos Aguas, gable roof
Batidura, astragal Kuling, girder
Medya Agua, awning Sepo, girt
Barandillas, baluster Canal, groove
Rodapis, baseboard Alulod o Kanal, gutter
Tirante, bottom chord Caida, hall
Pie de Gallo, brace Bisagra, hinge
Ladrillo, brick Pulgada, inches
Kostilyahe, ceiling joists Pendulum, king post
Sinturon, collar Piyon, laborer
Larga Masa, concrete slab Asinta, laying of CHB
Escondro, crushed stone Sibe, lean-to roof
Abang, dowel Dulang, low table
Tubo de Banada, downspout Kantero, Mason
Escombro, earth fill Kanto Mesa, miter
Alero, eaves Paupo, mortar
Tabike, exterior siding Kostura, mortar joints
Piye, feet Estanyo, Nikolite bar
Batidura, fillet Truerka, nut
Dotal, floorboards Estopa, oakum
Soleras, floor joists De Bandeha, panel door
Guililan, floor sill Lingueta, GI strap
Suelo, flooring Tapon, plug
Alahado, flush
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE
MORE VERNACULAR TERMS:
Pergola, trellis
Kilo, truss
Hulog, plumb bob
Asolehos, wainscoting tiles
Bolado, projection
Bagad, wall post
Reostra, purlins
Pitsa, washer
Masilya, putty
Pasamano, window sill
Media Cana, quarter round
Poleya, wiring knob
Vaciada, rabbet
Haspe, wood grain
Kabilya, reinforcing bars
Tabla, wood plank
Kaballete, ridge roll
Plantsuela, wrought iron strap
Takip Silipan, riser
Palitada, plaster
Rimatse, rivets
Kalinya, aligned
Lastillas, sand and gravel
Trankilya, barrel bolt
Andanyo, scaffolding
Biga, beam
Rebokada, scratch coat
Hiero, iron
Dutcha, shower
Kisame, ceiling
Prigadero, sink
Baral de Kadena, chain bolt
Krokis, sketch plan
Poste, column
Estanyo, soldering bar
Kontratista, constructor
Biento, spacing
Kanto, corner
Staka, stake
Dish rack, bangguerahan
Madre de Escalera, closed stringer
Sumbrero Pintuan, door head
Trabe Anzo, horizontal stud
Hamba Pintuan, door jamb
Pilarete, vertical stud
Senepa, fascia board
Latero, tinsmith
Tambak, fill
Baytang, tread
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE

AMERICAN PERIOD National Museum

 1st was the Legislative Building
Early American Period
Intendencia Building
Notable architects:  adjacent to Manila Cathedral

Daniel Burnham Luneta Hotel

 city plan of Manila and Baguio  2nd hotel in Asia
William Parsons  French Baroque style
Juan Arellano
Tomas Mapua Army and Navy Club
 1st registered architect in country  rest and recreation for American
Alejandro Legardo soldiers
Antonio Toledo
Carlos Barredo De La Salle College
 by Tomas Mapua

Masonic Temple, Escolta Rizal Monument

 1st concrete building in Escolta  obelisk

Philippine Normal School Sta. Isabel College

 Phil. Normal University

University of the Philippines

 Padre Faura
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE
EXAMPLES

UST Main Building

Manila Hotel by Roque Rueno
 1st hotel in Asia
 1st with elevator
 renovated by Locsin in 1975

Philippine General Hospital Post Office Building

 by William Parsons by Juan Arellano
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE
AMERICAN PERIOD
Commonwealth Period
Notable architects:
Juan Nakpil
 1st National Artist for Arch.
Pablo Antonio
 2nd National Artist for Arch.
Leandro Locsin
 3rd National Artist for Arch.
Ildefonso Santos
 4th National Artist for Arch.
Jose Maria Zaragoza
Ildefonso Santos
 5th National Artist for Arch.
Francisco Manosa
 6th National Artist for Arch.
Quezon Institute
 By Juan Nakpil
Lyric Theater, Escolta
 By Juan Nakpil
Ideal Theater, Avenida Rizal
 by Pablo Antonio
Jai Alai Building
 demolished in 2001
 Art Deco, streamline style
Ambassador Hotel
 by Fernando Ocampo
 1st skyscraper in the country (4
storeys)
Syquia Apartments, Malate
 by Pablo Antonio
Natividad Building, Escolta
 by Andres Luna y San Pedro
Regina Building, Escolta
 by Andres Luna y San Pedro
FEU Main Building
 by Pablo Antonio
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE
EXAMPLES

Metropolitan Theater
Juan Arellano

The Iglesia Ni Cristo

Cathedrals
by Carlos Santos Viola

The Church of the Risen

Lord, UP by Cesar Concio
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE
EXAMPLES

Philippine Heart Center

By Jorge Ramos

The Meralco Building

by Jose Zaragoza
The Quiapo Mosque
by Jorge Ramos
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE
EXAMPLES

SM Megamall
by Antonio Sindiong

Robinson’s Galleria
by William Coscolluela
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE
EXAMPLES

The Central Bank of the Philippines

The Quezon Monument Asian Institute of Management

by Federico Ilustre by Gabriel Formoso
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE

The Parish of the Holy Sacrifice, UP

Diliman
By Leandro Locsin
The New Istana, Brunei
By Leandro Locsin

The Cultural Center of the Philippines The Philippine Stock Exchange

By Leandro Locsin by Leandro Locsin