CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES

This chapter includes ideas, generalizations, principles, finished studies, articles

and others which show related information similar with the present study.

Local Literature:

Based on the article in Asian Economic Journal entitled “Technical Change and

Productive Efficiency: Irrigated Rice in the Philippines”, the sources of inefficiency are

identified and measured the relationship between irrigation and productive efficiency

wherein the result suggest that irrigation is associated with the higher levels of technical

efficiency in the sample. Hence it proves that irrigation has direct impact on efficiency of

agricultural productivity.

The chapter in the book entitled “Agricultural Water Management Issues in the

Philippines” addresses the impact of irrigation and agricultural productivity on the

function of water governance and management in agriculture. The governance

framework addresses the several players in the water sector of agriculture as well as

the administrative framework, which influences the effectiveness of irrigation

development. Cropping intensity, collection efficiency, productivity impact, and area

irrigated by public investments are used to evaluate the nation's performance in

agricultural water management. The main obstacles that national and communal

irrigation systems must overcome are listed in order to increase agricultural yield and

system performance. In order to solve these issues—poor performance, unsustainable

systems, and inadequate managerial capabilities—policy reforms are necessary.

Foreign Literature

According to book entitled “Irrigation potential in Africa: A basin approach”(FAO

1997, M-54 ISBN 92-5-103966-6) there are many possible effects of irrigation

development. Some of these include blooms of algae due to higher levels of nutrients in

irrigation and drainage water, growth of aquatic weeds, and flooding in irrigation canals

and downstream waterways; increased erosion; contamination of surface water and

groundwater from agricultural chemicals; decline in water quality. Low water quality

under an irrigation project can damage aquatic life, make the water unfit for human use,

and promote aquatic weed growth that clogs waterways and has negative effects on

ecology, navigation, and human health due to its high nutrient load. The eradication of

die-back during the dry season and the establishment of a more humid microclimate

could lead to a rise in plant diseases and agricultural pests. The potential direct

negative environmental impacts of using groundwater like lakes and streams for

irrigation arise from over-consumption or withdrawing water in excess of the

recharge rate can result in the lowering of the water table, land subsidence,

decreased water quality and contamination in coastal areas.