CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL
Groundwater is the water present beneath the Earth's surface in soil pore spaces and in the
fractures of rock formations. It serves as a vital source for drinking water and supports
ecosystems. Groundwater levels can be influenced by factors such as precipitation, human
activities, and geological conditions. Sustainable management is crucial to prevent over-
extraction and contamination, ensuring long-term availability for various uses. Groundwater is a
vital resource, serving as a primary source of drinking water, supporting agriculture, sustaining
ecosystems, and providing resilience during droughts. Its reliability and role in various sectors
highlight the importance of sustainable management to ensure long-term availability and prevent
negative environmental impacts.

1.2 Sources of Groundwater pollution

Fig 1.1 Groundwater pollution

Department of Civil Engineering, MIT MYSORE 1

The availability of good quantity of water is a necessary feature for preventing disease and improving
quality of life. Water is a necessary element for endurance of living on earth, which contains minerals,
essential for humans and aquatic life.

Water scarcity is increasing worldwide and pressure on the existing water resource is also increasing
due to growing water demand of different sectors. Such as domestic, agricultural and industry, etc.
Therefore valuation of water quality is important research topic in recent years. Water quality index is
one of the most effective tools to communicate information on quality of water to the concern citizen
and policy maker.

The lake that were once resource of water for irrigation, drinking, fishing etc. we now used as a
dumping site for industrial effluents, domestic sewage, domestic solid water etc. Development of
human communities and increasing irresponsible use of water and qualities. Population growth and
pollution caused by toxic waste water, surface water runoff from municipal, industrial and agricultural
sources have increased pollution load and further limited healthy water resources.

1.3 Groundwater Contamination & Health implications

Groundwater faces contamination risks from various sources, including industrial discharges,
agricultural runoff, and improper waste disposal. Contaminants such as chemicals, heavy metals,
and pathogens can infiltrate groundwater, posing threats to drinking water quality. Vulnerability
increases in areas with intensive human activities. Effective monitoring, proper waste
management, and land-use planning are essential to mitigate contamination risks and safeguard
this vital water resource.

Contaminated groundwater can pose severe health implications. Consuming water tainted with
pollutants, pathogens, or chemicals may lead to waterborne diseases, gastrointestinal issues, and
long-term health problems. Exposure to certain contaminants, like heavy metals or industrial
chemicals, can result in chronic illnesses, developmental issues, or even carcinogenic effects.
Thus, ensuring the purity of groundwater is paramount for preventing waterborne health risks
and maintaining public well-being.

1.4 Prevention of groundwater contamination

Preventing groundwater contamination is vital for public health. Key measures include
safeguarding contamination sources, proper waste management, responsible land-use planning,
regular monitoring, and maintenance of wells. Sustainable agricultural and industrial practices,
coupled with education and regulatory frameworks, contribute to effective prevention.
Protecting groundwater recharge areas ensures a resilient and uncontaminated water supply.
Collaborative efforts are essential to ensure the long-term sustainability of this crucial resource.

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 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW

Groundwater is a vital resource, accounting for nearly 98% of the accessible freshwater on
Earth. It serves as the primary source of drinking water for over two billion people globally and
plays a crucial role in agriculture, industry, and ecosystem health. However, groundwater quality
is increasingly threatened by various anthropogenic and natural factors, necessitating robust
assessment methods.

This literature review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of research in
groundwater quality assessment.

PAPER 1
Journal: Aquatic Procedia

Title: Contamination of Water Sources in Mysore City by Pesticide Residues and Plasticizer – A
Cause of Health Concern

Author: Kanchana Mysore Somashekar, Mahima M R, Manjunath K C

Review: The abstract provides a comprehensive overview of a study conducted in Mysore City,
Southern India, addressing the critical issue of water pollution due to organophosphorus and carbamate
pesticides, as well as dibutylphthalate. The authors aim to understand the extent of water contamination
by analyzing water samples from various sources in the region. The World Health Organization's
alarming estimate of three million pesticide-related poisonings annually, with a significant
number attributed to organophosphorus pesticides, sets the stage for the importance of this
research. The study encompasses 12 sampling points, including drinking water sources, industrial
areas, and surface water sources adjacent to agricultural fields, providing a broad perspective on
the potential sources of contamination.The analytical technique employed, Gas Chromatography-
Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), is a robust method for detecting and quantifying various chemical
compounds. The absence of detectable concentrations of organophosphorus and carbamate
pesticides in any of the water samples, despite their widespread use, is a notable finding.
However, the identification of Methylisocynate (MIC) in five samples raises concerns due to its
intermittent presence as a carbamate pesticide derivative. The authors successfully link MIC to
the manufacturing of several pesticides, emphasizing its harmful nature and potential health
risks.The authors demonstrate a nuanced understanding of the challenges associated with

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pesticide analysis, highlighting the tendency of carbamate pesticides to lose MIC during GC
analysis. This insight contributes to a more comprehensive interpretation of the results,
supporting the conclusion that the identified MIC in water samples is indeed a derivative of
carbamate pesticides.

PAPER 2
Journal: Scientific African

Title: Impact of different land use types on groundwater quality in Ibadan, Nigeria

Author: Shamusideen S. Ayeni

Review: The abstract outlines a significant study conducted in Ibadan, Nigeria, which focuses on the
comparative analysis of groundwater quality under various land use types—residential, industrial, and
agricultural. The research employs multi-statistical techniques alongside the Water Quality Index (WQI)
to assess and compare the impact of these land uses on groundwater quality in a region primarily
underlain by banded gneisses. The study also evaluates the suitability of the groundwater samples for
human consumption, presenting valuable insights for sustainable water resource management.
The methodology involves the random collection of thirty water samples, with ten samples each
from the three distinct land use types. These samples undergo thorough analysis for nine
physicochemical parameters, providing a comprehensive dataset for the comparative assessment.
The statistical analyses, including the Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunn's test, reveal significant
differences in the average concentration levels of various physicochemical parameters among the
residential, industrial, and agricultural land use types. These findings underscore the diverse
impacts of different land uses on groundwater quality. Notably, residential land use emerges as a
potential greater risk to groundwater quality in regions with poor environmental conditions, in
contrast to agricultural or industrial land uses.
The application of Kaiser's varimax rotation method in a three-factor model offers a nuanced
understanding of the variability in groundwater quality under each land use type. The explanation
of 63.4%, 70.2%, and 91.6% of the total groundwater quality variation in residential, agricultural,
and industrial land uses, respectively, highlights the distinct patterns associated with each land
use.
The Water Quality Index (WQI) results contribute to the assessment of the suitability of
groundwater for human consumption. Notably, 100% of water samples from industrial and
agricultural land uses meet the criteria for drinking water, while only 20% of samples from
residential land use do. This underscores the potential health risks associated with residential land

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use and emphasizes the need for improved sanitation systems to mitigate groundwater pollution.
The study concludes with a noteworthy recommendation for authorities to enhance sanitation
infrastructure in residential areas, aiming to reduce groundwater pollution and contribute to the
broader goal of achieving water security outlined in the African Union's Agenda 2063. This
research provides valuable insights into the complex interplay between land use types and
groundwater quality, offering a foundation for informed decision-making in water resource
management and environmental protection in the region.

Table 2.1 Water quality classification based on WQI.

Class WQI Value Water Quality
1 Less than 50 Excellent
2 50–100 Good water
3 100–200 Poor water
4 200–300 Very poor water
5 Greater than 300 Unsuitable water

PAPER 3
Journal: Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety

Title: Prediction of groundwater quality index to assess suitability for drinking purpose using
averaged neural network and geospatial analysis
Authors: Seok Hyun Ahn, Do Hwan Jeong, MoonSu Kim, Tae Kwon Lee, Hyun-Koo Kim
Review: This abstract describes a groundbreaking study, the Safe Groundwater Project in Unsupplied
Areas (2017–2020), which addresses the pivotal role of groundwater quality management in safeguarding
public health and ecological resilience. The authors acknowledge the limitations of conventional water
quality indices, paving the way for a methodological shift that integrates machine learning and spatial
analysis to overcome challenges related to parameter selection, geographic coverage, and scalability.
The study focuses on evaluating potable groundwater quality across South Korea, employing a
comprehensive Groundwater Quality Index (GQI) based on a large dataset comprising 28 water
quality parameters and 3552 wells. The key finding that over 50% of the evaluated wells were
deemed inappropriate for drinking water sources emphasizes the urgency for policy revision in
the region.
The adoption of a neural network model demonstrates an impressive predictive accuracy of
approximately 95% for GQI grades, surpassing other classification models. This achievement is

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crucial in ensuring accurate assessments of groundwater quality, which is foundational for
effective management strategies. The introduction of 2D spatial analysis alongside machine
learning further enhances predictive accuracy, particularly for unevenly distributed groundwater
samples. This innovation not only improves the reliability of assessments but also enables
intuitive visualizations of groundwater vulnerability across diverse regions.
In conclusion, the Safe Groundwater Project sets a new standard for groundwater quality
assessment by seamlessly integrating advanced technologies. Its findings and methodology hold
significant promise for guiding policy revisions, resource allocation, and management strategies
not only in South Korea but also serving as a model for global groundwater quality initiatives.

PAPER 4
Journal: Ecological Indicators
Title: Identification of the hydrochemical features, genesis, water quality and potential health hazards of
groundwater in Dawen River Basin, North China

Authors: Jiutan Liu, Zongjun Gao, Jianguo Feng, Min Wang

Review: This abstract delves into a comprehensive study conducted in the Dawen River Basin
(DRB), examining the hydrochemical characteristics, quality, and potential human health
hazards associated with three types of groundwater—pore groundwater (PGW), fissure
groundwater (FGW), and karst groundwater (KGW). The research explores seasonal variations,
dominant chemical components, and the influence of natural and anthropogenic processes on
groundwater quality in the DRB.
The identification of HCO3 as the dominant anion and Ca2+ as the dominant cation, resulting in
weakly alkaline hard-fresh water, provides a foundational understanding of the groundwater
chemistry in the region. Seasonal variations indicate increased chemical component contents
during the wet season, with PGW exhibiting the highest levels, followed by KGW and FGW.
The application of a Durov diagram reveals mixed HCO3-Ca and HCO3⋅SO4–Ca⋅Mg types in
the groundwater, highlighting the influence of rock weathering processes, particularly silicate
and carbonate rocks, on groundwater chemistry.
The study effectively delineates the impact of human activities, notably agricultural practices, on
groundwater quality, with elevated nitrate levels observed. Despite these anthropogenic
influences, the overall groundwater quality in the DRB falls within the good and moderate
classification grades. However, a notable concern arises regarding the health risks associated
with long-term consumption or exposure to groundwater, primarily due to elevated nitrate levels,
with children being particularly vulnerable.

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In conclusion, this study significantly contributes to our understanding of groundwater dynamics
in the Dawen River Basin. By elucidating the seasonal variations, dominant chemical
components, and human-induced influences on groundwater quality, the research provides a
foundation for effective groundwater management strategies. The identified spatial variations
offer actionable insights for targeted interventions and underscore the importance of continuous
monitoring and protection measures to ensure the safety of groundwater resources in the DRB
and similar regions worldwide.

Fig 2.1 Land use type map of Dawen River Basin.

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PAPER 5
Journal: International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology

Title: Ground Water Quality Assessment for Agricultural and Domestic Purposes in Hindustan
College of Science and Technology Campus Farah Mathura, India

Authors: C. N. Tripathi, and Bhawna Thawkar

Review: The study conducted on the ground and surface water within the Hindustan College of
Science and Technology Campus in Mathura, India, offers a comprehensive evaluation of its
suitability for various purposes. Using diverse indices such as SAR, SSP, EC, MAR, KR, TDS,
and PI for irrigation assessment alongside key parameters like pH, hardness, sulphate,
bicarbonate, chloride, TDS, and electrical conductivity for domestic and drinking water
evaluation, the research provides a nuanced understanding of water quality. While meeting most
irrigation standards, the presence of elevated MAR and TDS levels limits the water's
applicability, making raw water to RO treatment advisable for irrigation. Furthermore, only
treated RO water meets the standards for drinking, whereas raw water to RO treatment proves
suitable for other domestic uses. This analysis underscores the importance of water treatment for
different purposes within the studied area while highlighting limitations in water quality for direct
use without proper treatment.

PAPER 6
Journal: International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology
Title: Groundwater Quality Analysis
Authors: Aswini P. V, Chinnu Mary ,Anusmitha A, Anjana Mohanan
Review: The assessment of groundwater quality near the industrial estate of Aroor Gram
Panchayat in Kerala's Alappuzha district presents a concerning trend indicating a decline in
water quality. This study acutely highlights the significance of clean drinking water, especially
in regions facing a scarcity of such resources. The observed deterioration in groundwater quality
in this area over recent decades has been attributed to various factors, notably the discharge of
industrial effluents and inadequate sanitation practices leading to improper disposal of toilet
waste. The implications of these activities on the groundwater quality raise substantial concerns,
signaling an urgent need for intervention and remediation measures to safeguard this vital
resource.

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PAPER 7
Journal: International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology
Title: Correlation Study and Regression Analysis of Ground Water Quality Assessment of
Nagaon Town of Assam, India
Authors: Bibhash Sarma, Bhaswati Dutta
Review: The research conducted in the Nagaon district of Assam, India, presents a meticulous
evaluation of groundwater quality specifically for drinking purposes. Analyzing 77 groundwater
samples collected from different locations in Nagaon town over a specific timeframe, the study
examines 12 key physical, chemical, and biological parameters to ascertain the potability of the
groundwater resources. Parameters such as fluoride, iron, manganese, nitrate, pH, turbidity,
alkalinity, chloride, total hardness, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness, and bacteria test
underwent rigorous analysis. Through statistical regression analysis, the study establishes
correlations between these parameters, unveiling relationships that indicate causative factors
among them. By comparing the results against the BIS (I.S. 10500:2012) drinking water quality
standards, the research demonstrates that the majority of the sampled water meets the potability
criteria. This methodological approach not only facilitates rapid water quality monitoring but
also underscores the utility of correlation coefficient calculations in assessing and ensuring the
suitability of groundwater for drinking purposes in the studied area.

PAPER 8

Journal: Journal of Civil Engineering and Environmental Technology

Title: Quality Analysis of Ground Water In Greater Guwahati

Authors: Farheena Firdousi Islam, Navanita Choudhury, Jyotisman Saikia, Yudhajit Dey

Review: The current state of groundwater availability and demand in Guwahati, a

dynamically evolving city, reflects a disorganized scenario. This project aims to
comprehensively evaluate and document the groundwater quality across greater
Guwahati, encompassing both central areas and outskirts. The city has been segmented
into five distinct zones for assessment: east, west, north, south, and central. The
evaluation involves collecting water samples from these zones in conjunction with a
civic survey. Recognizing the pivotal role water quality plays in sustaining livelihoods,

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any deterioration in this essential resource could potentially have a profound impact on
the populace. The study underscores the critical importance of preserving and
maintaining high-quality groundwater to ensure the well-being and stability of the city's
residents.

PAPER 9

Journal: Procedia Computer Science

Title: Design and Application of GIS Technology in the Hierarchical Planning System of Public
Landscape Space (2023)

Authors: Chaohui Qu

Review: This paper delves into enhancing landscape planning and design to meet the evolving
needs of individuals seeking spiritual fulfilment amid rising living standards. Focusing on
addressing the shortcomings of traditional public landscape spatial planning systems—
specifically slow data processing and inaccurate layout positioning—the study proposes a
solution utilizing Geographic Information System (GIS) technology. By leveraging GIS, a more
efficient and accurate public landscape planning system is developed, significantly improving
data processing speed. Notably, the experiment showcases that when handling landscape data of
substantial size (50GB), the GIS-based system completes processing within 8.95 minutes,
highlighting its marked superiority in efficiency compared to other systems. The incorporation
of GIS technology stands as a promising approach for optimizing urban public landscape
planning, offering notable advancements in speed and accuracy.

PAPER 10

Journal: Appl Water Sci (2012)

Title: Human health impacts of drinking water (surface and ground) pollution Dakahlyia
Governorate, Egypt

Authors: R. A. Mandour

Review: This research, conducted in Dakahlyia governorate, focused on analyzing 30

drinking tap water samples (both surface and ground) along with 30 urine samples from
patients who complained about poor-quality tap water in their households. The study
confirmed contamination of drinking water with trace elements in certain areas,
prompting an investigation into the correlation between these contaminants and human

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health. The findings revealed significant connections between specific contaminants in
drinking water and various health issues: nickel was associated with hair loss, lead and
cadmium with renal failure, and iron with liver cirrhosis. These diseases showed abnormal
incidence rates in areas where industrial and agricultural activities had introduced
hazardous materials into the water sources. The study emphasizes the imperative need
to remove trace elements from drinking water to safeguard human health, especially in
regions affected by industrial and agricultural contamination.

PAPER 11

Journal: Arabian Journal of Geosciences · December 2016

Title: Assessment of water quality for drinking and irrigation purposes: a case study of Başköy
springs (Ağlasun/Burdur/Turkey)
Authors: Fatma aksever

Review: This paper delves into the crucial evaluation of water resources in rural areas,
recognizing the amplified demand for water caused by population growth and intensive
agricultural activities. Focusing on Başköy springs, the study meticulously assesses the
water quality for both drinking and irrigation purposes, tracking seasonal variations in
geochemical processes. The geochemical classification reveals that the majority of spring
samples meet the criteria for suitable drinking water, characterized as Ca-Mg-HCO3
water type across seasons. For irrigation, various chemical indexes including electrical
conductivity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, salinity hazard, sodium-related
parameters, permeability index, and others were computed, indicating the suitability of
Başköy springs for irrigation, except for Çaygözü spring, which exhibits higher electrical
conductivity and total dissolved solids. The analysis also explores groundwater
mineralization processes and rock-water interactions using bivariate diagrams of major
elements, providing comprehensive insights into the quality and suitability of these
springs for different purposes.

PAPER 12

Journal: Cellpress

Title: Impact of leachate on quality of ground water around Chunga Landfill,

Lusaka, Zambia and possible health risks
Authors: James Nyirenda , Philip Mwamba Mwansa

Review: This study investigates the impact of leachate from the Chunga Landfill in
Lusaka, Zambia, on groundwater quality, analyzing samples collected both within
and around the landfill area. The analysis of water and leachate samples revealed
various parameters including pH, biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical

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oxygen demand (COD), nitrates, sulphates, chlorides, and heavy metal
concentrations. The leachate exhibited a pH indicative of the methane
fermentation phase, suggesting the landfill's stage. Using indices like the leachate
pollution index (LPI), heavy metal pollution index (HPI), and heavy metal indices
(HMI) for specific metals, the study highlighted significant pollution levels.
Principal component analysis (PCA) attributed high pollution loadings to
anthropogenic activities. The findings underscored issues such as inadequate
landfill capacity, insufficient cover leading to increased rainfall infiltration,
heightened leachate volumes, and the potential for groundwater contamination,
posing risks to human health and the environment. Additionally, continuous
burning of waste was found to contribute alkalinity, affecting leachate
characteristics. This comprehensive assessment reveals critical environmental
concerns linked to the landfill's operations and emphasizes the urgent need for
improved waste management strategies to mitigate contamination risks and
safeguard public health and the ecosystem.

PAPER 12

Journal: Elsevier

Title: Hydro-geochemical assessment of ground water for drinking and agricultural

purposes and potential human health risk in Aligarh city, India.
Authors: Rukhsar Anjum , Sk Ajim Ali , Mansoor Alam Siddiqui
Review: The study conducted in Aligarh city aimed to establish a link between
groundwater quality and waterborne diseases, given the city's reliance on groundwater
for drinking and domestic use. Evaluating physicochemical parameters of drinking water
in both pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons across 19 sampling stations, the
results indicated that while most samples slightly exceeded Bureau of Indian Standard
limits, contamination from surface sources was evident. The water quality index
classified the city as having moderate water quality, with correlations, hierarchical
cluster analysis (HCA), and Trilinary plots highlighting natural pollution sources, human
activities, and geographical factors influencing water quality. Although fit for irrigation
purposes overall, during pre-monsoon, a larger area showed slight to moderate sodium
hazard compared to post-monsoon. While susceptibility mapping suggested no major
waterborne diseases in drinking water, the post-monsoon season appeared more
vulnerable to some waterborne diseases compared to pre-monsoon, emphasizing the

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 need for continued vigilance and potentially targeted interventions to mitigate seasonal
risks to public health.

PAPER 13

Journal: Elsevier

Title: Ecological and health risk assessment of radionuclides and heavy metals of surface and
ground water of Ishiagu–Ezillo quarry sites of Ebonyi, Southeast Nigeria
Authors: John Kanayochukwu Ndukaa , Henrietta Ijeoma Kelle , Theresa Chisom Umeh
Review: The investigation focused on the impact of granite quarry sites on nearby surface and
borehole water sources, assessing levels of radionuclides (238U, 232Th, 40K) and heavy metals
(Pb, Cr, Cd, As) and their potential health risks. The study found elevated mean concentrations of
radionuclides in surface water compared to borehole water, with estimated annual effective doses
indicating higher vulnerability for adults due to radiation risk. Heavy metal concentrations were
in the order As > Cr > Pb > Cd in both water sources, surpassing WHO standards for potable
water. Indices like contamination factor, pollution load, and ecological risk highlighted greater
surface water contamination than borehole water, primarily attributed to geogenic and
anthropogenic sources. However, hazard quotient and index assessments indicated minimal health
effects from these water sources. The study recommends pretreatment of surface and borehole
water within a 5 km radius of granite quarry sites to prevent long-term accumulation of
pollutants, underscoring the importance of proactive measures to mitigate potential risks to
human health from these water sources.

PAPER 13

Journal: Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences

Title: Assessment of wheat productivity responses and soil health dynamics under brackish
ground water
Authors: Muhammad Arshad a , Muhammad Awais a,b,⇑ , Rohina Bashir c , Sajid Rashid Ahmad
Review: The three-year study focused on evaluating the impact of using brackish groundwater for
wheat crop irrigation on both crop yield and soil health across different zones in Pakistan. The
research compared moderately brackish water with varying salinity levels and canal water as the
control. Findings revealed a consistent increase in soil salinity parameters (EC, SAR, bicarbonates,
Ca2+, Mg2+) over consecutive years, particularly more pronounced in the upper soil layers (0–15
cm). The growth and yield of wheat were adversely affected across all sites, with reductions in
plant count, height, spikes per plant, and overall yield. However, the site S1 exhibited a lesser
impact compared to S2 and the highly affected S3. Grain and dry matter weights were highest at
S1. Water productivity calculations showed maximum efficiency at S1, followed by S2 and S3.
The study concluded that continuous use of brackish water negatively impacts crop yield and
subsequently influences soil health, emphasizing the need for measures to mitigate the adverse
effects of using such water resources for irrigation purposes.

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 PAPER 14

Journal: Elsevier
Title: Water resources contamination and health hazards by textile industry effluent and glance at
treatment techniques: A review
Authors: Aijaz Panhwar , Abdul Sattar Jatoi and Shaukat Ali Mazari.
Review: Groundwater is very important part of life and source of survival on earth; and the clean
water is one of the most important issues of the developed or developing world. In addition to
other secondary problems such as solid waste and resource waste management, wastewater
management is a major environmental obstacle to the development of the textile industry. Textile
industry is the largest industrial sector of the world and hold very important part for the
development of economy in all countries. Although the industry generates a lot of chemicals,
including dyes in the form of wastewater. The textile industry is most fresh water consuming
industry; simultaneously it discharges the huge load of contamination in our environment. The
textile industry is the largest producer of wastewater during its different production processes.
The wastewater creates several problems such as health problems, aquatic life including water
pollution. The textile industry wastewater is treated by different methods such as coagulation,
adsorption, membrane, and biological treatment. This paper reviews the different treatment
technologies for textile wastewater along with its advantages and disadvantages. The objective of
this study is to contribute a summary on the best and latest treatment techniques for textile
industry effluent.

PAPER 15

Journal: Elsevier
Title: From the ground up: Unveiling Ghana's soil quality crisis and its ecological and health
implications
Authors: Ebenezer Ebo Yahans Amuah , ,Bernard Fei-Baffoe a , Raymond Webrah Kazapoe
Review: This study reviews the sources and factors impacting soil quality in Ghana and the
associated health and environmental implications. After sourcing 386 materials from different
search engines, these were subjected to content evaluation and novelty/concept analysis with a
score of 100% and 146 were retained for this study. From this review, agricultural, mining, urban,
and industrial activities, poor waste disposal, and vehicular and road traffic were the main
sources/factors influencing the levels/distributions of soil contaminates in Ghana's pedological
system. Pesticides including chlorpyrifos, β-hexachlorocyclohexane, p,p'-
dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene, hexachlorobenzene and
heptachlor have also been identified in elevated levels. Also, heavy metals have been detected in

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dumpsites and e-waste disposal sites. HMs such as Zn (558), Cr (77), Cu (347), As (4.2), and Pb
(288) (mg/kg) dominated waste disposal sites in Ghana. Extremely low levels of macro-nutrients
and soil organic carbon with high metals/metalloids contents including Hg, Zn, Pb, Cu and As
prevail in mining areas in Ghana. It is concluded that Ghana's pedological system is threatened by
anthropogenic activities resulting in the detection of above-threshold levels of contaminants
including agrochemicals, PAHs, HMs, and metalloids. These contaminants pose deleterious
environmental and health implications.

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indicators as a planning tool to ensure equitable and adequate access to open spaces for all
citizens. Furthermore, it offers valuable insights by identifying which indicators could be
substituted without compromising vital information, providing guidance for more efficient
planning strategies aimed at enhancing urban green space accessibility.

PAPER 11

Journal: Waste Management Bulletin,

Title: Application of remote sensing and geographic information system in solid waste
management for Gudivada Municipality, Andhra Pradesh, India (2023)

Authors: Haripavan, N., & Dey, S.

Review: This scheme addresses the critical challenge of solid waste management in burgeoning
regions by proposing the integration of Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographical Information
System (GIS) technologies. Focusing on Gudivada town in Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh,
India, the study aims to identify optimal waste disposal sites and efficient transportation routes
using RS and GIS tools. By doing so, the scheme seeks to alleviate environmental issues caused
by indiscriminate waste dumping and create solutions that minimize disruption to local
communities. This approach offers promising potential to ameliorate the complexities of solid
waste management, suggesting improvements to current systems for more effective waste
disposal and transportation methods. The emphasis on this town, situated within CRDA limits,
signifies a practical and relevant focus for implementing and testing these proposed strategies,
paving the way for better waste management practices in growing urban areas.

PAPER 12

Journal: Scientific African

Title: Spatial suitability analysis for site selection of municipal solid waste landfill using hybrid
GIS and MCDA approach: The case of Kitwe, Zambia (2023)

Authors: Mvula, R. L. S., Mundike, J., & Nguvulu, A.

Review: This study addresses the critical issue of Municipal Solid Waste Management
(MSWM) in Zambia, particularly in Kitwe City, where landfill site selection has historically
lacked proper suitability assessments. By employing a hybrid GIS and multi-sectoral/multi-
disciplinary approach, the research classifies the city into areas most suitable, suitable, and
unsuitable for hosting a landfill. This innovative method, incorporating inputs from local

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planners, public health,

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civil engineers, and environmental experts, deviates from previous practices that relied solely on
land availability. The results indicate that a significant portion of the study area is classified as
most suitable for landfill placement, providing options for potential sites that meet necessary
size requirements for projected waste generation over the next two decades. Notably, the study
identifies the unsuitability of the current Ichimpe dumpsite. This work significantly contributes
to knowledge on scientifically and socially acceptable landfill site selection in developing
nations, proposing the adoption of hybrid GIS and MCDA approaches to enhance environmental
and socio-economic sustainability in waste management. Importantly, this approach aligns with
achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 3, 6, and 11, as well as the Africa Union's
Agenda 2063, underscoring its significance in promoting sustainable urban development.

PAPER 13

Journal: Ain Shams Engineering Journal

Title: An integrated approach for non-revenue water reduction in water distribution networks
based on field activities, optimisation, and GIS applications. (2021)

Authors: Ayad, A., Khalifa, A., Fawy, M. E., & Moawad, A.

Review: This paper introduces an innovative integrated approach for water pipe network
calibration and leak quantification, merging field measurements and mathematical modeling
techniques. By leveraging Evolutionary Algorithms (EA) such as Genetic Algorithms (GA) and
Shuffled Complex Evolution – University of Arizona (SCE-UA), the method accurately
pinpoints leak outflows and identifies faulty meters within the network. Notably, it treats
physical leaks as junction points, aiding in network calibration and determining demands while
estimating pipe roughness factors for enhanced calibration precision. Additionally, the model
departs from conventional methods by utilizing floating-point representations and introducing a
novel self- adaptive constraint handling function, resulting in optimal outcomes within fewer
model runs. Validated using both a hypothetical (Hanoi network) and a real network (Faisal city
network), the approach seamlessly integrates EPAnet for hydraulic modelling and GIS for data
integration and output visualization, showcasing its accuracy and efficiency in practical
application. This comprehensive methodology promises improved accuracy and efficiency in
addressing water network calibration and leak detection, presenting a significant advancement in
the field.

PAPER 14

Journal: MethodsX,

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Title: A Review of _Urban Water Networks Management Using GIS (2023)

Authors: Patel, K., & Nihalani, S.

Review: This paper provides an overview of the prevalent use of computer technology,
particularly Geographical Information Systems (GIS), in the construction industry since the
1990s, focusing on its application in water works management. It delineates the significance of
GIS technology in handling both spatial and non-spatial data, enabling storage, manipulation,
analysis, and visualization while facilitating collaboration among multiple users. The review
emphasizes GIS's widespread application in diverse areas within the construction sector, such as
construction safety, flood studies, and pipeline management encompassing water works and
sewerage systems. It distinguishes between GIS-based projects and project management through
GIS, elucidating their differences. Specifically, it outlines the process of pipe network
management involving planning, design, and operations. Planning incorporates various methods
like remote sensing, photogrammetry, drones, or field surveys depending on project objectives
and budget constraints. Designing the network can be done within the GIS environment or
separate application platforms, while the final stage involves operations and management within
the GIS framework. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of how GIS
technology plays a crucial role in managing water works infrastructure, offering efficient
solutions across various phases of construction and management in the sector.

PAPER 15

Journal: The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science

Title: Hydrological inferences from watershed analysis for water resource management using
remote sensing and GIS techniques. (2014)

Authors: Singh, P., Gupta, A., & Singh, M.

Review: This study emphasizes the crucial role of Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) and
satellite images in assessing drainage characteristics and deriving essential parameters within the
Orr watershed, Ashok Nagar district, M.P., India. Utilizing the hydrological module of ARC
GIS software alongside SRTM DEM, the research conducted comprehensive morphometric
analyses and watershed delineation to manage the area effectively. The drainage network,
ranging from first to sixth order, signifies a dendritic pattern, indicating homogeneity in texture
and minimal structural control within the watershed. Further analysis revealed moderate
drainage density, suggesting highly permeable soils and low relief in the region. Parameters such
as bifurcation and

Department of Civil Engineering, MIT MYSORE 19

elongation ratios indicate an elongated-shaped basin with little geological structural influence on
the drainage pattern. Land use mapping, generated from current multispectral satellite data,
highlights various land cover types across the watershed. The study demonstrates that SRTM
DEM-based hydrological assessments offer superior precision compared to other available
techniques, showcasing its efficacy in watershed-scale evaluations. Overall, this research
underscores the importance and applicability of DEM-based analyses in understanding and
managing watershed characteristics.

PAPER 16

Journal: Heliyon

Title: Analysis of urban heat islands with landsat satellite images and GIS in Kuala Lumpur
Metropolitan City (2023)

Authors: Jumari, N. A. S. K., Ahmed, A. N., Huang, Y. F., Ng, J. L., Koo, C. H., Chong, K. L.,
... & Elshafie, A.

Review: This study underscores the urgency of understanding urban growth and its
environmental impacts, notably the escalation of urban heat islands (UHI) across Malaysian
regions, especially in Kuala Lumpur. To address these challenges and align with climate change
mitigation goals, the research proposes the application of thermal remote sensing using satellite-
based techniques to analyse UHI dynamics and their association with land surface temperature
(LST). By converting infrared radiation into thermal images, the study examines UHI patterns
over time, comparing temperature differentials between urban and rural areas in selected cities
from 2013 to 2021. The findings reveal significant temperature variations, indicating critical
changes attributed to urbanization and land-use alterations. The ANOVA test further strengthens
the credibility of these temperature shifts. Notable observations include the vulnerability of areas
like Sungai Batu to heightened urban heat due to reduced vegetation cover and rapid
development, contrasting with areas like Bukit Ketumbar, characterized by woodlands, which
experience lower UHI despite an increase from 2013 to 2021, underscoring the importance of
vegetation in mitigating UHI effects. Overall, this research underscores the vital role of remote
sensing in monitoring and understanding the complex dynamics of urban heat islands and their
relationship with land surface temperature, offering insights crucial for sustainable urban
planning and climate change mitigation strategies.

PAPER 17

Journal: The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science

Department of Civil Engineering, MIT MYSORE 20

Title: Assessing the Impact of Kirkuk Cement Plant Emissions on Land cover by Modelling
Gaussian Plume with Python and QGIS. (2023)

Authors: Ajaj, Q. M., Shafri, H. Z. M., Wayayok, A., & Ramli, M. F.

Review: This study innovatively employs Python within Quantum Geographic Information
System (QGIS) to model the Gaussian Plume equation, estimating contaminants released from a
cement plant. By utilizing spline interpolation and the maximum likelihood (ML) classification
processes, wind speed and land cover classes were extracted and analysed for all seasons in
2020. Analysing the exposure of primary and secondary directions to cement plant emissions
using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) provides a comprehensive perspective. Wind
speeds ranged between 3.07 and 4.35 (m/s) across seasons, with barren land (sand) dominating
the study area at 75.75%, followed by vegetation (13.35%), urban areas (7.97%), and water
bodies (4.67%). The ML classification exhibited high accuracy (98.2143%) and Kappa
coefficient (0.9736), validating land cover classification. The pollution risk assessment classified
contamination into four levels, with the most polluted areas observed in urban and plantation
regions during summer. The tool developed in this research facilitates the identification of
contaminants emitted from the cement plant, providing a high-resolution distribution pattern,
offering valuable insights for environmental monitoring and decision-making processes.

PAPER 18

Journal: International Journal of Water Resource Arid Environment

Title: GIS application for groundwater management and quality mapping in rural areas of
District Agra, India (2015)

Authors: Khan, S. U., Noor, A., & Farooqi, I. H.

Review; This study showcases the pivotal role of Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic
Information System (GIS) techniques in managing natural resources, particularly water
resources. Focusing on Agra rural areas, the research investigated groundwater quality variations
using GIS. By collecting water samples from various bore wells, the study aimed to evaluate
present groundwater quality, determine spatial distributions of parameters like TDS, Total
Hardness, Iron, and Fluoride concentrations, and map groundwater quality across the area.
Employing Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) interpolation in GIS facilitated the creation of
detailed groundwater quality information maps for the entire study region. These outcomes and
the spatial database established within GIS serve as valuable tools for monitoring and managing
groundwater pollution

Department of Civil Engineering, MIT MYSORE 21

in the area. The study also coded the mapped zones based on water quality, identifying potable
and non-potable areas, which serves as crucial information for decision-making regarding water
resource utilization in the absence of better alternative sources. Overall, this research offers
significant insights into managing groundwater quality using RS and GIS techniques, offering
actionable information for effective resource management and pollution control.

PAPER 19

Journal: International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks

Title: An approach to developing and protecting linear heritage tourism: The construction of
cultural heritage corridor of traditional villages in Mentougou District using GIS.

Authors: Ming Rui Li , Ying Cao , Gao Wei Li

Review: This study delves into the preservation and promotion of the unique tourism resource
present in Mentougou District, emphasizing its 180 ancient villages with rich cultural, historical,
and geographical significance. Recognizing the imminent risk of cultural dilution due to ongoing
social developments and population shifts, the research focuses on integrating and safeguarding
these traditional villages to bolster tourism development. Utilizing ArcGIS spatial analysis
software and drawing upon 62 ancient villages, the paper introduces the concept of linearity to
delineate the spatial influence of each village culture across macro, meso, and micro
perspectives. By constructing a corridor pattern based on this analysis, the study aims to
establish spatial consistency, enhance existing infrastructure, and develop a comprehensive
tourism-oriented development strategy. Through this approach, fragmented ancient village
resources are synthesized from natural, social, and transportation perspectives, enabling the
creation of a cohesive spatial structure. This facilitates the establishment of tourism routes and
the holistic planning of heritage utilization, offering a comprehensive blueprint for the tourism
development of ancient villages in the Mentougou District.

PAPER 20

Journal: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction

Title: Evaluating the efficiency of relief centres in disaster and epidemic conditions using multi-
criteria decision-making methods and GIS: A case study. (2023)

Authors: Choukolaei, H. A., Ghasemi, P., & Goodarzian, F.

Department of Civil Engineering, MIT MYSORE 22

Review: This study examines the efficiency and sustainability of selected disaster management
centres in Tehran, Iran, focusing on three distinct scenarios: natural disasters, epidemic
conditions, and situations combining both disasters and epidemics. Using the fuzzy Delphi
method, experts classified research criteria, weighted them via the triangular fuzzy aggregation
method, and evaluated these criteria within a Geographic Information System (GIS). Relief
locations designated by disaster management were then assessed against these criteria layers.
Employing the PROMETHEE method, a decision matrix was created to prioritize alternatives
across the scenarios, enabling efficiency evaluations. Results indicated that in disaster situations,
the main criterion's impact factor was 13%, emphasizing its significance among evaluation
criteria. Contrastingly, in epidemic conditions, the security criterion held the most weight,
accounting for 22% among the evaluation criteria, marking it as the most critical factor
according to PROMETHEE rankings. This comprehensive analysis provides valuable insights
into prioritizing and evaluating disaster management centres under varying scenarios, crucial for
enhancing preparedness and response strategies during disasters and epidemics.

Department of Civil Engineering, MIT MYSORE 23

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[1] Ajaj, Q. M., Shafri, H. Z. M., Wayayok, A., & Ramli, M. F. (2023). Assessing the Impact of
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Department of Civil Engineering, MIT MYSORE 24

[10] Jumari, N. A. S. K., Ahmed, A. N., Huang, Y. F., Ng, J. L., Koo, C. H., Chong, K. L., ... &
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[13] Li, M., Cao, Y., & Li, G. (2023). An approach to developing and protecting linear heritage
tourism: The construction of cultural heritage corridor of traditional villages in Mentougou
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[14] Mvula, R. L. S., Mundike, J., & Nguvulu, A. (2023). Spatial suitability analysis for site
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[15] Oseke, F. I., Anornu, G. K., Adjei, K. A., & Eduvie, M. O. (2021). Assessment of water
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[19] Singh, P., Gupta, A., & Singh, M. (2014). Hydrological inferences from watershed analysis
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[20] Tasoulas, E., Varras, G., Tsirogiannis, I., & Myriounis, C. (2013). Development of a GIS
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Department of Civil Engineering, MIT MYSORE 26