CAUSES OF WATER POLLUTION, EFFECTS AND

PREVENTION

OMOTE HAPPY EGHOGHON

AST/2372040199

A SEMINAR PAPER PRESENTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF

PHYSICAL SCIENCE AND LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY,
SCHOOL OF APPLIED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, AUCHI
POLYTECHNIC, AUCHI, EDO STATE.

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR

THE AWARD OF HND IN PHYSICAL SCIENCE
LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY.

JULY, 2022

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 OUTLINE

Title Page

Outline

Abstract

Introduction

Physicochemical Parameters of Water

Causes of water pollution

Types of water pollution

Prevention

Conclusion

Recommendation

Reference

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 ABSTRACT
Water quality is a big issue that mankind is facing in recent years. Water is separated
from other environmental components, because it is not substitutable. The water cycle
constitutes the basic dynamics of the life and economy cycle. Water resources are limited
and exposed to many human-induced negative effects. Fresh water resources on our
planet constitutes only 2.5% of water resources. Water is an indispensable resource for
all living things and it is a vital value. Life without water cannot be considered. The
existence of sufficient and good quality water is the basic condition of freshwater
ecosystems as well as food security and sustainable development, and therefore the future
of humanity. Pollution of the limited fresh water resources causes further pressure on
fresh water resources. Eight liters of clean water must be used to clean one liter of the
waste water. Safe drinking water is an indispensable need for all humans. The WHO
reports that 80% diseases (bacterial, viral and parasitic) are waterborne. Human beings
contribute in a great way to waste and pollute this vital natural resource. Education and
raising awareness related to water pollution should be given to the humanity so that this
problem can be reduced to a certain level. This research is to find out the causes, effect
and how to prevent water pollution. It is thought that this study will contribute to the
literature on the subject and to the reduction of the pollution level of water resources

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Introduction
Environmental components such as water and the sustainability of these
components are very important for all living organisms and the future of the earth. All
organisms in the ecosystem are connected to each other with a life link. Therefore, the
deterioration that occurs in a part of the system affects the whole system over time. Water
is separated from other environmental components as it is the main source of life and
cannot be substituted. Most of the big problems that mankind is facing in the recent years
are related to water quantity and water quality (Unesco, 2009).
Water must be preserved and protected from all type of pollutant. Water is among
the indispensableingredient in the center of the life. Without water, life is not possible.
But water resources contaminated by various toxic, industrial pollutants that results in
some problems such as unsafe for consumption for humans and irrigation activities; so,
this leads to water scarcity for humans and ecosystem. There are two different water
sources on our planet. The first is the water we see in oceans, rivers, lakes and ponds
called surface water. Surface water is home to many species of plants and animals that
depend not only on the quantity but also on the quality of the water to survive. Another is
groundwater, stored below the surface in Earth's aquifers. This source of water feeds our
rivers and oceans and makes up most of the world's drinking water supply. Both of these
water resources are critical to life on Earth, both can get dirty in different ways.
The word pollution can define as contamination; desecration, dirtying, soiling,
spoiling, destruction. Among the types of pollution, water pollution is of major
significant for the health of all living organisms; especially mankind. Unfortunately,
water sources are used unconsciously and contaminated by humans and they cause
threaten their future generations. When water is polluted, it becomes unsafe for human
consumption because the water contains dangerous or toxic substances and disease-
causing bacteria and organisms (Friedl, 2003).
While the economic activities that started with the industrialization process
provided the growth and development of countries, they also caused environmental
problems and especially negative effects on water resources. Although a significant part

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of the earth is covered with water, the amount of water available is very low. Besides
natural causes, the damages caused by human activities have caused pressure on limited
water resources and global water problems. Various researches and studies are carried out
on the global water problem. Studies show that, in addition to climatic phenomena such
as drought, global warming and climate change, many reasons such as the increase in the
world population, increase in urbanization rate and pollution of water resources will
cause a global water crisis. “As the human population and development in modern
technology increases, the risk for water pollution also increases” (Ahmed, 2010).
The main cause behind water crisis in the World is, water pollution. Global water
quality is threatened by industries, agricultural activities, cities, mining areas and other
causes. This pollution is then transferred to surface and groundwater (Dwivedi,2017).
When surface water polluted it can cause health and environment risks. Besides,
waterways have significant roles for washing and cleaning, for fishing and fish farming,
and for recreation. In addition, toxic chemicals can be dissolved from the soil or rock
layers into groundwater (U.S. EPA, 1999). In recent years, there has been big increase in
the demand for freshwater due to rapid growth of population and fast industrialization
(Ramakrishnaiah et al. 2009). Living organism, ecosystem and human health is
threatened by most of the agricultural development activities particularly in relation to
excessive application of fertilizers and unsanitary conditions (Okeke and Igboanua,
2003). Anthropogenic activities have led to water quality deterioration in many parts of
the World (Wang et al., 2010). Water pollution is one of the most important issue for
government and scientists. Therefore, protecting water sources and water quality is
extremely urgent because of serious water pollution and global scarcity of water
resources.
Physicochemical Parameters of Water
People on globe are under tremendous threat due to undesired changes in the
characteristics of water (Shukla et al. 2017). Humans need water in many daily activities
like drinking, washing, bathing, cooking etc. The quality of water usually described
according to its physical, chemical and biological characteristics (Saad et al. 2017). It is

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necessary that the quality of drinking water should be checked at regular time interval
before it is used for drinking, domestic, agricultural or industrial purpose, because due to
use of contaminated drinking water, human population suffers from varied of water borne
diseases (Jamdade and Gawande, 2017) The availability of good quality water is an
indispensable feature for preventing diseases and improving quality of life. The
physicochemical parameters used to quantify the quality of drinking water ,which are
used for testing of water quality.
The physicochemical properties help in the identification of sources of pollution,
for conducting further investigation on the eco-biological impacts and also for initiating
necessary steps for remedial actions in case of polluted water bodies (Jain and
Shrivastava, 2014). Guidelines of different physicochemical parameters also have been
given for comparing the value of water sample (Kolekar, 2017).
Causes of Water Pollution
Pollution is the negative change that occurs to one of the environmental
components. In whole or in part, it results from vital and industrial human activity. It
begins with changes in the energy, the levels of radiation, and unwanted biological,
physical, and chemical changes in the biosphere, in which all other living creatures live.
These changes can directly or indirectly affect the ecological balance through food, air,
water and various agricultural products. The environmental pollutants are many and
varied in sources, and have different meanings and effects (Rashid, 2017). It is also
known as the quantitative and qualitative change that happens to one or more elements of
the environment, which would harm the life of the organism and weaken the ecosystems
ability to continue its production (Baya, 2008).
Water is one of the most important elements on Earth when it comes to sustaining
life. Unfortunately, it is also extremely susceptible to pollution. This is largely because
water is a universal solvent that can disso2lve many substances. While this is a wonderful
quality that we take advantage of for everyday tasks such as cooking, cleaning and taking
medication, it is also the exact quality that causes water to become polluted so easily.

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 There are many causes of water pollution. Below, we will focus on six of the
major causes of water pollution.
Industrial Waste: Industries and industrial sites across the world are a major contributor
to water pollution. Many industrial sites produce waste in the form of toxic chemicals and
pollutants, and though regulated, some still do not have proper waste management
systems in place. In those rare cases, industrial waste is dumped into nearby freshwater
systems. When industrial waste is not treated properly (or worse, not treated at all), it can
very easily pollute the freshwater systems that it comes into contact with.
Marine Dumping: The process of marine dumping is exactly what it sounds like,
dumping garbage into the waters of the ocean. It might seem crazy, but household
garbage is still collected and dumped into oceans by many countries across the world.
Most of these items can take anywhere from two to 200 years to decompose completely.
Sewage and Wastewater: Harmful chemicals, bacteria and pathogens can be found in
sewage and wastewater even when it’s been treated. Sewage and wastewater from each
household is released into the sea with fresh water. The pathogens and bacteria found in
that wastewater breed disease, and therefore are a cause of health-related issues in
humans and animals alike.
Oil Leaks and Spills: The age-old phrase “like water and oil” is used when describing
two things that do not mix easily or at all. Just as the saying states, water and oil do not
mix, and oil does not dissolve in water. Large oil spills and oil leaks, while often
accidental, are a major cause of water pollution. Leaks and spills often are caused by oil
drilling operations in the ocean or ships that transport oil. wildlife.
Agriculture: In order to protect their crops from bacteria and insects, farmers often use
chemicals and pesticides. When these substances seep into the groundwater, they can
harm animals, plants and humans. Additionally, when it rains, the chemicals mix with
rainwater, which then flows into rivers and streams that filter into the ocean, causing
further water pollution.
Radioactive Waste: Radioactive waste from facilities that create nuclear energy can be
extremely hazardous to the environment and must be disposed of properly. This is

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because uranium, the element used in the creation of nuclear energy, is a highly toxic
chemical. Unfortunately, accidents still occur at these facilities, and toxic waste is
released into the environment.

Types of Water Pollutions

Physical Pollution
Physical pollution results from organic and inorganic materials suspended in
water. This type of pollutants change the color, taste, and smell of water. One of the
forms of physical pollution is the high temperature as a result of pouring the cool water of
factories and nuclear reactors into water bodies. It leads to a decrease in the amount of
dissolved oxygen and harms aquatic organisms (Ewaid et al. 2017)
Chemical Pollution
This type of pollution results from the presence of excessive amounts of dissolved
salts, acids, fluorides, metals, organic materials, fertilizers and pesticides. The metals are
mostly soluble in water to some extent, including some toxic ones, such as barium,
cadmium, lead, and mercury. Whereas, the non-toxic metals include calcium,
magnesium, sodium, iron, and copper, whose increase causes some diseases. Excessive
sodium concentration, for example, makes the water unpalatable and leads to health risks
for heart and kidney disease, and poisoning plants. Likewise, most of the organic
materials can be dissolved by water. They are either organic materials, that can be
dissolved by the bacteria present in the water, or they are not dissolvable, such as
pesticides and detergents. Fertilizers include mainly nitrogen and phosphorous, and their
presence in the water helps the aquatic plants to grow increasingly. This may result in the
phenomenon of premature aging of the lakes, which eventually turn into swamps or dry
land (Ewaid et al. 2017).
Bio-pollution
Biological contamination includes vital pollutants such as pathogenic bacteria,
viruses, and parasites. The sources of these pollutants are human and animal excreta.
They are transferred to the water when it mixes with sewage or agricultural drainage

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water, causing human infection with many diseases such as cholera. Therefore, sterilizers
such as chlorine must be used to eliminate
these pollutants in drinking water (Ewaid et al. 2017).
Radioactive pollution
The risk of this type of pollution is increased by nuclear activity and the attempt to
dispose of nuclear waste. Radioactive materials may leak into water bodies, where they
are absorbed by living organisms and transferred to humans causing various effects on
genetics [5]. Radium is the most important radiation, which causes bone cancer. Also, the
presence of radioactive materials in water leads to a physiological change (Ewaid et al.
2019).
Effect of Water Pollution
Water pollution has a dual effect on nature. It has negative effects on the living
and also on the environment. The effects of pollution on human beings and aquatic
communities are many and varied. Water pollution causes approximately 14,000 deaths
per day, mostly due to contamination of drinking water by untreated sewage in
developing countries
Effects of Water Pollution on Human Health
Effects of Water Pollution on Human Health There is a greater association
between water pollution and health problem. Health risk associated with polluted water
includes different diseases such as respiratory disease, cancer, diarrheal disease,
neurological disorder and cardiovascular disease. Nitrogenous chemicals are responsible
for cancer and blue baby syndrome Bacterial, viral and parasitic diseases are spreading
through polluted water and affecting human health. Disease causing microorganisms are
known as pathogens and these pathogens are spreading disease directly among humans
(Haseena et al. 2017). Many water borne diseases are spreading man to man. The release
of untreated sewage to natural water systems can spread water-borne diseases such as
cholera, typhoid, hepatitis, and polio. Poor sanitation and unsafe water cause 88% of the
4 billion annual cases of diarrhea, resulting in the death of about 1.8 million people per
annum, mostly of children under five (Ugwu et al. 2017)

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 The world health organization has estimated that up to 80% of all diseases and
sickness in the world is caused by inadequate sanitation, polluted water or unavailability
of water (Kanagalakshmi et al. 2017). Industries disposing wastewater into the surface
water bodies without proper treatment, leads to several health disorders such as Cadmium
(Cd) causes Kidney damage, renal disorder, human carcinogen, Copper (Cu) causes Liver
damage, Wilson disease, insomnia, Nickel (Ni) causes Dermatitis, nausea, chronic
asthma, coughing (Aravind and Chanakya , 2017). Therefore, the removal of
contaminants of concern is now as ever imported in the production of safe drinking water
and the environmentally responsible release of great water problems.
Effects of Water Pollution on the environment
According to estimates by the UN, at least two billion people around the planet are
exposed to unclean drinking water. But while this has major ramifications for their
health, resulting in the proliferation of a multitude of waterborne diseases and causing
premature deaths among vulnerable populations, humans are not the only party
negatively affected by the phenomenon. Here’s a closer look at some of the more
prevalent water pollution effects on the environment as a whole.
Eutrophication: When an abundance of nutrients is allowed to leach into water sources
from agricultural run-off, it can cause a sharp imbalance in the delicate ecosystems which
inhabit them. Most notably, this can cause a process called eutrophication, wherein
excess levels of ammonia and phosphate promote the rapid growth of algal blooms.
These blooms block out sunlight and suck up all the oxygen from their environment, thus
depriving other aquatic organisms of the resources they need to survive.
Plastic ingestion: The human race’s obsession with plastic contributes to a terrible
problem in our seas and oceans, where much plastic waste ends up. Indeed, it’s estimated
that there are over five trillion tonnes of the stuff in bodies of water worldwide, with
many of these breaking down into smaller micro plastics over time. Not only can marine
animals become entangled in this rubbish, but they can also mistake it for food and ingest
it. As well as potentially damaging their internal organs, plastic also takes up vital space
in their stomachs without contributing any nutrients.

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Bioaccumulation: When heavy metals, chemicals and other toxins end up in waterways,
they become absorbed by the plants and animals living there. While the concentrations of
these elements might begin small, they can persist in organic matter for many years and
as such, are simply assimilated into the bodies of predators after the initial host is
consumed. In this way, they work their way up the food chain, compromising the health
of ever larger animals and potentially even finding their way onto our dinner plates.
Acidification: Not all water pollution is visible to the naked eye. It’s thought that our
seas and oceans can absorb as much as a quarter of the carbon emitted into the air, thus
leading to decreased pH levels in the water. This type of disruption to the chemical
balance of the ecosystem can interfere with some animals’ navigation and self-defense
systems, as well as impact negatively upon their ability to grow and repair their bodies.
Meanwhile, acidification is also a leading cause of coral bleaching.
Loss Of Entire Species: Finally, water pollution can have the ultimate effect of wiping
an entire species off the face of the Earth. Due to the composition of their bodies and the
ways in which they function, certain organisms are more susceptible to this kind of threat
than others, as demonstrated by laboratory experiments. If water pollution interferes with
the reproductive systems and habits of an animal, or else makes it less capable of dealing
with other environmental stressors, it can eventually die out altogether.
Prevention of Water Pollution
Polluted water is the world’s primary health concern and persists to pose threats to
the survival of humanity and quality of aquatic life. Many water resources are more and
more becoming vulnerable to pollution by toxic chemicals, dirt, garbage, and pathogens.
This has led to contamination of drinking water and making the aquatic habitat
unbearable thereby steadily degrading the quality of public health and aquatic life. There
have been several calls to reverse the situation both internationally and domestically, but
it can only be attained through proper strategies and human effort. Ameliorating the water
pollution situation should be a collective effort right from the individual level (Sonia
Madaan, 2019).
Some of the control measures that can help the situation include:

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1. Proper Sewage Treatment
Most urban regions around the world are served by domestic sewer systems that
collect sewer waste to a central collection point for treatment after which it is emptied
into lakes, rivers or oceans to undergo biological breakdown. In the developed worlds,
the treatment processes have been perfected through well engineered operated systems.
However, the systems only clean about 90% of the sewage pollutant load.
In some developing countries and poor regions, sewage is dumped directly into
water bodies minus undergoing any form of treatment or cleaning. Some urban areas also
have sewer overflows while some have leaking sewer systems that directly discharge the
contents into water sources. Employment of the following approaches can help
ameliorate sewage waste water pollution.
 As a way of reducing the pollution load to zero, there is a need for the more
advanced engineered cleaning process. Some developed worlds have sewage
treatment plants with extra systems for eliminating pathogens and nutrients. Other
regions should emulate this strategy to reduce sewage pollutant loads to zero.
 Continued maintenance including replacement and repair of leaking and faulty
sewage processing infrastructure.
 Reducing the hydraulic overload by increasing the volume carriage capacity of the
sewage at the central collection point.
 Sewage management should also incorporate treatment and cleaning of storm
water runoff that contains various contaminants, a commonly neglected aspect in
developing and some developed nations.
 Domestic household septic tanks should ensure on-site pre-treatment of the waste
water before it infiltrates into the soil.
2. Green Agricultural Practices
Agricultural production practices qualify as massive causal agents for water
pollution. Sediments are washed off from agricultural lands into lakes, rivers, and oceans
causing silt depositions. Farmers can utilize erosion and sediment control methods to
limit runoff currents and hold back the soils on their farms. Green agricultural practice
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techniques like crop rotation, mulching, planting perennial crops, contour plowing, and
installing silt fences can minimize the effects. Commercial fertilizers and animal manure
applied to agricultural lands contain nitrates and phosphates that are washed off into
water bodies. Likewise, pesticides and herbicides have chemical contaminants that are
washed into the lakes, rivers, and oceans by storm water. Farmers can formulate and put
into practice nutrient management plans to curtail excess nutrients application thereby
reducing the potential for phosphates and nitrates pollution. The impacts of pesticides and
herbicides application can be managed by using integrated pest management (IPM)
techniques such as biological pest control to control pests and minimize dependence on
chemical pesticides.
3. Industrial Waste Water Treatment
Industrial facilities generate loads of wastewater containing high concentrations of
conventional water pollutants like oil, petroleum hydrocarbons, toxic chemical
compounds, heavy metals, and other contaminants such as ammonia. Some power plants
also release heated wastewater into water bodies, interfering with the normal water
temperatures. Reducing the water pollution effects caused by industries thus, require
well-designed treatment and water cooling systems. As much as industries have these
specialized waste treatment systems, a good number of industries have poorly maintained
systems and some entirely lack quality treatment protocols. The installation of pre-
treatment facilities and adoption of quality waste treatment protocols can extensively help
to eliminate the toxic contaminants.
Therefore, all manufacturing industries should assure they have a well-designed
treatment facility that can prevent water pollution by cooling, treating and removing all
the toxic components of the waste discharged into water bodies.
4. Anti-pollution Laws and Policies
Anti-pollution laws and regulations at local, state and international levels are
perfect measures for curtailing water pollution. Laws have always played an excellent
role to ensure water pollution levels are kept to the minimum. Environmental protection
policies such as the Clean Water Acts work to ensure that anti-pollution laws are effected

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and apply to all significant waters including ground water. Anti-pollution laws can as
well establish measures that put restrictions for top water pollution problems such as
sewage and industrial waste treatments and garbage management. These laws should be
directed to marketplaces, industries, hospitals, schools, and the local councils.
5. Individual Efforts and Educative Campaigns
There are immeasurable ways individuals and groups can take initiative or educate
people on the dangers of water pollution. It is always a great starting point as a means of
fighting the wider causes of water pollution. Individuals and groups aware of the dangers
of water pollution can educate family, friends, and even the society as a whole through
joint campaigns and advocacy. Examples include the use of media, institutions, and
online educative forums. Educative topics can include:
 The need to use waste bins by never throwing rubbish into riversides, beaches or
water bodies.
 Wise use of water can also reduce the amount of wastewater that will require
treatment.
 Avoiding throwing of oils, paints, chemicals and medicines in sink drain or toilet
can as well contribute to reducing the dangers of water pollution. Waste consumer
products and utilities such as drugs, battery cells, and other chemical wastes can be
disposed at designated disposal points where the relevant authorities can collect
and dispose them effectively.
 Use of more environmentally friendly consumer products at home and in public
places can also considerably relieve the pollution burden.
Conclusion
Water is a very significant source for all living organisms; all the living organisms
need water so it is life itself. It keeps them alive but polluted water is a very harmful
substance. When humans drink polluted water it has serious effects on their health. The
air, water and the soil are the main elements of our environment (Obafemi et al., 2012).
In attempt to address environmental pollution, environmental education is a key factor.
The main objective of environmental and water pollution education is to equip learners
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with knowledge, values and skills that promote the protection and conservation of the
environment. The best thing you can do to prevent water pollution is to educate yourself
and your environment about the world's water supply and support conservation projects
and such works. An important purpose of water education is to teach understanding about
water pollution in order to best protect the water resources.
Recommendation
Water pollution education is a very important and effective tool to promote public
awareness. Water pollution prevention training should be done as follows; producers
should be informed by experts about proper fertilization, peoples should be informed
about recycling process and waste materials, should be informed about the harms of
excessive consumption, media should be used in promoting water pollution awareness,
people should be informed about the importance of all natural resources for life,
activities, presentations about protection of water and water resources should be
organized regularly. The ideal procedure to reduce diffuse pollution of waterways is to
minimize or avoid the use of chemicals for agricultural, industrial, and domestic purposes
(Scheierling, 1995). Education on the dangers of water pollution is extremely important,
as it helps people to apply the right attitudes when dealing with the environment.
Education activities that get people informed and empowered to help protect water should
be encouraged and invested in. Environmental education teaches individuals to weigh
different sides of an environmental issue to make informed and responsible decisions.

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