9.

a) ∃x(P (x) ∧ Q(x))

b) ∃x(P (x) ∧ ¬Q(x))
c) ∀x(P (x)∨Q(x))
d) ∀x¬(P (x) ∨ Q(x))

18.

a) ∃xP(x): P(-2) ∨ P(-1) ∨ P(0) ∨ P(1) ∨ P(2)

b) ∀xP(x): P(-2) ∧ P(-1) ∧ P(0) ∧ P(1) ∧ P(2)

c) ∃x¬P(x): ¬P(-2) ∨ ¬P(-1) ∨ ¬P(0) ∨ ¬P(1) ∨ ¬P(2)

d) ∀x¬P(x): ¬P(-2) ∧ ¬P(-1) ∧ ¬P(0) ∧ ¬P(1) ∧ ¬P(2)

e) ¬∃xP(x): ¬(P(-2) ∨ P(-1) ∨ P(0) ∨ P(1) ∨ P(2))

f) ¬∀xP(x): ¬(P(-2) ∧ P(-1) ∧ P(0) ∧ P(1) ∧ P(2))

23.

a) ∃xH(x) states "There exists someone who can speak Hindi."

∃x(C(x) ∧ H(x)) states "There exists someone in your class who can speak Hindi."

b) ∀xF(x) states "Everyone is friendly."

∀x(C(x) → F(x)) states "Everyone in your class is friendly."

c) ∃x¬B(x) states "There exists someone who was not born in California."
∃x(C(x) ∧ ¬B(x)) states "There exists someone in your class who was not born in California."

d) ∃xM(x) states "There exists someone who has been in a movie."

∃x(C(x) ∧ M(x)) states "There exists someone in your class who has been in a movie."

e) ∀x¬L(x) states "Everyone has not taken a course in logic programming."

∀x(C(x) → ¬L(x)) states "Everyone in your class has not taken a course in logic programming."

26.

a) Someone in your school has visited Uzbekistan.

i. Using predicates with one variable:
- Domain: People in your school
- Predicate: V(x): x has visited Uzbekistan
- Logical expression: ∃x V(x)

ii. Using predicates with two variables:

- Domain: People in your school, Places
- Predicate: V(x, y): Person x has visited place y
- Logical expression: ∃x ∃y (x is in your school ∧ y = Uzbekistan ∧ V(x, y))

iii. Varying the domain:

 - Domain: People in the world, Schools
- Predicate: S(x): x is in your school
- Logical expression: ∃x (S(x) ∧ V(x, Uzbekistan))

b) Everyone in your class has studied calculus and C++.

i. Using predicates with one variable:
- Domain: People in your class
- Predicates: C(x): x has studied calculus, P(x): x has studied C++
- Logical expression: ∀x (C(x) ∧ P(x))

ii. Using predicates with two variables:

- Domain: People in your class, Subjects
- Predicate: S(x, y): Person x has studied subject y
- Logical expression: ∀x (S(x, calculus) ∧ S(x, C++))

iii. Varying the domain:

- Domain: People in the world, Classes
- Predicate: C(x): x is in your class
- Logical expression: ∀x (C(x) → (C(x) ∧ P(x)))

c) No one in your school owns both a bicycle and a motorcycle.

i. Using predicates with one variable:
- Domain: People in your school
- Predicates: B(x): x owns a bicycle, M(x): x owns a motorcycle
- Logical expression: ¬∃x (B(x) ∧ M(x))

ii. Using predicates with two variables:

- Domain: People in your school, Items
- Predicate: O(x, y): Person x owns item y
- Logical expression: ¬∃x ∃y (x is in your school ∧ y = bicycle ∧ z = motorcycle ∧ O(x, y) ∧ O(x, z))

iii. Varying the domain:

- Domain: People in the world, Schools, Items
- Predicate: S(x): x is in your school
- Logical expression: ¬∃x (S(x) ∧ O(x, bicycle) ∧ O(x, motorcycle))

d) There is a person in your school who is not happy.

i. Using predicates with one variable:
- Domain: People in your school
- Predicate: H(x): x is happy
- Logical expression: ∃x ¬H(x)

ii. Using predicates with two variables:

- Domain: People in your school, Emotions
- Predicate: E(x, y): Person x has emotion y
- Logical expression: ∃x (E(x, school) ∧ ¬E(x, happy))

iii. Varying the domain:

- Domain: People in the world, Schools, Emotions
- Predicate: S(x): x is in your school
- Logical expression: ∃x (S(x) ∧ ¬E(x, happy))
e) Everyone in your school was born in the twentieth century.
i. Using predicates with one variable:
- Domain: People in your school
- Predicate: B(x): x was born in the twentieth century
- Logical expression: ∀x B(x)

ii. Using predicates with two variables:

- Domain: People in your school, Centuries
- Predicate: B(x, y): Person x was born in century y
- Logical expression: ∀x (B(x, twentieth))

iii. Varying the domain:

- Domain: People in the world, Schools, Centuries
- Predicate: S(x): x is in your school
- Logical expression: ∀x (S(x) → B(x, twentieth))

28.
a)¬P(x)
b) ∀x(T(x)→(P(x)∧C(x)))
c) ∀x(T(x)→(P(x)∧C(x)))
d)¬∃x(P(x)∧C(x))
e)∃x(T(x)∧¬P(x)∧C(x))

In these expressions:
- T(x) means "x is a tool",
- P(x) means "x is in the correct place"
- C(x) means "x is in excellent condition".

33.
a) Domain: Old dogs.
∃x T (x)
Negation is ∀x ¬T (x): No old dogs can
learn new tricks.

b) Domain: Rabbits.
¬∃x C(x)
Negation is ∃x C(x): There is a rabbit that knows calculus.

c) Domain: Birds.
∀x B (x)
Negation is ∃x ¬B (x): There is a bird who cannot fly.

d) Domain: Dogs.
¬∃x D (x)
Negation is ∃x D (x): There is a dog that talks.

e) Domain: People in this class.

¬∃x(F (x)∧R(x))
Negation is ∃x(F (x)∧R(x)): There is someone in this class who knows French and Russian.
In these expressions:
T(x) means "x can learn new tricks"
C(x) means "x knows calculus"
B (x) means "x can fly"
D (x) means "x can talk"
F(x) means "x knows French"
R(x) means "x Russian"

34.
a) Negation: ¬(∃x)(D(x) ∧ ¬S(x)): There are no drivers who do not obey the speed limit.

b) Negation: ¬(∀x)(S(x) → M(x)): There exists a Swedish movie that is not serious.

c) Negation: ¬(∀x)(P(x) → K(x)): There exists someone who can't keep a secret.

d) Negation: ¬(∃x)(C(x) ∧ ¬G(x)): Everyone in this class has a good attitude.