Professional Documents
Culture Documents
By:
Drs. I Made Sujana, M.A.
UPT Pusat Bahasa UNRAM
Jalan Pendidikan 37 Mataram 83125 LOMBOK NTB
Phone 0370 622503; e-mail:PUBAH@mataram.wasantara.net.id
A. INTRODUCTION
Preparing school-leavers to enter workplaces or apprenticeship becomes main
concerns in education and training programs. Training institutions compete to
promote that the training they run produces school-leavers ready to enter workplaces
or apprenticeship by specifying competencies needed in a particular workplace. In
addition, to promote programs for prospective students, the institutions include
competencies they will impart their students in their syllabus design. It seems the
inclusion of competencies needed in workplaces becomes the selling points in
designing curriculum/syllabus. Thus, competency-based approaches in curriculum
design are preferable in current language training; let alone in designing
curriculum/syllabus in ESP contexts whose purpose of learning English is to impart
language specific needed in a particular workplace.
The competency-based approaches (CBAs) have long been adopted in vocational
and professional areas. The adoption of these approaches is generated by two
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A paper prsented at NUESP National Conference, at Universitas Jember Jawa Timur, 4-5 August 2003
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developmental lines: educational and economic. In the educational developmental
line, the application of CBAs is based on the idea of fulfilling learners' needs in
curriculum design and of applying criterion-Reference Testing (CRT) in language
evaluation. In economic developmental line, their application is generated by how to
"sell" curriculum or programs by the inclusion of competencies needed in a particular
workplace and by the idea of how to learn language function in efficient and effective
way.
In designing English syllabus in Tourism area, a course designer should consider
the developmental lines mentioned above. The adoption of CBAs in designing
English curriculum is urgently needed in this area. This paper will further discuss the
Competency-Based Approaches in syllabus design with reference to English for
Tourism. First, it will discuss competency-based approaches in designing syllabus for
ESP context and second, a proposal for finding out competencies needed in Tourism
area with reference to competencies needed by students of Tourism Department (the
University of Mataram).
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student's result is meaningful without reference to the other learner's results. In
addition, using CRT allows for variety of assessment forms such as role play and
unstructured observation. It also allows for modular and self paced learning,
emphasizes flexibility to meet individual learner needs and recognizes prior learning
or current competencies in relation to training (Hagan, 1994). Applying the CRT in
language teaching will force the learner to achieve the established objectives; the
objectives of which are taken from the aspects of language needed in the target
situation where the language is going to be used.
In the economic developmental line, the CBAs are adopted to give added value
(selling point) to the trainees (graduates) in the job market. Trainees graduated from
institutions having well-defined and explicit competencies in their course description
will have more chances to be considered to get job. Besides, the establishment of
competencies will make the training program more effective and efficient. It is in line
with Hutchinson and Waters' (1993) claim that time and money constraints created a
need for cost-effective courses with clearly defined goals.
Regarding the influence of CBAs in today's educational and employment
contexts, Docking (1994) comments that in education context, the competencies
(learning outcomes) underpin curriculum design, teaching strategies, assessment,
reporting, accreditation, program evaluation, and certification. In
employment/economic context, on the other hand, the CBAs are being adopted as the
basis of work design, industrial awards, recruitment and selection, performance
appraisal, training need analysis and training design, etc. Furthermore Docking
suggests that it is important to consider the application of CBAs in training programs
a means of raising standards to meet competency profile requirements and not just
across campuses and between internal and external modes of delivery;
a means of meeting the need for flexibility and diversity and consistent
increase their options, and to take advantage of opportunities for learning as they
arise.
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C. ESTABLISHING ENGLISH COMPETENCY IN ESP CONTEXT: TOURISM
It is claimed that any decision made in designing language teaching programs in
ESP contexts must be based on the learners' reasons (learners' needs) for learning
English (Strevens, 1998; Robinson, 1991; Dudley-Evans & St. John, 1998). However,
knowing learners' needs is not a simple task due to the multi-interpretations of the
needs. Needs can be interpreted into necessities, wants, and lacks (Hutchinson and
Waters, 1993). Necessities (target needs) deal with the demand of the target situations
(i.e. what the learner needs to know in order to function effectively in the target
situation). Lacks refer to the learner's existing language proficiency in order to help
determination of the starting point of the teaching and learning process. Wants relate
to what the learner would like to gain from the language course (personal aims). In
addition, Dudley-Evans & St. John (1998) see needs from various points of view such
as from personal information about learners, language information about target
situation, professional information about learners, how to communicate in the target
situation, language learning needs, learner's needs from the course, learner's lack, and
environmental situation. However, both Hutchinson & Waters and Dudley-Evans &
St. John agree that the main purposes of doing needs analysis are first to find out
language needs in the target situation (i.e. what the learner needs to know in order to
function effectively in the target situation) and second to formulate the learning needs
(i.e. how to achieve the target needs in teaching and learning process). (In Dudley-
Evans & St. John's terms, they are called Target Situation Analysis (TSA) and
Learning Situation Analysis (LSA)).
In establishing English competencies needed in a particular workplace, a course
designer can start from target needs (TSA) by analyzing responsibilities/duties/tasks
of professional workers in the target situation where the language is going to be used.
The responsibilities are then translated into competencies (skills and sub-skills)
needed in workplaces in order to be able to master the language needed in the
particular workplace. The following are suggested steps in finding out English
competencies needed in a particular workplace.
The process of analysis starts from the identification of learners of the language
teaching program. The target group in this step can be categorized into two groups:
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the identification of learners who want to study the language in terms of personal,
socio-culture, education, expectation, interest, real language needs, etc.; and the
identification of professional workers in the target situation, who have used the
language in the target situation. The identification of responsibilities of professional
workers of the target situation will be a useful guideline in the next steps in designing
syllabus since the responsibilities of the professional workers in the target situation
are used as a basis in course design. In this steps, it is necessary to (a) study in-depth
each of the situations in which they would need to use English; (b) clarify the
learners' communicative purposes by analyzing the activities and roles they would be
performing in English; and (c) determine the level of performance they expected to
attain. From the responsibilities of the professional workers, the communicative needs
can further be elaborated in order to find out the focus of language skills needed in
the particular workplace. The following step is the translation of the communicative
into language competencies that need to be developed in in order to be able to do the
job professionally in the target situations. The language competencies are then
translated into teaching materials from functional and structural point of view and
strategies to master the language competencies.
Referring to the main purposes of doing need analysis mentioned in previous
section, steps 1 - 4 aim at finding out the target needs (what learners needs to do in
the target situations) while steps 5 and 6 aim at finding out learning needs (what
learners need to do in class in order to master the language needed in the target
situations).
The following are a summary and a sample of how these steps work with
reference to English for Tourism for Front Office Department (the analysis of
complete analysis of competencies needed by students of Tourism Department is in
progress).
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NO. STEPS DESCRITIONS EXAMPLES
1. Identification of Who are the participants of the Front Office (FO) receptionist
Target Group course we design?
2. Identification of What are responsibilities of the Responsibilities of FO
Duties of professional workers in the 1. Welcoming and registering guests
Professional target situation (in terms of the 2. Helping guests with queries and
Workers use of language)? problems
3. Answering the telephone in a quick
and efficient manner
4. Taking reservations, cancellations, and
revision.
5. Receiving and distributing telexes and
facsimiles.
6. etc.
3. Assessment of What kinds of communicative In order to be able to do these
Communicative needs do professional workers responsibilities the FO receptionist must
Needs need to be able to do the have language ability on:
responsibilities? 1. how to welcome and register guests
appropriately.
2. how to help guests with queries and
problems clearly
3. how to answer the telephone quickly
and efficiently.
4. how to take reservations, cancellations,
and revision correctly.
5. how to read letters, fax and the like in
effective and efficient way.
6. etc.
4. Translation of What English competencies do One communicative needs can be
Communicative they need to have in order to be translated into several English
Needs into able to function effectively? competencies:
English 1. how to welcome and register guests
etc.
reservation when hotel is full.
etc.
them in oral and spoken form
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3. how to answer the telephone quickly
to Advance Reservation
5. Translation of What language input should be To find out the learning needs (language
English included in the syllabus in order input for class activities), the competencies
Competencies into to achieve the language needed can further be translated into detailed
linguistic and in the target situation? linguistic and other specifications. For
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D. CONCLUDING REMARKS
The CBAs are preferable in current language teaching since they have a number of
advantages such as fulfilling learners' needs (especially learners' target needs
(necessities)), applying objective-based learning (with the application of criterion
reference assessment), learning in effective and efficient ways since objectives and
materials based on learners' need, having good selling point because well-defined
objectives in course descriptions.
In tracing English competencies for a particular target group, a course designer
can start by analyzing responsibilities of professional workers in the particular target
situation. These responsibilities are then translated into communicative needs and English
competencies. These competencies are then translated into learning needs.
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