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polymers.
In addition to pH, the thermo-responsive nature of the middle PDMA block has an important effect
on the dipyridamole releases from the hydrogel. 80 PEG- b -PDEA- b -PCL amphiphilic triblock
copolymers have been determined to be a good source for three layer micelle preparation in aqueous
solution. Besides, fluorescence microscopic and spectroscopic analysis predict CD-PEI as a superior
bioimaging agent compared to CD-PEG, owing to its efficient fluorescent characteristics and
tunable emission from blue to red under cell culture conditions. Journal of Experimental and
Theoretical Analyses (JETA). The term graph refers to an organised pictorial representation. As the
N-6 M W increased, the constraints on the “dangling” chains in 3:1 (n-s)-N-6-?-CD-ICs increasingly
facilitate their crystallization in comparison to their neat melts, which, to the contrary, generally
crystallize less readily as their MWs increase. Among pH-responsive polyacids, PAAc and PMAAc
have been most frequently reported. In between these two T g s, there is an intermediate T g-
miscible, which corresponds to the miscible phase. He specializes in PVC, polymer additives,
material durability, and the development of sealants and coatings. Chapter 18 contains information
on plasticizers’ persistence in soil and water. At low pH the carboxylic groups accept protons
resulting in an uncharged macromolecule. In the VIPS process, the low PVDF content solution
favored the formation of a layer with a porous and hydrophobic surface, whereas the solution with a
high PVDF concentration favored the formation of a layer with high mechanical strength.
Unfortunately, this is in analogy to all polyelectrolytes and polyampholytes the typical situation
found for most monomers bearing zwitterionic moieties ( cf. Figure 1 ). This problem occurring in
the direct synthesis of polyzwitterions ( Scheme 5, path 1) is not only encountered for the monomers
themselves. This review cannot be exhaustive; choices had to be made to keep the contents
manageable, which inevitably may be subjective and arbitrary to a certain extent. A model
hydrophobic drug release study has been carried out in a sustained manner from the gels at pH 7.4
by varying the polymer concentration, the polymer molecular weight, and the temperature of the
medium. In contrast to the previous work, in this study, release of the drug has been determined to
be faster at pH 7.4 than under low pH conditions. 372. Therefore, they gain polyelectrolyte nature at
acidic or basic pH values depending on their p K a values. These zwitterionic micellar coatings
showed anti-adhesive properties against S. In general, pH-responsive polymers of basic monomers
behave as cationic polymers under acidic conditions and polymers with acidic monomers behave as
anionic polymers under basic conditions. These polymers do not pack well due to the presence of
branches. Their relative center-of-mass diffusion is limited by the constraining CD-IC crystals from
which they emerge. Some common examples are; Polyethyene polypropylene, Teflon, and polyvinyl
chloride. The release of DOX has been determined to be slower at pH 7.4 or pH 6.5 than at pH 5.0.
371 In another study, an acrylamide modified chitin based microsphere has been prepared and
loaded with the vancomycin hydrochloride drug. The hydrogel has been examined as a drug carrier,
and its swelling and drug release properties have been defined. 295. It can occur naturally or be
created artificially in a lab. If one block is soluble in a solvent but the second block is not soluble,
diblock copolymers tend to self-assemble into micellar structures by the insoluble block forming the
core of the micelle and the solvated soluble block forming the corona. Hydrogels of these polymers
in many studies using cross-linking agents have been produced. These membranes in various
structures and contents have been prepared from basic polymers such as PDMA, P4VP, etc. Figure
18 presents two systems, which seem to behave well. Molecularly imprinted polymers in analytical
chemistry. Furthermore, the combination of hydrophilicity and tolerance to high ionic strength makes
polyzwitterions attractive candidates for hydrogels or viscosity modifiers in aqueous media under
extreme conditions, such as oil field applications.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH). As reported in the
literature, phenylboronic acid moieties (Ph-B(OH) 2 ) containing polymers are very common and
dominant among them. 19 Boronic acid based monomers can be polymerized with various
polymerization techniques. PHEMA- b -PHIS polymers are both membranolytic and biocompatible.
Unlike ionic polymerization, ATRP exhibits a tolerance of trace impurities, e.g. no moisture
sensitivity and functional group tolerance. Among pH-responsive polyacids, PAAc and PMAAc
have been most frequently reported. Use of other materials than polymer, especially materials
required in processing (additives)\u003cbr\u003e3. Therefore, the wealth of organic chemistry may
offer interesting solutions with more accessible building blocks for specific problems, even though
the resulting polyzwitterions may be less clean and require careful optimization of the reactions. This
chapter discusses 15 methods of polymer and rubber processing.\u003cbr\u003eSeveral chapters
which follow discuss various aspects of plasticizer’s effect on health, safety, and the environment.
The discontinuous turbidity change of DNA-PDEA- g -PLL solution at pH 7.5 suggested that the
solubility of the complex varied with pH. 385. The process of heating, reshaping, and retaining the
shape on cooling can be repeated several times without affecting their properties much. Based on
their structure, the polymers are classified as. Then SciSpace would allow you to download your
references in Journal of Polymer Research Endnote style according to Elsevier guidelines. Register
for a free account to start saving and receiving special member only perks. Also, they may interfere
with metal based polymerization catalysts. The most significant advantage of conductive polymers is
their processability, which is mostly achieved through dispersion. The cyclic ester tends to hydrolyze
spontaneously to yield the acid, so that excess anionic groups risk to be created and to confer a
weak polyanion character to the products. In particular, this may put the exact 1:1 stoichiometric
balance between the anionic and the cationic groups at risk, especially when following paths 2b and
3b in Scheme 5. Interestingly, the films exhibit different distinct PL color based on different carbon
precursors. This review cannot be exhaustive; choices had to be made to keep the contents
manageable, which inevitably may be subjective and arbitrary to a certain extent. Synthesis of
zwitterions by a classical multi-step procedure starting from a functionalized tertiary amine, as
exemplified for ammoniocarboxylates (“carboxybetaines”). It can also be processed at a spinning
mill to turn it into polyester yarn. Thus, the past decade of polyzwitterion synthesis is marked by the
extensive use of RDRP methods to create polyzwitterions with unusual or novel polymer
architectures, let it be by nitroxide mediated polymerization (NMP), atom transfer radical
polymerization (ATRP), reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT), or
other variants. The anticancer drug (DOX) can also be loaded successfully to the hydrogels. 349. In
their research work, NA as template molecules were mixed with silane groups coated with CDs. The
polymer composites provide the polymeric matrix for CDs while the special PL properties of CDs
make polymers more applicable in fields such as bioimaging, biosensing and drug delivery. Scheme
5, path 3a), as numerous polymerizable amines are commercially available, for both chain growth and
step growth polymerizations. Eventually, these 1,4-addition polymers theoretically provided
templates to define the structures and properties of CDs, which was of great benefits to figure out
the PL mechanism of CDs. From left to right: phospholipid 1,2-dimyristoyl- sn -glycero-3-
phosphatidylcholine (DMPC), trigonelline, ectoine, betaine, 3-dimethylsulfoniopropanoate (DMSP),
arsenobetaine. These pH-responsive polymers have been used as a drug carrier for tumor targets.
Also, there is no need to limit the structural variety to purely aliphatic systems, no matter whether the
ionic groups, the spacer between the ionic groups, or the spacer between zwitterionic moiety and the
polymerizable group is concerned ( cf.
Also, the progress due to applying new methodologies from general polymer synthesis, such as
controlled polymerization methods or the use of “click” chemical reactions is presented. Essentially,
the ionic groups are functional over a large pH-window. The book serves both as a basic reference
source for researchers, engineers, and others involved in plastics processing, research and
development as well as a source of ideas regarding future
developments.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis book contains a comprehensive review of
information available in the open literature, such as published scientific papers, information from
plasticizer manufacturers, and patent literature. Figure 4, monomers 9, 16, or 28 ) at the C-2 position
( cf. Polymers can be classed in various ways due to their large number, diverse behaviours, and
ability to be found naturally or synthetically. Such hyper-branched poly(ester amine)s, due to their
highest transfection efficiency and low cytotoxicity, have been determined to be safe and productive
gene carriers. It shrinks or swells in response to decreasing or increasing pH values due to the
dissociation of the branch carboxylic group at basic pH values. Cellulose, nylon, wool, silk, etc., are
some examples of fibres. In addition to their biotechnological applications, their pH-responsiveness
or ionization allows us to tune their self-assembly behavior, hydrophilicity phase separation,
polyelectrolyte nature, etc. Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several
techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for. They conducted charge-selective ionic transport
via pH changes. This strategy has been rarely chosen so far and mostly confined to
poly(phosphobetaine)s, as the corresponding precursor polymers generally are more difficult to
prepare. But it is not suitable for the synthesis of polymers with controlled molecular weight, narrow
molecular weight distributions, and well defined structures. The lower and higher T g s ( T g1 and T
g2 ) correspond to those of neat PVAc and PMMA, respectively, coalesced from their U-ICs.
PCEMA units have been used as photo cross-linkers and then hydrolysed PtBA units. Thus, this
block copolymer provides successful stabilization for multi-responsive PMEMA microgels in
aqueous media. 65 Another example, DMA and MMA monomers, can be used to prepare different
types of polymers such as AB diblock, ABA and BAB triblock copolymers. Hence, solutions or
fluid-like micellar or bilayer aggregates of diyne monomers cannot be converted into polymers. These
DHBCs can be responsive to pH in either block or in only one block. The knowledge on this subject
mostly related to silanes, which form the most widely used group of these additives, is frequently
based on the book which was published at the beginning of 1980s by a scientist who developed
many silanes used until today. In many cases, a small number of defects and thus a small deviation
from charge neutrality may not be noted. After passivation, it can also modify the surface of CDs by
bringing in or generating various functional groups such as carboxyl, carbonyl, and hydroxyl groups
in the defect sites of their surface. Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing (JMMP). He
has published 48 books (PVC Plastisols, Wroclaw University Press; Polyvinylchloride Degradation,
Elsevier; Polyvinylchloride Stabilization, Elsevier; Polymer Modified Textile Materials, Wiley
\u0026amp; Sons; Handbook of Material Weathering, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th Edition, ChemTec
Publishing; Handbook of Fillers, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th Edition, ChemTec Publishing; Recycling
of PVC, ChemTec Publishing; Weathering of Plastics. The copolymer has shown no significant
turbidity even at pH 10, whereas the PDEA homopolymer precipitated at pH greater than 7.5 owing
to the deprotonation of amino groups. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce
Research (JTAER). When you compare the decimals, you need to check the digits before the
decimal. Hydrogel compositions can be divided into three classes: natural polymer hydrogels,
synthetic polymer hydrogels and a combination of the two classes. 7. This suggests that host CDs
thread over both ends of the guest chains during IC formation. We prepared (n-s)-?-CD-ICs with 2:1,
3:1, and 6:1 ratios of the polymer pair to ?-CD and 1:1 and 1:2 PMMA:PVA stoichimetries, which
were confirmed with 1 H-NMR to be in agreement with the starting proportions of PVAc, PMMA,
and ?-CD. You'll see how helpful they are and how inexpensive they are compared to other options,
Especially for Journal of Polymer Research.
We have found out with the abundance of plastic bottle waste we can make synthetic fiber at a very
cheap price. The net charge can be positive or negative, and may sensitively vary with the pH and
ionic strength of the system studied, with respect to the absolute amount as well as the change of
the sign. The anion may be added directly using an alkylating function, e.g., by using carboxylic
acids that bear halogens as leaving groups ( cf. They are hard at room temperature, but when heated,
the individual chains can slip -past one another, and the polymer becomes soft and viscous. While the
acidity of sulfonimides corresponds roughly to the one of the carboxyl group, sulfonamides and
phenols are generally much less acidic (unsubstituted forms have pK a values around 10). Particular
attention is given to the general challenges faced, and to successful strategies to obtain polymers with
a true balance of permanent cationic and anionic groups, thus resulting in an overall zero charge.
Apart from the possible difficulty to prepare a certain zwitterionic monomer, or from its possible
inherent instability, the zwitterionic moiety may be not chemically inert during the polymerization
reaction. There are many review papers on polymers and CDs but very little work has been done in
assimilating the CDs incorporated to the polymers. Please let us know what you think of our
products and services. This can be either achieved by ring opening alkylations with heterocycles ( cf.
In contrast to the previous work, in this study, release of the drug has been determined to be faster at
pH 7.4 than under low pH conditions. 372. Keeping the various drawbacks discussed in mind, it
must be decided according to the specific situation and requirements, whether this strategy is
appropriate or advantageous. 4. Special Aspects in the Chemistry of Polyzwitterions 4.1. Stability of
Zwitterionic Moieties in Aqueous Media Section 2.3 addressed already certain aspects of the
inherent stability of zwitterionic moieties. Additionally, the use of natural biodegradable polymers
has also gained great attention owing to their good biocompatibility and easy modification by simple
chemistry. However, the following are some basic ways in which polymers are classified. Therefore,
more protein molecules are required to neutralize for the charge on the gel and the binding capacity
increases. The professional expertise includes university teaching (full professor) and research
\u0026amp; development (university and corporate). As recycling PET bottles has commercial value,
employment and income can be generated. The specific monomers with certain molar ratios to
synthesize each 1,4-addition polymers are shown in Figure 3 a. In addition, surface passivation and
functionalization are among the most effective ways to enhance the PL property of CDs by
modifying their surficial structure. Sign up for email notifications and we'll let you know about new
publications in your areas of interest when they're released. The review consists of various major
parts including types of pH-responsive polymers, synthetic methods for their synthesis and their
solution behaviors, their nanostructures in aqueous media, applications as LbL nanofilms, delivery
devices, controlled release systems, sensors, stabilizers, solubilizers, etc. However, the reversible
lactonization of the hydroxylated polycarboxybetaine P-72 (in analogy to indicator dyes such as
phenolphthaleine), or the reversible addition of bisulfite to aldehydes are fast, thus being more suited
for polyzwitterion-polyelectrolyte switches ( Figure 17 a,b). He specializes in PVC, polymer
additives, material durability, and the development of sealants and coatings. Figure 18 presents two
systems, which seem to behave well. However, strong electron withdrawing inductive effects may
increase acidity notably ( XXIII, XXIV in Figure 1 ). The professional expertise includes university
teaching (full professor) and research \u0026amp; development (university and corporate). By
adjusting the molar ratio of CDs and lanthanide complexes in the PMMA matrix, the high
transparent polymer composite films could emit pure white PL. PHEMA- b -PHIS polymers are both
membranolytic and biocompatible. Molecularly imprinted polymers in analytical chemistry. The
properties of (over 30 groups of adhesion promoters and their potential applications are discussed in
the chapter devoted to this subject based on published articles, manufacturers’ information, and
analysis of patents.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe last three chapters contain information on
available evaluation and selection of adhesion promoters that work with different polymers (29),
products (28) and help to prevent corrosion.
The professional expertise includes university teaching (full professor) and research \u0026amp;
development (university and corporate). European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology
and Education (EJIHPE). The LPEI serves not only as a nitrogen source but also as a surface-
passivation agent for surface modification. Leroux et al. have prepared an extensive review article
about polycarboxylates containing pH-responsive polymeric structures such as vesicles, polymeric
micelles, and nanospheres. 9 pH-Responsive dendrimers having carboxyl terminal groups are also
produced. 10 Related carboxylic group containing polymers are shown in Fig. 2. Such hyper-
branched poly(ester amine)s, due to their highest transfection efficiency and low cytotoxicity, have
been determined to be safe and productive gene carriers. Besides, functionalization usually occurs
along with the passivation process and they are the same process when polymer passivation agents
are doped. Synthesis of zwitterions via ring-opening alkylation (clockwise from upper left): by
lactones, by sultones, by dicyanoketene alkylene acetals, and by 2-alkoxy-2-oxo-1,3,2-
dioxaphospholanes. Additionally, the “grafting through” method with the usage of macromolecular
monomers is also reported to be useful for the same purpose similarly to the “grafting from”
approach. 252,253 The related reports are mainly based on PAAc, CS and PDMA type polymers.
Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research (JTAER). In particular, salts tend
to stick tenaciously to the zwitterions and may require cumbersome work-up procedures. The
professional expertise includes university teaching (full professor) and research \u0026amp;
development (university and corporate). Therefore, the carboxylate group must be converted prior to
polymerization into the carboxyl group by protonation by strong inorganic acids, or must be
protected in form of an ester (as in monomer 38 ), so that the free zwitterionic groups had to be
liberated in an additional step after polymerization. The book serves both as a basic reference source
for researchers, engineers, and others involved in plastics processing, research and development as
well as a source of ideas regarding future developments.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis book
contains a comprehensive review of information available in the open literature, such as published
scientific papers, information from plasticizer manufacturers, and patent literature. Journal of
Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research (JTAER). You can write your entire paper
as per the Journal of Polymer Research guidelines and auto format it. One is polymers with acidic
groups and the other one is polymers with basic groups. Editors select a small number of articles
recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly. In this study, CDs were
directly encapsulated in a silica MIP in a one-pot reaction and it was found that PL properties of the
CDs were not restricted by the silica-based MIP layer. However, little is known about the specific
polymerization process and its kinetics so far. 3.1.2. Synthesis by Step Growth Polymerizations The
synthesis of polyzwitterions by step growth methods is applied rarely, though various strategies have
been reported as exemplified in Figure 7, Figure 8 and Figure 9. Click here to buy this book in print
or download it as a free PDF, if available. Furthermore, the combination of hydrophilicity and
tolerance to high ionic strength makes polyzwitterions attractive candidates for hydrogels or
viscosity modifiers in aqueous media under extreme conditions, such as oil field applications.
Particularly, PDMA is the most popular weak basic polymer having not only pH-responsive nature
but also thermo-responsive nature. International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power
(IJTPP). They are hard at room temperature, but when heated, the individual chains can slip -past one
another, and the polymer becomes soft and viscous. Still, this implies the judicious choice of the
reactive groups used for the modification. Yet, the addition products are the same Mannich bases as
the ones discussed above when reacting tertiary amines with propiolactone. To browse Academia.edu
and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser.
The dynamic nature of the boronate ester linkages gives rise to self-healing hydrogels exhibiting high
stability at alkaline pH (?9.0) and low stability at acidic pH (?3.0). 280. Many difficulties in the
synthesis of polyzwitterions result from the sensitivity, or even incompatibility, of most chemical
reactions toward the simultaneous presence of electrophiles and nucleophiles. Moreover, the
necessary chemical functionalization for polymer attachment is more versatile and is more easily
achieved for organic cationic groups, in particular for ammonium groups, than for organic anionic
groups (see below).