Title: A Comprehensive Literature Review of Poly Lactic Acid in the Journal of Polymers and the

Environment

Welcome to our in-depth literature review exploring the fascinating world of Poly Lactic Acid (PLA)
as featured in the esteemed Journal of Polymers and the Environment. Delving into the complexities
and advancements in PLA research, this review aims to provide readers with a comprehensive
understanding of this biodegradable polymer's applications, properties, and environmental impacts as
discussed within the scholarly realm.

Writing a literature review of such depth and breadth is no small feat. It requires meticulous research,
critical analysis, and the ability to synthesize vast amounts of information from diverse sources. For
scholars, students, and researchers, embarking on this journey can be daunting, as it demands both
time and expertise to navigate the extensive body of literature surrounding a specific topic like PLA.

The literature on PLA is vast and multifaceted, spanning various disciplines including polymer
science, environmental science, engineering, and material science. From its synthesis and
characterization to its applications in various industries such as packaging, biomedical devices, and
textiles, the scope of PLA research is vast and continually evolving.

Moreover, understanding the environmental implications of PLA, including its biodegradability,

compostability, and potential ecological benefits, adds another layer of complexity to the literature
review process. With debates and discussions surrounding its true sustainability compared to
conventional plastics, navigating through the myriad of opinions and research findings requires
careful scrutiny and analysis.

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In conclusion, exploring the world of Poly Lactic Acid through the lens of scholarly literature offers
valuable insights into its properties, applications, and environmental implications. With the support
of ⇒ StudyHub.vip ⇔, embarking on this intellectual journey becomes more manageable, allowing
individuals to delve deeper into the realm of PLA research with confidence and clarity.
The molecular weight is raised up in the amorphous religions of a semi-crystalline polymer.
Rapamycin is a mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor and anti-proliferative agent. PLA scaffolds
loaded with polyethyleneimine (PEI) and citric acid (CA) derived products, were modified with
calcium phosphate mineral deposits to create a bone environment. The FTIR and NMR results
exhibit the characteristic peaks of CH 2 and C-O, chemical displacement of protons and carbon
atoms, respectively, confirming that the copolymerization has already taken place, and PEG segment
is introduced into PDLA successfully. The solution was precipitated in a beaker with cold methanol
and subsequently filtered. It is well known that initiator type and concentration of free radicals, as
well as reactive blending conditions, strongly affect the formation of new bonds between polymer
chains. A brief discussion on the general sustainability of PLA and some of its fundamental
characteristics is also presented. 2. A Few Points about the Problem of Plastics The dependence of
today’s society on plastic materials is indisputable. Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing and
Balance Medicine (JOHBM). The in vitro release behavior showed that (PLA-PEG-PLA)n NPs
exhibited faster release rates than PEG7%-g-PLA NPs. They also found that the reaction time can be
considerably shortened in comparison to conventional polycondensation at the same temperature.
There is no significant difference in the molecular chain movement during crystallization, and the
structure formed is the same. PLA is considered suitable for these applications, but many properties
should be improved in order to be more effective. In an attempt to totally replace petroleum-based
plastics with biobased polymers, PLA seems as one of the most dominant succorers for this
achievement. The drug risperidone is a poorly water-soluble drug and its dissolution does not exceed
10% after six (6) days of testing ( Figure 13 b). When the holding time is the same, the spherulite
size increases with the increase of PEG molecular weight, but when the molecular weight reaches
8000, the spherulite size decreases. In all the samples, the water absorption amount increased rapidly
for 2 h, followed by a very slow increase as the immersion time in water increased. SEM images of
curcumin-loaded CgPC films (MS-PDLLA 3.98) before and after drug release in porcine pancreas
lipase ( e ). Alcoholic groups of hydroxyl compound act as initiators in ROP of lactides since they
react first with Sn(Oct) 2, to generate a tin alkoxide bond by ligand exchange. In addition, new
research involving the use of different catalysts seeking high selectivity in the synthesis of different
PDLLA may enhance the interest of the industry in the production of this material with increasingly
specific applications at a lower cost. The microwave initiated polycondensation is a new approach for
PLA production. The capabilities of PLA for being a strong active packaging material in different
areas requiring antimicrobial and antioxidant characteristics are discussed. The antimicrobial activity
was probed by the agar diffusion method using gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus,
Bacillus circulans, Staphylococcus oralis and Ralstonia eutropha). Lactide is also accessible to other
cyclic or linear monomers (e.g., glycolide, trimethylene carbonate) in ring opening copolymerization
for high molecular weight copolymers. At present, 25 companies are producing PLA worldwide, and
the current production capacity reaches over 180,000 tons. According to the authors, DSC results
show that the percentage of crystallinity of the synthesized polyglactin 910 was 71%, which is
higher than that presented by the polymer marketed by Ethicone, Vycril (which is a polyglactin 910).
So far, combined with the FTIR which has been analyzed before, it is a strong demonstration that the
PDLA-PEG-PDLA block copolymer has been successfully synthesized. In the 1 H NMR spectra,
signals are assigned as follows: ? 4.08 ppm, ? 2.32 ppm, ? ? 1.39 ppm, and ? 1.66 ppm, which
characterize the polymer chain of PCL. The size of nanoparticles was controlled by the amount of
PEI, which acted as a hydrophilic moiety, which effectively reduced the interfacial energy between
the particle surface and the aqueous media. Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry (JPBI).
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Therefore, this new promising catalyst might need further investigation to confirm. These studies are
in total agreement with previous work from Briassoulis et al. Editors select a small number of
articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly. Other PLA facilities
installed up to the present time are smaller pilot plants for analyzing the technology and feasibility of
the process. Color changes of the medium and film after curcumin release ( d ). In the 1 H NMR
spectra, the two typical peaks at ? 1.60 ppm and ? 5.18 ppm are associated with the hydrogens of
CH 3 and CH from PLA, respectively. Gram positive Non- sporforming Anaerobes, lack catalase
Acid- and halotolerant Ferment glucose to only lactic acid or to lactic acid, CO 2 and EtOH.
Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals. ISPRS
International Journal of Geo-Information (IJGI). Number of publications with keyterms “Polymer
modification” or “PLA modification” in the period of 1991 to 2014. Then, the initiator DCP or BIB
(1.0 wt. %) was added, and the mixture was stirred for 1 h. A Review of the Recent Developments
in the Bioproduction of Polylactic Acid and Its Precursors Optically Pure Lactic Acids. We use
cookies on our website to ensure you get the best experience. Specifically, Fe was coated with PLA,
and the obtained composite was implanted into the porcine artery in order to accelerate the corrosion
of iron. A Review of the Recent Developments in the Bioproduction of Polylactic Acid and Its
Precursors Optically Pure Lactic Acids. After preparation of coarse emulsions, additional premix
membrane emulsification with very high pressure was occupied to achieve uniform-sized
nanodroplets, and nanoparticles were formed by further solidification. The formed PLA- b -PBAT
copolymer was acting as compatibilizing agent to improve the adhesion between the PBAT and PLA.
The phase transition of the PDLLA-PEG-PDLLA copolymers aqueous solutions was investigated (
Figure 8 ). Institutional Review Board Statement Not applicable. Balla, Evangelia, Vasileios
Daniilidis, Georgia Karlioti, Theocharis Kalamas, Myrika Stefanidou, Nikolaos D. The chemical and
physical stability of the polymer-coated membrane sample were tested in harsh environments. Using
external conditions to enhance the crystallization ability of PLA is the current research hotspot. The
final products were branched or star shaped polymers. Feature papers are submitted upon individual
invitation or recommendation by the scientific editors and must receive. They reported that these
results clearly indicated the occurrence of a coupling reaction. Journal of Low Power Electronics and
Applications (JLPEA). The duration of the decompression of the reaction pressure to 1 Torr is
important when producing high-molecular-weight PLA. SEM images of curcumin-loaded CgPC films
(MS-PDLLA 3.98) before and after drug release in porcine pancreas lipase ( e ). The membranes
were characterized by SEM, FT-IR, TGA and TF- XRD. You can download the paper by clicking the
button above.
For this purpose, very strong organic acids are used as catalysts. Moreover, when the molecular
weight of PEG is increased from 2000 to 4000, the crystallization peak of PEG reduces significantly,
and the crystallization peak of PDLA also appears. To our knowledge, this is the highest d -lactic
acid production. They found out that only tert-BuOK and BuLi are effective initiators, but molecular
weight was low and fast racemization occurred. This may be PEG as a soft segment, which
enhances the flexibility and fluidity of the molecular chain and promotes the crystallization of
PDLA. PLA and its degradation products, mostly H 2 O and CO 2, are neither carcinogenic nor
toxic to the human body, hence making it a perfect polymer for biomedical applications including
clips, sutures, and drug delivery systems (DDS). They also found that the reaction time can be
considerably shortened in comparison to conventional polycondensation at the same temperature.
This foaming process was revealed to be an efficient route to prepare PDLLA-PGP composites
having macroporous structures (79 to 91% porosity). The challenges for a drug delivery system
includes the improvement of drug efficiency and safety by controlling the rate, time and place of
release of drugs in the body. The diffusion coefficient of water was determined from the relationship
between the water absorption amount and immersion time, as shown in Figure 4. Plots of. Polymers
Based on PLA from Synthesis Using D,L-Lactic Acid (or Racemic Lactide) and Some Biomedical
Applications: A Short Review. Actually, this is the most largely used route in PLA industrial
production. The biggest and most prominent advantage of PLA is that it can be recycled in nature 4.
While high molecular weight PLA is suitable to produce packaging and textile products. Due to their
lightness, they cannot be easily recycled, thus contributing to the environmental pollution. The
chemical name for L-( )-Lactic Acid is L-Lactic acid or 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid. Additionally, its
molecular weight distribution (MWD) showed a bimodal distribution, which can be justified by the
existence of polymer chains that did not react with the chain extender and those that reconnected by
the chain extender and thus doubled in size. The scale bars of the images on the left and right
columns are 3 mm and 2 mm, respectively. The choice between using degradable and non-degradable
devices for orthopedic and maxillofacial applications must be carefully weighed. Polymers Based on
PLA from Synthesis Using D,L-Lactic Acid (or Racemic Lactide) and Some Biomedical
Applications: A Short Review. In order to enhance the attractiveness of PLA, the use of cheaper
monomers (e.g., D,L-lactic acid) should be considered. The aim of the present work is to gain a
fundamental understanding of the relationships between the morphology, processing conditions and
final properties of these biomaterials. The ?-carbon characteristic of ?-hydroxycarboxylic acids is
highlighted in red. Poly(lactic acid), the most typical biodegradable polymer, has been researched
extensively from 1900s. Poland, Russia, France, Spain, the UK, and Germany have emerged as the
main market consumers of PLA due to the continuous development of their transportation sector. A
few applications in the biomedical area illustrated the various possibilities of the use of PDLLA. The
POM results reveal that the addition of PEG allows the copolymer to form crystals faster and with a
larger grain size. When the suspended mixture system was uniform through stirring, the diffusing
agent was added to form microspheres (MS). The burst effect of coaxial electrospinning was
eliminated. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education (EJIHPE).
You can download the paper by clicking the button above. The authors also verified the degradation
of PLA MPs under microbial colonization. SEM images of curcumin-loaded CgPC films (MS-
PDLLA 12.00) before and after drug release in porcine pancreas lipase ( f ). Although, the positive
Pct Cp mutants had no inhibition on cell growth, the catalytic activity of the enzyme still cannot
meet the requirements of efficient synthesis of lactyl-CoA. To browse Academia.edu and the wider
internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser. This potential
application for the material was raised because accidental crude oil spillages have a huge impact on
the living organisms in ocean waters. The initiation of the polymerization is facilitated by the
nucleophilic attack of water molecules into the acyl carbon of the EM. Hydrolysis can be performed
by hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, and thus give ammonium chloride or ammonium sulfate as a
by-product. DSC data revealed a slight increase in T g and T m and a simultaneous decrease in
crystallinity with the increase of CE amount. The results indicated low cytotoxicity and hemolysis of
this polymer, whereas the inflammatory response was adequate for small-animal. Huang, Shiyong,
Yanfen Xue, Bo Yu, Limin Wang, Cheng Zhou, and Yanhe Ma. In addition, significant effort is
required to improve the biodegradability of PLA-containing systems, after the material has fulfilled
its specific role in the application. Some examples of those combinations are presented in the
following table ( Table 3 ). The present article focuses on the biodegradable materials for the
cardiovascular stent. The graphical representation of the molecular weight in terms of polymerization
time at different temperatures is interesting ( Figure 2 ). They pointed out that PLA composites
reinforced with synthetic fibers are more easily manufactured, since both are hydrophobic and have
good compatibility, while natural fibers, due to their hydrophilic nature, have low adhesion or
incompatibility with the polymer. Depending on the carbon numbers PHAs are classified into major
two groups with different material properties: short-chain-length (SCL) and medium-chain-length
(MCL)-PHAs. The newly developed laboratory techniques proposed several higher efficient or cost-
effective production methods. By altering the flow rate of polymer, different porosities and pore
sizes were fabricated from a solid CAD model. Overall, this review provides a holistic view of bio-
based packaging material including processing, and an evaluation of the sustainability of an.
Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. Spherical (CNC) and fibril nano
crystal (CNF) were prepared by hydrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) in distilled water, and
then stirred using a magnetic stirrer for 15 days and ultrasonic treatment without using any acids as
green method. The results of XRD and DSC reveal that PDLA and PEG are crystallized separately,
and are not fully compatible, and microphase separation has occurred in this triblock copolymer.
Polylactide coating cardboard was prepared through the solvent coating, and study its packaging
performance. Please note that many of the page functionalities won't work as expected without
javascript enabled. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please
take a few seconds to upgrade your browser. PLA in the form of micro- and nano-particles loaded
with different drugs can be used for tumor therapy and drug delivery applications. Moreover, Synbra
built a 5000 tons line to fabricate Expandable PLA (BioFoamTM) to substitute EPS- based foamed
products. For more information on the journal statistics, click here. However, they have several
challenges to overcome, such as a low drug loading capacity, low encapsulation efficiency, and final
sterilization.
The degree of polymerization of D,L-lactic acid (DP-PDLLA), degree of substitution (DS-PDLLA)
the molar substitution of PDLLA (MS-PDLLA) and the weight content of PDLLA(W-PDLLA) of
CgPCs reached as high as 2.91, 4.13, 12.00 and 84% within 5 h, respectively. For instance, drug
release materials favor low molecular weight PLA as it could be degraded quickly. DSC, TGA,
Tensile, and SEM tests were conducted to investigate mechanical, thermal and morphological
properties. In the following propagation of the polymer chain, the terminal hydroxyl group of the
growing polymer chain nucleophilically attacks the EM ( Scheme 10 ). Also discussed are the effects
of processing on PLA. The authors explored the catalytic properties of a series squaramide-based
catalysts containing chiral or bulky substitutes, respectively ( Figure 4 ). The results showed that the
chain extension reactions lead to an increase in the storage modulus, complex viscosity, and
molecular weight due to the formation of long chain branched structures. The biodegradation rate of
CgPCs was regulated by the MS-PDLLA, i.e., the value of 3.98 showed good hydrophilicity and
fast degradation, whereas 12.00 exhibited relatively poor hydrophilicity and slower degradation.
Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. The effects of pre-crystallization
temperature and time as well as SSP temperature on the solid state polycondensation have a
significant impact on obtaining high molecular weight PLA. To browse Academia.edu and the wider
internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser. In addition, it
is anticipated that Mexico and Latin American countries will exhibit a remarkable growth in PLA
market due to rising automotive production and electronic products respectively. This article is an
open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution
(CC BY) license ( ). The variety of PLA microstructures and synthetic routes. To cope up with the
scarcity of valuable petroleum product and to minimize the environmental pollution, Green plastic
materials play an important role for sustainable development. Tropical Medicine and Infectious
Disease (TropicalMed). Full size image Crystal structure of PDLA-PEG-PDLA triblock copolymer
XRD analysis can effectively provide the crystal structure information of polymer. The use of other
CEs with methacrylate or epoxy groups have been also reported. Both AFM phase imaging and XPS
studies revealed the possibility of existence of more PEG chains at the surface of grafted polymer
NPs than (PLA-PEG-PLA)n during NPs formation. PEG can induce the triblock copolymer to
accelerate the rate of crystallization, allowing it to crystallize more completely in the same amount of
time. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. Apart from the techniques in
polymerization and modification, source of lactic acid is another significant factor contributing to
PLA production cost. They pointed out that biodegradable polymers have been mostly utilized due
to their environmental advantages and high toughness compared with pure PLA, but other polymers
still show low cost, better mechanical properties, high thermal stability, and processability. Recently,
interest in renewable resources and the production of bio-polymers has increased worldwide in
response to many environmental and economic issues, such as rising oil prices and carbon dioxide
emissions that result from burning plastic waste. In this note, uniform-sized nanoparticles were
prepared by a facile method combining emulsion-solvent removal and premix membrane
emulsification for the first time. Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant
potential for high impact in the field. A Feature. Four synthesis methods, direct polycondensation
(DP), azeotropic polycondensation (AP), solid state polymerization (SSP) and ring-opening
polymerization (ROP), will be mainly discussed to present the improved techniques and processes in
polymer synthesis, especially for polyesters. Thus, it is of paramount importance to effectively
control their concentration, since they largely affect the polymerization rate and molecular weight of
PLLA. In addition, blends of PLA with PBAT cannot be treated with HPGP sterilization method.
Therefore, this particular method may not be the best available method from our portfolio for your
specific application.
The initial process is that the ring of the lactide, activated by receiving acid proton, is opened by the
attack of alcohol carbonyl, and lactyl alcohol is obtained. Huang, S.; Xue, Y.; Yu, B.; Wang, L.;
Zhou, C.; Ma, Y. Thus, its hydrolysis rate is too slow because these enzymes are rarely ever found in
nature. Lactic Acid Fermentation Oxygen is not present Conversion of 2 molecules of pyruvate into
lactic acid when oxygen is not present Happens during vigorous muscle exercise Liver converts lactic
acid back into glucose. The goal was to examine their thermal properties and to develop the
synthetic method of using macromonomers for graft and block copolymers. This review gives an
inclusive overview of the current research of lactic acid and lactide dimer techniques along with the
production of PLA from its monomers. The choice between using degradable and non-degradable
devices for orthopedic and maxillofacial applications must be carefully weighed. PLA applications in
end-use industries and its’ global market consumption. Today it seems to be the friendliest
environmental polymer with ever increasing applications and demands for larger production.
However, researchers and companies are forced to overcome the numerous challenges and limitations
that are presented in its monomer and polymer synthesis as well as in its applications. These studies
are in total agreement with previous work from Briassoulis et al. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
spectroscopy, which studies the absorption of radiofrequency radiation by atomic nuclei, is one of
the most powerful tools for qualitative analysis of the composition and structure of a variety of
organic and inorganic things 29. This was because the well-dispersed PKL in the PLA matrix might
have increased the possibility of forming a urethane linkage. The theoretical value of xylose
conversion is 1.0. Xylose is metabolized through the PPP pathway in Bacillus sp. Techno-economic
evaluation and environmental impact assessment are also necessary to fill the gap between laboratory
research and industrial production. Institutional Review Board Statement Not applicable. The
solution was precipitated in a beaker with cold methanol and subsequently filtered. This method
introduces zeolites as heterogenous catalysts to the bioplastic industry. Newly developed laboratory
methods of polycondensation. These two typical synthesis routes are also generally applied in other
polymer production. The equilibrium moisture content at which no further water absorption occurred
was determined as the maximum moisture absorption point. The authors chose the PDLLA because it
is amorphous and there is no residual microcrystallinity after degradation in vivo, which allows its
use as a drug delivery material. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease (TropicalMed). Figure 13 a
shows SEM micrographs of the prepared risperidone microparticles using PLA, PPAd and their
copolymers. Polymer concentration, the choice of organic solvent, temperature, and the ionic
strength of the aqueous phase are shown to have a significant impact on the size of PNPs, a. MCL-
PHAs are composed of monomers with 6 to 14 carbon atoms and have elastic material properties
similar to rubber and elastomer. In recent years, the technique of 3D printing has been widely used in
web engineering. Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications (JLPEA). However, additional
research is necessary to confirm the mechanism of Rapa distribution within nanofibers, such as the
effects of local rapamycin distribution. Acknowledgments This work has been done during Master of
Science ( MSc ) degree of Chemistry Department of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki entitled:
Technology of Polymers and Nanocomposites.
The use of other CEs with methacrylate or epoxy groups have been also reported. Hopkins
Microbiology Course 2010 Marcus Schicklberger. According to the chiral property of the structural
unit, PLA can be divided into poly ( L -lactic acid) (PLLA), poly ( D -lactic acid) (PDLA) and poly (
D, L -lactic acid) (PDLLA) 7. As KL or PKL contents increased, the values of maximum water
absorption in the composites were found to increase. However, compared with polyesters with higher
rigidity, PLA is a semi-crystalline polymer, which usually has a slower crystallization rate without
external force and produces some amorphous products during processing 8, 9. If you find something
abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate. In case
of PLA, polycondensation of lactic acid by connecting carboxyl and hydroxyl groups produces
water byproduct simultaneously. The solution was precipitated in a beaker with cold methanol and
subsequently filtered. The chemical name for L-( )-Lactic Acid is L-Lactic acid or 2-
Hydroxypropanoic acid. Full size table Crystal morphology of PDLA-PEG-PDLA triblock
copolymer Through POM, the effects of different holding times on the crystallization behavior of
PDLA-PEG-PDLA triblock copolymers with different PEG segments can be visually observed.
Gout, Urate, and Crystal Deposition Disease (GUCDD). Lactic acid (2-hydroxypropanoic acid) is
one of the simplest chiral organic molecules known. Firstly, the fermentation broth was clarified by
microfiltration membrane to remove bacteria and macromolecular proteins. Poly(lactic acid), the
most typical biodegradable polymer, has been researched extensively from 1900s. By replacing the
key gene for l -lactic acid production with LdhD from L. Institutional Review Board Statement Not
applicable. After this process, the selected catalyst was added according to the weight percentage of
the dehydrated reactants. When the holding time is the same, the spherulite size increases with the
increase of PEG molecular weight, but when the molecular weight reaches 8000, the spherulite size
decreases. Therefore, the purification process of lactic acid monomer from any remaining impurities
after the industrial fermentation is extremely vital. Polymers Based on PLA from Synthesis Using
D,L-Lactic Acid (or Racemic Lactide) and Some Biomedical Applications: A Short Review. The
results reveal that the effect of different molecular weight of PEG on the crystallization of block
copolymer is not significant when the content of PEG is fixed, and the crystal form does not change.
Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications (JLPEA). PLA was combined with metals to
produce biodegradable materials for next-generation coronary stents and biomedical devices. The
diffusion coefficients for the short term ( D s ) and long term ( D l ) were determined from the
gradient of linear regressions and the thus-obtained values are indicated in Table 3. Scanning
Electronic Microscopy (SEM) analysis verified that all the polymeric blends showed a similar
morphology and an analogous behavior after cross-linking reaction, but the crystalline phase (T m
values) was less affected than the amorphous phase (T g values). The effects of various catalysts such
as metallic and nonmetallic, organic and inorganic ones, and lastly heterogeneous and homogeneous
in the polycondensation of PLLA was investigated. Specifically, Fe was coated with PLA, and the
obtained composite was implanted into the porcine artery in order to accelerate the corrosion of iron.
After this, the electrospinning process was conducted using a modular electrospinning machine.
However, the given information was not elaborated enough to raise a comparison or advise the
specific production process. The founding sponsors had no role in the design of the study; in the
collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, and in the decision to
publish the results.