Dental MAterials

Cont. on Resins

POLYMERIZATION ● light sensitive

● Macromolecule or Polymer - formed from large numbers of ● boiling point at 100.8°C
single molecules known as monomer (one mer/molecule)
● To form a single large molecule of high molecular weight Polymer Poly(methyl methacrylate)
● Is a repetitive intermolecular reaction that is functionally ● Transparent or pink resin of remarkable clarity stability, and
capable of proceeding indefinitely does not discolor in UV light

Types of Polymerization COMPONENTS OF POWDER POLYMER

Condensation Polymerization Poly(methyl methacrylate) - polymer, is the principal
● Aka step-growth polymerization component, and is present as small spheres called beads or
● Atoms join with other atoms to form new by-products such as pearls
● Water Benzoyl peroxide - as initiator
● Halogen acids Ti Dioxide - controls translucency of the polymer; increases the
● Ammonia opacity until the material has the approx. translucency of the oral
Addition Polymerization mucosa
● By addition reaction Inorganic pigments - commonly mercuric sulfide (red),
● Commonly used in dentistry cadmium sulfide (yellow) or ferric oxide (brown); added to
● Macromolecules are formed from smaller units, or monomer acth the shade of DB to the soft tissues
without change in composition Dyed synthetic fibers - for esthetics, to stimulate the minute
● No formation of by-products blood vessels underlying the oral mucosa
● Requisite is the presence of a double bond and free radical

TYPES OF RESINS
Acrylic Resins - derivatives of ethylene and contain a vinyl
group; two of dental interest (acrylic acid & methacrylic acid
Methyl Methacrylate - liquid monomer type mixed with a
polymer Dibutyl phthalate - plasticizer
Poly(methyl Methacrylate) - transparent resin, stable, does not Talc or gelatin - prevent cohesion of beads or pearls during
discolor in UV light storage
Multifunctional Metacylates & Acrylate Resins - Bowen’s Inorganic materials
resin (or BIS-GMA) bisphenol glycidyl methacrylate, TEGDMA, ● Zirconium, silicone, or alumina
UDMA, PENTA -P ● Controls the coefficient of thermal expansion; increases
stiffness of resin
STAGES OF POLYMERIZATION (SEEN IN
ACRYLIC RESIN USED FOR DB) COMPONENTS OF LIQUID MONOMER
1. Sandy stage/Damp stage Methyl methacrylate - monomer, highly volatile
2. Sticky stage Hydroquinone - organic inhibitor, less than 0.1%, prolong stage;
3. Dough stage - packing stage of resin reaction can be initiated by UV light
4. Rubbery stage Glycol dimethacrylate - cross-linking agent, resistance to
5. Stiff stage surface cracks or crazing
DENTURE BASE RESINS Organic amine - organic accelerator decompose peroxide at
Acrylic Resin room temp
3 Types:
1. Heat-cured resin STEPS OF DENTURE BASE CONSTRUCTION
2. chemically -cured resin USING THE DOUBLE PROCESSING TECHNIQUE
3. Light-cured resin 1. Impression making
Manner of dispensing: Powder (polymer) and liquid (monomer) 2. Construction of master/working cast
3. Construction of wax pattern for DB
Monomer (Methyl methacrylate) 4. Investing
● clear transparent liquid at room temperature 5. Wax elimination
● highly volatile 6. Preparation of the mold space
© CM, CR, AP
 Dental MAterials
Cont. on Resins

7. Packing of resin into the mold space (compression & Mold id properly filled
injection molding technique
8. Trial closure Monomer-Polymer Reaction:
9. Curing The function of the monomer to the polymer is to produce a
10. Deflasking plastic mass which can be packed into the mold.
11. Trimming/polishing
5 Stages:
STEPS IN DB CONSTRUCTION Stage 1 Damp Sand Stage - polymer gradually settles into the
Impression making monomer
● Preliminary impression Stage 2 Sticky Stage - the monomer attacks the polymer;
● Construct the study cast stringiness and adhesiveness if the mixture is touched or pulled
● Individual tray (for final impression) apart
● Master/working cast Stage 3 Dough stage
● The mass becomes more saturated with polymer in solution
Construction of DB wax pattern ● It becomes smooth and no longer tacky
● 1-2 layers of high fusing pink wax ● It is packed into the mold space
● Adapt it in the master cast Stage 4 Rubbery stage
● Seal the edges with wax ● Monomer evaporates by firther penetration into the polymer
● The mass becomes more cohesive and rubber-like
Investing ● Cannot be molded and shouldn’t be packed into the mold
With the use of a metal cast Stage 5 Stiff Stage - dough has completely hardened; cannot
1. Base be packed into the mold space
2. Lower half
3. Upper half Dough forming time: Stage 3 according to ADA spec. #12,
4. Cover must be attained in at least 20 minutes from the start of mixing
at a temperature of 23°C
WAX ELIMINATION Working time: defined as the time that elapses between stage 2
1. Place the assembly (MF + Presser) into a big pan with and the beginning of stage 4, the time the material remains in
boiling water for 5-10 minutes, to soften the wax. Do not melt the dough form. According to ADA spec. #12. The dough should
the wax inside theMF. be moldable for at least 5 minutes.
2. Separate U and L half of the MF. Remove softened wax,
pour hot water to create the mold space TRIAL CLOSURE
3. Clean the mold space and prepare for packing resin ● During the dough stage, the resin is rolled into a ropelike
While still warm, apply 2 layers of colorgard: form, bent into a horseshoe shape and placed in the upper
● To prevent penetration of monomer into the investing half of the flask. A polyethylene sheet submerged in water
medium is placed over the resin and the mold space.
● To prevent water from entering the resin ● Purpose: To prevent the adhesion of resin to the lower mold
● To easily separate the processed DB from the cast surface when the two halves of the flask are pressed
together
PACKING OF RESIN ● Pressure should be applied slowly so that the dough will be
Dough-molding technique / compression molding spread evenly throughout the old space
Polymer: Monomer ratio ● If too much material has been placed in the mold, it will be
● By volume = 3 - 3.5:1 seen as excess material that overflowed onto the land
● By weight= 2 - 2.5:1 surrounding the mold space. This is called the flash. If no
flash occurs, it is possible that there was insufficient dough in
Injection Molding technique the mold.
● A vent in the flask permits the attachment of an outside ● Done 2x, and after the second time, the polyethylene sheet
injector is removed, the flask closed properly with a metal to metal
● The soft resin is contained in the injection and forced into contact and placed in the presser.
the mold space ● The whole assembly is placed in the water bath for
● Advantage: processing or curing of the resin
No trial closure is necessary
© CM, CR, AP
 Dental MAterials
Cont. on Resins
CURING/PROCESSING PROCEDURE
Heating process of the resin to arrive to the polymerization of the
resin.
Two methods in curing also known as the Curing Cycle:
1. Rapid Curing
● Water: slowly temperature increased until boiling
● Assembly on the bath for 1-1.5 hours until it boils
● It will remain there for another 30 minutes, then the fire is
turned off.
2. Slow Curing
● Ideal curing cycle
● The assembly is placed in a water bath at around 74°C
● 6-8 hours (frequently overnight)
PROCESSING
● After processing, it should be cooled slowly to a water bath
with room temp. if the flask is placed directly in tap water. >
WARPAGE
● Due to differential thermal contraction of the resin and
gypsum mold may result
● Ideally, removing the flask from the water bath, bench
cooling for 30 minutes or more and then placing under tap
water is satisfactory.
Deflasking
Open metal flask and remove processed denture bases from the
investment plaster
Trimming & Polishing
Trimming – to remove excess resin from the sides of the
processed denture base to avoid injury to the soft tissues
Polishing – do not allow production of heat, could cause
distortion, warpage of denture base
FAILURES OF DENTURE BASE RESINS
Will result to a weakened denture base
1. Porosities
Internal Porosities
● found within the denture base; usually in the thick portions
● Causes:
● Result of the vaporization of the monomer
● May also be due to the rapid curing
● Packing resin before the dough stage
● Insufficient pressure during packing
● Heating rate of resin was too high resulting to boiling
of monomer
External Porosities
● found on the surface of the denture base; same causes as
internal porosities.
● Result to difficulty in cleaning of denture, porosities will trap
food debris which could give rise to foul odor
● Cause irritation to tongue and soft tissues
● Will result discoloration
2. Crazing
● linear cracks, white or hazy appearance on the surface of the
finished denture, usually small cracks.
● It may be due to too much pressure during curing; too rapid
heating.
3. Fracture
● Breakage of the denture if it was accidentally dropped while
polishing
● too much pressure during separation from the working cast
● excessive grinding and polishing
● inadequate curing time resulting to lower rigidity and strength
4. Warpage or Distortion
● Due to production of stress during processing; production of
heat during polishing
MISCELLANEOUS RESINS AND TECHNIQUES
1. Repair Resins – usually with the use of the self-curing acrylic
resin
2. Rebasing/Relining of Dentures – it is often necessary to
change the tissue surface of the denture to conform to the new
tissue contours and occlusal relationships.
3. Soft Liners
● soft cushion-like liner used
● Severe undercuts of the ridge
● Sore residual ridges
● Tissue treatment after oral surgery and in obturators for
congenital or acquired defects of the palate.
4. Resin Impression Trays – made of self-curing acrylic resins
5. Tissue Conditioners
● Provide a cushioning effect and massaging of the
affected tissues
● Inflamed oral tissues
6. Acrylic Resin Teeth/Pontics
● Acrylic and modified acrylic polymers are used in the
manufacturer of plastic teeth.
● The principal difference in the composition of plastic teeth
and denture base materials is that different pigments are
used to produce the various tooth shades
DENTURE CLEANSERS
● Dentures collect deposits in the same
● manner as do natural teeth
● Deposits, stains, calculus can accumulate on dentures
2 Methods are commonly used to remove stains and
calculus:
1. Professional repolishing of the denture
2. Soaking and brushing of the denture on a daily basis at
home
© CM, CR, AP
 Dental MAterials
Cont. on Resins

Requirements of An Ideal Denture Cleanser:

● Non-toxic and easy to remove (leaves no traces or irritant
material)
● Able to attach or dissolve both the organic and inorganic
portions of denture deposits
● Harmless to all denture materials
● Not harmful to eyes, skin, clothing if accidentally spilled or
splashed
● Stable during storage
● Preferably bactericidal and fungicidal

TYPES OF DENTURE CLEANERS

TYPE PRODUCT ACTIVE DISADVANTA
INGREDIENT GE

Abrasive Dentu-crème Calcium Abrades resin

Cream (block drug) carbonate

Alkaline Na Clorox/Zonrox NaOCl3 & 1. Bleaches

hypochlorite 3NaPO4 resin
2. Corrodes
alloys
3. Residual
odor

Alkaline Efferdent Na perborate Does not

Perborate (Warner &K effectively
Lambert) / monopersulfat remove heavy
Polident e deposits
(Block Drug)

Enzyme, Rembrandt Citric acid, Can abrade

dilute acid and Denture isopropyl denture
abrasive Renewal alcohol, polymers and
Whitener papain, plastic teeth
liquid and gel sodium
citrate,
alumina

Diluted acid

© CM, CR, AP