Wellbeing in retirement villages: Eudaimonic challenges and opportunities -UK

(Chandler & Robinson, 2014)

of within th

 reminders of mortality within the village due to death, disability and illness in residents.
 sense of being away from society, and the village being cliquey or socially divided.
 Both self-acceptance and environmental mastery can be negatively threatened by the move to
the secluded ‘walled garden’ environment of the retirement village, away from productive social
roles that may have been sources of esteem.
 Positive relations can also be limited by apprehension of other residents, difficulty with living in a
communal environment that some residents equate with being like a school, and the beginning
of withdrawal from activities
 the absence of contact with younger generations. This gives some support to critics' claims that
retirement villages are ‘grey ghettos’ devoid of youth and spontaneity (Huber & Skidmore, 2003;
Katz, 2009; Laws, 1995; Shapiro, 1999).
 Interviewees also expressed concerns that they sometimes feel as though they are within an
institutionalised care environment, in line with critics who claim that the villages are an artificial
environment and involve a ‘fortress mentality’ (Laws, 1995; Katz, 2009).


Satisfied versus dissatisfied: Experiences of retirement village living -Australia

(Ferguson et al., 2023)

 This study aims to understand and distinguish between satisfied and dissatisfied older
people, through a comparison of their lived experience within a retirement village.
 Sixty-two interviews in retirement lifestyle villages were analysed, including satisfied (n =
33) and dissatisfied (n = 29) consumers of the service.

 “As a single person I expect security and the opportunity to ‘socialize’. But there are not
many people interested in gardening or socializing, and the management doesn't do
anything about it. All the social activity is left to the residents.

 Of course, some people do not take to village living:

Like being back at boarding school because everyone wants to know your business –
communities are not all they seem to be.”
 While participants acknowledge their own interaction limitations: ‘I try to keep to myself’.
‘I am a little shy’; universally, feeling disconnected within the village, ‘no one responds’, or
lacking social support, ‘no-one checks on me’, is a component of dissatisfaction.
 Connections outside of the lifestyle village is a big component of satisfaction. While
service providers cannot directly control this, they may consider asking potential residents
about family members and their location, connecting the resident to activities they like to
do and to local clubs. Taking a proactive approach in facilitating such connections outside
of the village will increase overall satisfaction within the village.
Lonely in a crowd: loneliness in New Zealand retirement village residents -NZ
(Bloomfield et al., 2021)

 Measurements: Two types ofrecruitment: randomly sampled cohort (n = 217) and volunteer
sample (n = 361). Independently associated factors for loneliness were determined through
multiple logistic regression with odds ratios (ORs).
 A considerable proportion of older people living in RVs reported feelings of loneliness,
particularly those who were without partners, at risk of depression and decreased quality of
life and those who had moved into RVs to increase social connections. Early identification of
factors for loneliness in RV residents could support interventions to improve quality of life
and positively impact RV resident health and well-being.

 Aging brings with it many losses. At times, this can result in feelings of loneliness, and it is
well known that loneliness impacts the health and well-being of older people.
 This study found a significant proportion of the older people living in RVs experience
loneliness, although increasing social contact is a common reason for relocating to an RV.
Those who are widowed or single, those who report a lower quality of life, and those who
are at high risk for depression, and those moving to an RV in order to gain more social
connections are at greater risk for loneliness.
 Healthcare providers, social care agencies, and RV organizations have the opportunity to
develop interventions that could possibly support older people who are lonely as a means
ofimproving their experience of aging.
Older people's decisions regarding ‘ageing in place’: A Western Australian case study -AUS
(Boldy et al., 2011)
 The response of older people in this study to the experience or expectation of
physical limitations with increasing age was to choose to live in a ‘place’ that would
maximise their ability to remain independent (i.e. without help) rather than to think
in terms of the availability of care and support.
 Attachment to ‘locality’, in terms of a local ‘community’ people are familiar with,
appears to be more important with increasing age, although rural communities may
be becoming increasingly difficult ‘places’ for older people to live independently.
What are older adults seeking? Factors encouraging or discouraging retirement village
living(Crisp et al., 2013)

 Randomly selected community residents (n = 517), aged 55–94 years, from the Australian
Capital Territory completed postal surveys to identify the characteristics associated with
retirement villages that influence relocation decisions
Accommodation options in later life: retirement village or community living? -AUS
(Gardner et al., 2005)

 This study indicates that retirement villages are an accommodation option that can enhance
quality of life for older people, and provides some evidence that the supportive residential
environment can buffer the impact of lifespan transitions for those who choose to move to a
village.
 Although this study found a high level of satisfaction with the move to a retirement village,
for some people there can be compromises or negative aspects associated with life in a
village that need to be considered by potential movers, and the operators and managers of
villages. These include the locality with respect to familiar facilities and social networks,
personal autonomy in the decision to move, the nature of the village environment, and the
financial and contract conditions of the village.
Residents’ Level of Satisfaction about Retirement Home Facilities Based on the Happiness
Index Measures – Malaysia(Hanif et al., 2018)

 The house characteristics such as the surrounding environment and layout do affect the
emotions of the senior citizens, which can incidentally reduce their satisfaction and
happiness index.
 As a summary,the bedroom, kitchen, and washroom areas of the retirement home
are the areas that require the most improvement in terms of larger space area, more
suitable floor finishes, lightings, and aids such as hand railing

\
Perceived barriers and contributors to sense of purpose in life in retirement community
residents--Canada (Lewis et al., 2022)

 Purpose inapplicable to older adulthood

 death and uncertainty of the future
 Issues with mixed care One emergent theme involved participants who expressed
concerns with the mixed-care environment and seeing physical and cognitive decline
among other residents.
 Adjusting to a new environment and control over the decision to move
 the majority of participants reported having some limitation in their ability to engage
in certain activities independently
 Thus, for some participants, living in the retirement community provided them with
new opportunities to interact and build social ties with other older adults, though
social isolation may still be an issue for some residents.

Social exclusion and community in an urban retirement village -NZ
(Nielson et al., 2019)

 The retirement complex industry markets itself as providing readymade communities for
residents who want a socially engaging, inclusive lifestyle. This study shows, however, that
the social life in this very typical complex did not live up to expectations for many residents;
rather, they experienced the relative, active and dynamic elements of exclusion (Walsh et
al., 2017).

 some residents experienced relative exclusion based on their social identification and their
group membership while navigating a complex process of social divisions and hierarchies.

 This study highlights that residents' experiences of community life were often fraught with
underlying tensions in trying to make and keep new friends

 The study also revealed several residents experienced grieving and loss of their friendships
and daily routines because of the stigma associated with ill health, health decline and/or
being on the social margins. Stigma was also attached to the spatial separation of residents
as they shifted from IL to AL accommodation due to health decline. These social and physical
separations were reinforced (and enforced) through the structural norms and care practices
of the complex, thereby shaping attitudes to ageing as active, or in decline.

A HOME AWAY FROM HOME? : THE TRANSITIONS OF OLDER PEOPLE WITHIN TWO NEW
ZEALAND RETIREMENT VILLAGES.(Hayward, 2012)

 As residents age and journey through the retirement village they become increasingly aware
of their proximity to the end-of-life. A fear of what the next stage might entail manifests in
the need to perform in order to avoid, or at least stave off, being obliged to move into even
higherlevel support accommodation in the hospital wing of the village.

 When residents moved from an independent unit to a supported living unit they not only
moved from one physical space to another but they relocated from one social space to
another. A major factor in this transition was the loss of independence that was associated
with declining mobility and the increasing inability to function in order to engage in social
activities and to perform the personal tasks of daily living.

 Unlike the independent residents who spoke positively about their physical environment
and considered their unit to be home, the supported living residents demonstrated little
attachment to their physical space whether it was their individual unit or the communal
areas of the supported living environment


Transition from community dwelling to retirement village in older adults: cognitive
functioning and psychological health outcomes(Hayward, 2012)

 The study aimed to assess the effects of transitioning older adults, who were experiencing
various difficulties or anxieties, to an active supportive living environment.
 New residents experienced significant reductions in depression, improvement in perceived
health, and enhancements in memory and functional limitations.
 Results suggest that supported living environments lead to swift improvements in self-
reported limitations and modest enhancements in objectively measured cognition.
 This supports the idea of such housing as a positive lifestyle choice and advocates for
population-based general support rather than solely targeting extreme cases.
 Targeted interventions addressing specific aspects such as autobiographical memory and
anxiety could further improve social engagement, overall function, need for care, and quality
of life.
Retirement Village Resident Satisfaction in Australia: A Qualitative Enquiry -AUS
(Hayward, 2012)

 Focus group questions were standardized and open-ended and were designed to investigate
the participant's point of view "without predetermining those points of view through prior
selection of questionnaire categories"
 The ¡individual Residence
 internal Common Space, External Common Space
 security
 total number of units (and the total number of residents) in the complex and to the mix of
accommodation options available
 Community Location
 Activities
 Care
 Depeiuiency/liidependency
 Social Relationships
 Satisfaction With Fellow Residents
 Ituerdepemlency
 The Spiritual Environment-Religious Aspect
Senior Housing as a Living Environment That Supports Well-Being in Old Age (Jolanki,
2021)– Finland

 When the residents talked about the life at the senior block two topics of concern came up
in all the interviews, namely, the importance of being able to both have a choice and
prepare for the future.

 all of the residents interviewed positioned themselves as agents who had made a conscious
decision to leave their previous home and relocate to a new “communal” living
environment, but one in which they were able to choose their level of engagement in social
activities. Relocation and a life in the senior complex thus provided a sense of being at least
into a certain extent in control of one’s life

 The data analysis showed that while the physical and social environments were of equal
importance and intertwined in residents’ accounts, for some the social environment was
more prominent in their accounts of day-to-day life.


A New Sense of Self and a New Lease of Life: Leisure in a Retirement Village (Grant, 2004)-
NZ

 Opportunities for Socializing: Retirement villages provide endless opportunities for

socializing, contrasting with feelings of disconnection and isolation in previous communities.

 Sense of Community: Living in a retirement village fosters a sense of community and

belonging, instilling renewed self-confidence and generating genuine support and care for
one another.

 Adaptation and Acceptance: Residents negotiate their identity against the norms and values
of the community, requiring effort to feel a sense of belonging and acceptance.

 Dynamic Environment: Residents take responsibility for maintaining a dynamic environment,

ensuring the village remains a vibrant and supportive community.

 Independence and Identity: Retirement villages allow residents to maintain independence

while fostering a sense of identity and belonging through community engagement.

 Social Networks: Social networks within retirement villages are crucial for successful aging,
even in adverse situations.
Older People’s Preferences for Housing and Environment Characteristics

(Mulliner et al., 2020)

Uk
Bloomfield, K., Boyd, M., Broad, J. B., Calvert, C., Connolly, M. J., Higgins, A.-M., Hikaka, J., Tatton, A.,
& Wu, Z. (2021). Lonely in a crowd: loneliness in New Zealand retirement village residents.
International Psychogeriatrics, 33(5), 481-493. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610220000393
Boldy, D., Grenade, L., Lewin, G., Karol, E., & Burton, E. (2011). Older people's decisions regarding
'ageing in place': a Western Australian case study. Australas J Ageing, 30(3), 136-142.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6612.2010.00469.x
Chandler, R. C., & Robinson, O. C. (2014). Wellbeing in retirement villages: eudaimonic challenges
and opportunities. J Aging Stud, 31, 10-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2014.08.001
Crisp, D. A., Windsor, T. D., Butterworth, P., & Anstey, K. J. (2013). What are older adults seeking?
Factors encouraging or discouraging retirement village living. Australas J Ageing, 32(3), 163-
170. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6612.2012.00623.x
Ferguson, G., t Hart, B., & Shabnam, S. (2023). Satisfied versus dissatisfied: Experiences of retirement
village living. Australas J Ageing, 42(3), 455-462. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajag.13160
Gardner, I. L., Browning, C., & Kendig, H. (2005). Accommodation options in later life: retirement
village or community living? Australasian Journal on Ageing, 24(4), 188-195.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6612.2005.00121.x
Grant, B. C. (2004). A new sense of self and a new lease of life: Leisure in a retirement village. Annals
of Leisure Research, 7(3-4), 222-236.
Hanif, N., Azriyati, W., Aini, A., Xi, W., & Hua, A. (2018). Residents' Level of Satisfaction about
Retirement Home Facilities Based on the Happiness Index Measures. Journal of Design and
Built Environment. https://doi.org/10.22452/jdbe.sp2018no1.1
Hayward, C. R. (2012). A home away from home?: the transitions of older people within two new
zealand retirement villages.
Jolanki, O. H. (2021). Senior housing as a living environment that supports well-being in old age.
Frontiers in public health, 8, 914.
Lewis, N. A., Reesor, N., & Hill, P. L. (2022). Perceived barriers and contributors to sense of purpose
in life in retirement community residents. Ageing & Society, 42(6), 1448-1464.
Mulliner, E., Riley, M., & Maliene, V. (2020). Older People’s Preferences for Housing and
Environment Characteristics. Sustainability, 12(14), 5723. https://www.mdpi.com/2071-
1050/12/14/5723
Nielson, L., Wiles, J., & Anderson, A. (2019). Social exclusion and community in an urban retirement
village. Journal of Aging Studies, 49, 25-30.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2019.03.003
To address psychological challenges in elderly individuals Geriatric Psychology explores aging-related
psychological shifts. Erik Erikson's "ego integrity vs. despair" theory highlights the late-life struggle
between contentment and unfulfilled aspirations (Erikson, 1950). Peck's psychosocial development
theory outlines three critical tasks—ego differentiation, body transcendence, and ego transcendence
—essential for navigating aging's psychological challenges (Miller, 2016). Laura Carstensen's
socioemotional selectivity theory emphasizes older adults' prioritization of emotionally meaningful
relationships, addressing issues like loneliness and enhancing emotional well-being (English &
Carstensen, 2016).

Self-Determination Theory (SDT) by Deci and Ryan centers on intrinsic motivations tied to autonomy,
competence, and relatedness (Ryan & Deci, 2000). Understanding these needs in designing for aging
is vital. Fostering autonomy and social connections can improve emotional well-being.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs organizes human needs in a pyramid, from physiological to self-
actualization (McLeod, 2018). Meeting physiological needs and promoting social belonging, esteem,
and self-actualization are crucial in housing design for the elderly

To design emotionaly and phycologically responsive housing Environmental psychology plays a

critical role. Kaplan's "attention restoration theory" highlights incorporating natural elements to
promote cognitive renewal and reduce stress (Kaplan, 1995). Norman's "emotional design"
underscores creating emotionally engaging spaces that offer purpose and belonging (Norman, 2004).
Environmental psychology guides age-friendly spaces that enhance well-being.

Biophilic design integrates nature into architecture. Edward O. Wilson's biophilia hypothesis suggests
this connection alleviates stress (Wilson, 1984). Stephen R. Kellert's work identifies biophilic
elements like natural light, greenery, and water features for psychological benefits (Kellert &
Calabrese, 2015). Judith Heerwagen emphasizes sensory experiences with nature in architectural
spaces (Heerwagen, 2008). Biophilic design fosters a harmonious relationship between individuals
and their surroundings, promoting emotional well-being.

Universal design ensures spaces accommodate various ages and abilities. Ronald L. Mace's vision on
equitable afocuses ccess by eliminating barriers and providing usability for all (Mace, 1998).

….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

To address psychological challenges in elderly individuals Geriatric Psychology explores aging-related

psychological shifts. Self-Determination Theory (SDT) by Deci and Ryan centers on intrinsic
motivations tied to autonomy, competence, and relatedness (Ryan & Deci, 2000). Understanding
these needs in designing for aging is vital. Fostering autonomy and social connections can improve
emotional well-being. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs organizes human needs in a pyramid, from
physiological to self-actualization (McLeod, 2018). Meeting physiological needs and promoting social
belonging, esteem, and self-actualization are crucial in housing design for the elderly.Laura

To design emotionally and psychologically responsive housing Environmental psychology plays a

critical role. Norman's "emotional design" underscores creating emotionally engaging spaces that
offer purpose and belonging (Norman, 2004). “The Eyes of the Skin” by Juhani Pallasmaa posits that
human perception and understanding of space are not solely reliant on vision but also intricately
linked to tactile sensations, thus suggesting a multi-sensory approach to architectural experience.
This allows for the creation of spaces that cater to tactile sensations, fostering a sense of comfort,
security, and connection that is vital for elderly individuals' overall well being. Biophilic design aims
to enhance occupants' connection with the natural environment by incorporating elements of direct
nature, indirect nature, and considerations of space and place conditions. It can promote
psychological and emotional well being by reconnecting seniors with nature, fostering feelings of
calmness, security, and contentment, thereby enhancing their overall quality of life. Universal
design ensures that spaces are accessible and accommodating to individuals of all ages and abilities,
promoting inclusivity and enhancing usability for everyone within the built environment.

….…………………………………………………………………………………………………

Eltheto Housing and Healthcare Complex in the Netherlands, designed by 2by4-architects, departs
from traditional models that segregate healthcare and housing for the elderly. This innovative
development blurs boundaries, challenging perceptions of elderly individuals as a distinct group
requiring isolated care. By offering various housing blocks adaptable to different levels of
independence and specific needs, the complex empowers seniors to maintain autonomy and social
connectedness within a supportive environment, fostering psychological and emotional wellbeing.

Similarly, the Santa Rita Geriatric Center in Spain, desined by Manuel Ocaña architects, redefines the
institutional model of geriatric care. Rejecting the clinical ambiance often associated with such
facilities, it prioritizes creating a characteristic atmosphere akin to a vibrant community where
residents can embrace their final years with dignity. Featuring an open, interconnected layout and
single-floor accessibility, the center promotes communal living, autonomy, and privacy, ultimately
enhancing residents' quality of life.

Further exemplifying this transformative approach is the Social Complex in Alcabideche, Portugal,
designed by Guedes Cruz Arquitectos. Drawing inspiration from traditional Medina layouts, the
complex fosters a sense of community through pedestrian-friendly streets and shared outdoor
spaces. By seamlessly blending with the local culture and lifestyle, it offers elderly residents a
familiar and engaging environment that promotes social interaction and emotional wellbeing.

In Japan, the Kaze No Machi Miyabira elderly care facility, designed by CAn + Met Architects,
embodies a warm and inclusive atmosphere. Embracing the surrounding context and encouraging
community engagement, the facility's layout facilitates both privacy and social interaction, catering
to diverse lifestyles and needs among residents. Through thoughtful design, it creates a nurturing
environment that prioritizes individual comfort and integration with the wider community.

Similarly, the Alzheimer's Village in France, designed by NORD Architects, prioritizes familiarity and
community support. Organized into small clusters resembling family units, it offers residents a sense
of independence while receiving personalized care in a culturally familiar setting, enhancing their
sense of belonging and wellbeing.

Lastly, the Metlifecare Gulf Rise Retirement Homes in New Zealand, crafted by Warren and
Mahoney, epitomize a community-oriented approach to retirement living. By prioritizing human-
scale design and fostering social engagement through shared amenities and communal spaces, the
village creates opportunities for meaningful interactions and inter-generational connections,
enriching residents' lives and fostering a sense of belonging.

In conclusion, contemporary designs in elderly care architecture are revolutionizing the way we
perceive and experience aging. By prioritizing inclusivity, community integration, and personalized
care, these innovative developments are reshaping the landscape of senior living, enhancing
psychological and emotional wellbeing, and fostering vibrant and supportive environments for
elderly individuals to thrive.

….……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

The proposed design, "Aging Gracefully in Place - Exploring Architectural Strategies to Enhance
Emotional and Psychological Well-being of Elderly in Residential Environments," serves a critical role
in addressing the evolving needs of elderly individuals within residential settings in New Zealand. By
integrating architectural strategies that prioritize emotional and psychological well-being, the design
aims to enable successful aging in place, fostering a sense of dignity, autonomy, and community
among elderly residents. Drawing on insights from Geriatric Psychology, Self-Determination Theory,
and Environmental Psychology, the design seeks to create supportive environments that promote a
sense of autonomy, purpose, and belonging. Universal design principles are incorporated to ensure
accessibility and inclusivity, while communal spaces and opportunities for inter-generational
interaction foster vibrant and inclusive communities. By providing practical solutions through
detailed architectural plans and visual representations, the design aims to create flexible and
adaptable environments that accommodate diverse lifestyles and preferences. Ultimately, the role
of this design is to transform residential environments into supportive and inclusive spaces that
enhance the overall well-being and quality of life of elderly residents, enabling them to age
gracefully in place while remaining connected to their communities.

Engagement with sustainability in the proposed design involves incorporating principles of

environmental responsibility and resource efficiency throughout the architectural process. This
includes strategies such as passive design techniques to optimize natural light and ventilation, the
use of sustainable materials with low environmental impact, and the integration of renewable
energy systems such as solar panels or rainwater harvesting. Additionally, the design may prioritize
green spaces and biodiversity, aiming to enhance the connection between residents and nature
while promoting ecological resilience within the built environment.

Regarding engagement with mātauranga Māori, the design acknowledges and respects the
indigenous knowledge and cultural values of the Māori people in New Zealand. This involves
incorporating elements of Māori cultural identity and design principles into the architectural
framework, such as the use of traditional building materials, symbolic motifs, or spatial layouts
inspired by Māori traditions. Furthermore, the design may involve consultation with local iwi (tribes)
or Māori communities to ensure their perspectives and aspirations are considered and respected
throughout the design process. By integrating mātauranga Māori into the design, the proposed
residential environments aim to foster a sense of cultural connection and belonging among elderly
residents while promoting cultural diversity and inclusivity within the broader community.

Engagement with mātauranga Māori in the design for elderly residential environments involves
integrating Maori cultural values that align with the needs and experiences of elderly.This includes a
profound respect for age, acknowledging the wisdom and experience that comes with advancing
years. The design may incorporate features that honor and celebrate the elderly, providing spaces
for storytelling, intergenerational dialogue, and the passing down of knowledge and traditions.
Furthermore, recognizing the importance of connection with the past, the design may incorporate
elements that evoke a sense of continuity and cultural heritage. This could involve integrating
traditional Maori design motifs, artwork, or symbols that resonate with residents and evoke a sense
of belonging and cultural identity.
Additionally, given the significance of connection with the land and the physical world in Maori
culture, the design may prioritize access to outdoor spaces, greenery, and natural elements. This
could include incorporating gardens, courtyards, or communal gathering spaces that allow residents
to connect with nature and the surrounding environment. By fostering a sense of connection with
the land, the design aims to promote holistic well-being and a deeper sense of rootedness and
belonging among elderly residents. Overall, engagement with mātauranga Māori in the design
process enriches the residential environments for the elderly by honoring cultural values and
enhancing the quality of life for residents.

….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

The role of design in addressing the challenges faced by elderly individuals residing in retirement
villages is pivotal. By prioritizing the development of architectural strategies aimed at enhancing
psychological and emotional well-being, designers can create more inclusive and supportive housing
options tailored to the needs of the elderly population in New Zealand. Design interventions that
focus on mitigating issues such as social isolation, lack of personal privacy, feelings of disconnection
from society, and perceived stigma associated with aging can significantly improve the overall quality
of life for elderly residents. For instance, incorporating communal spaces that foster social
interaction and engagement can help combat social isolation, while thoughtful layouts and privacy-
enhancing features can address concerns regarding personal privacy. Additionally, integrating
elements that promote a sense of belonging and connection to the broader community can help
alleviate feelings of disconnection and stigma. Overall, design plays a crucial role in creating
environments that support the psychological and emotional well-being of elderly residents in
retirement villages, ultimately leading to a more fulfilling and enriching living experience.

Pallasmaa, J. (2012). The Eyes of the Skin: Architecture and the Senses. John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated.

Kellert, S. R. (2018). Nature by Design: The Practice of Biophilic Design. Yale University Press. Retrieved from
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/vuw/detail.action?docID=5340626

Steinfeld, E., & Maisel, J. (2012). Universal Design: Creating Inclusive Environments. John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated. Retrieved
from https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/vuw/detail.action?docID=821663

Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic
motivation, social development, and Well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68-78.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68
McLeod, S. (2018, May 21). Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. Simply Psychology.
https://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html

Norman, D. A. (2004). Emotional Design: Why We Love (or Hate) Everyday Things. Copyright © 2004
by Donald A. Norman. Publisher.

"Eltheto Housing and Healthcare Complex / 2by4-architects." ArchDaily, 29 Sep 2015,

https://www.archdaily.com/774238/eltheto-housing-and-healthcare-complex-2by4-architects. Accessed 14 Mar 2024.

“Santa Rita Geriatric Center / Manuel Ocaña" 15 Jun 2009. ArchDaily. Accessed 14 Mar 2024.
<https://www.archdaily.com/24725/santa-rita-geriatric-center-manuel-ocana> ISSN 0719-8884

"Social Complex in Alcabideche / Guedes Cruz Arquitectos" 29 Jan 2015. ArchDaily. Accessed 14 Mar 2024.
<https://www.archdaily.com/591843/social-complex-in-alcabideche-guedes-cruz-arquitectos> ISSN 0719-8884

"Kaze No Machi Miyabira / Susumu Uno／CAn + Met Architects" 20 Jul 2015. ArchDaily. Accessed 14 Mar 2024.
<https://www.archdaily.com/770434/kaze-no-machi-miyabira-susumu-uno-can-plus-met-architects> ISSN 0719-8884

Metlifecare Gulf Rise Retirement Homes / Warren and Mahoney" 30 Jun 2020. ArchDaily. Accessed 14 Mar 2024.
<https://www.archdaily.com/942241/metlifecare-gulf-rise-retirement-homes-warren-and-mahoney> ISSN 0719-8884

"Alzheimers Village / NORD Architects" 21 Dec 2021. ArchDaily. Accessed 14 Mar 2024.
<https://www.archdaily.com/973948/alzheimers-villa-nord-architects> ISSN 0719-8884