‫الجامعة السعودية اللكترونية‬

‫الجامعة السعودية اللكترونية‬

‫‪26/12/2021‬‬
ENG 250: Academic Writing 2
Pike Baky & Blass
(2007) Chapter 8
Objectives
 Analyze Metaphors
 Use Comparisons in Academic Writing
 Use Listing Signals in Academic Writing
 Use Sentence Connectors in Writing
 Use Organization Signals in Writing
 WARM UP

 Can you name some creative people?

 What is necessary for one to be
creative?
 How can people be creative in a
learning or business setting?
WARM UP

 What is his name?

 What is his innovation?
 Why is he considered creative?
Preparing to Read

Vocabulary: Idioms and expressions:

 Creativity  Imaginative thinking
 Diverse  Take risks
 Innovative
 Unique
 Unconventional

 Read the article on p. 144

 Answer the questions 1 and 2, p. 145
Analyzing Metaphors

• A metaphor is a word or expression that is used to explain or

clarify a point by describing something else that is similar.
Examples:
 The classroom was a zoo.
 Laughter is the music of the soul.
 The computers at work are as old as dinosaurs.
 He is a night owl.
Practice
Words and Phrases about Creativity
 Match the words on the left to their meanings on the right, p. 147.
Making Comparisons
 When discussing creativity, it is sometimes useful to writ about
similarities and differences.
 The following are sentences comparing creative people. Identify the
comparison expressions.
 Making Comparisons
 Expressing similarities and differences when making comparisons
Similarities
X is as (adjective) as Y
Both X and Y are …
Neither X nor Y is …
X and Y are alike because they
share (these characteristics)
X is similar to (like) Y
Like X, Y is …
Differences
X is …, but Y is …
X is (adjective) +er than Y
X is more (adjective) than Y …
X is less (adjective) than Y
X and Y are different because …
Unlike/Like X, Y is
X is …. On the other hand, Y is …
Practice, p. 148

 Correct the mistakes in the following sentences.

Paragraph Coherence

You can make paragraphs coherent by:

 Repeating key words and phrases throughout the paragraph
 Paraphrasing key words and phrases as you develop your ideas in
the paragraph
 Using listing signals
 Listing signals are words that give order to ideas and
link ideas in one sentence to another:

Paragraph Some listing signals include the words first, second,

finally, then, later.
Coherence: Use to describe events that have a chronological
Using Listing order.

Signals Use to list points that support your topic sentence,

even if the points are not connected chronologically.

Avoid using too many listing signals since it can make

the writing sound choppy and unnatural.
Paragraph
Coherence:
Using Listing
Signals
Sentence Connectors
 You can use sentence connectors to make paragraphs coherent.

 Sentence connectors

• Show relationships between ideas in different sentences in a paragraph

• Link independent clauses
• Usually come between two sentences
• If sentences are short, connectors come after a semicolon [;]

 Avoid too many connectors because they can make your writing repetitive and
uninteresting.
 Examples:
 Sentence Connectors
 Examples of sentence connectors
Sentence Connectors
Similarly, likewise, in the same way, in Introduce a new/additional idea that
addition, furthermore, moreover,
besides
However, on the other hand,
conversely, in contrast
For example, in fact
Thus, therefore, in conclusion
 Go to p. 152 for examples
Functions
supports the previous sentence
Show the other side, a contrasting
point, or differences
Expand a point by providing a specific
illustration or application
Conclude a point by providing a result;
may relate to two or three previous
sentences
 Organizing a Comparison Paragraph
 Focusing on similarities or differences:

• When writing a paragraph that compares people or things, you usually focus on similarities
or differences.
• Use a topic sentence that states that X and Y are similar or different and tell how or why
they are similar or different.
• Organize the paragraph by listing all the points about X and then all the points about Y OR
describing X and Y for each point of difference or similarity.
 Organizing a Comparison Paragraph
 Two ways to organize a comparison paragraph:
1. Block method

2. Point-by- point method

 Compare the paragraphs a & b, p. 155-156.

Organizing a Comparison Essay
 Two ways to organize a comparison essay:
1. Block method
• The first paragraph discusses the first subject and all its points, then
the second one discusses the second subject and its points. Points
should be in the same order in the two paragraphs.
• Introduction
• Body Paragraphs
•Paragraph 1: Item A (Point 1, 2, and 3)
•Paragraph 2: Item B (Point 1, 2, and 3)
• Conclusion
 Organizing a Comparison Essay
 Two ways to organize a comparison essay:

2. Point-by- point method

• The body paragraphs are organized according to the ideas(points).
• Introduction
• Body Paragraphs
• Paragraph 1: Point 1 (Item A and B)
• Paragraph 2: Point 2 (Item A and B)
• Paragraph 3: Point 3 (Item A and B)
• Conclusion

 Compare the paragraphs a & b, p. 155-156.

 Organization Signals
 Appropriate organization signals for an approach to a topic

Approach Examples of Appropriate Organization Signals

Contrast unlike, in contrast, instead, more (adjective)

Explaining why
Describing a support
relationship
Describing a past event
than
because, since, as a result
by (verb)+ing, both, underlying, as a basis
when, then, while, during
 Writing Task
• Write a short comparative essay (4 paragraphs, 100 - 150
words each) about virtual and real classrooms.

Focus on:
 Comparing and contrasting
 Writing a good thesis statement (frst paragraph)
 Having a topic sentence in each body paragraph
 Using appropriate sentence connectors (p. 152) and
organization signals (p. 157)

 Evaluate your writing using the rubric on p. 138

 Post your paragraph on Discussion Board before Apr. 17,
2022
Additional Information

 All information provided in this presentation was obtained from the following source:

 Pike-Baky, M., & Blass, L. (2007). Mosaic 1 writing (5th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
ISBN#: 978-0073533896 (print edition).