AS

Biology
7401/1-Paper 1
Mark scheme

June 2018

Version/Stage: 1.0 Final

 MARK SCHEME – AS BIOLOGY – 7401/1 – JUNE 2018

Mark schemes are prepared by the Lead Assessment Writer and considered, together with the relevant
questions, by a panel of subject teachers. This mark scheme includes any amendments made at the
standardisation events which all associates participate in and is the scheme which was used by them in
this examination. The standardisation process ensures that the mark scheme covers the students’
responses to questions and that every associate understands and applies it in the same correct way.
As preparation for standardisation each associate analyses a number of students’ scripts. Alternative
answers not already covered by the mark scheme are discussed and legislated for. If, after the
standardisation process, associates encounter unusual answers which have not been raised they are
required to refer these to the Lead Assessment Writer.

It must be stressed that a mark scheme is a working document, in many cases further developed and
expanded on the basis of students’ reactions to a particular paper. Assumptions about future mark
schemes on the basis of one year’s document should be avoided; whilst the guiding principles of
assessment remain constant, details will change, depending on the content of a particular examination
paper.

Further copies of this mark scheme are available from aqa.org.uk

Copyright © 2018 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved.

AQA retains the copyright on all its publications. However, registered schools/colleges for AQA are permitted to copy material from this
booklet for their own internal use, with the following important exception: AQA cannot give permission to schools/colleges to photocopy any
material that is acknowledged to a third party even for internal use within the centre.
 MARK SCHEME – AS BIOLOGY – 7401/1 – JUNE 2018

Level of response marking instructions

Level of response mark schemes are broken down into levels, each of which has a descriptor. The
descriptor for the level shows the average performance for the level. There are marks in each level.

Before you apply the mark scheme to a student’s answer read through the answer and annotate it (as
instructed) to show the qualities that are being looked for. You can then apply the mark scheme.

Step 1 Determine a level

Start at the lowest level of the mark scheme and use it as a ladder to see whether the answer meets the
descriptor for that level. The descriptor for the level indicates the different qualities that might be seen in
the student’s answer for that level. If it meets the lowest level then go to the next one and decide if it
meets this level, and so on, until you have a match between the level descriptor and the answer. With
practice and familiarity you will find that for better answers you will be able to quickly skip through the
lower levels of the mark scheme.

When assigning a level you should look at the overall quality of the answer and not look to pick holes in
small and specific parts of the answer where the student has not performed quite as well as the rest. If
the answer covers different aspects of different levels of the mark scheme you should use a best fit
approach for defining the level and then use the variability of the response to help decide the mark within
the level, ie if the response is predominantly level 3 with a small amount of level 4 material it would be
placed in level 3 but be awarded a mark near the top of the level because of the level 4 content.

Step 2 Determine a mark

Once you have assigned a level you need to decide on the mark. The descriptors on how to allocate
marks can help with this. The exemplar materials used during standardisation will help. There will be an
answer in the standardising materials which will correspond with each level of the mark scheme. This
answer will have been awarded a mark by the Lead Examiner. You can compare the student’s answer
with the example to determine if it is the same standard, better or worse than the example. You can then
use this to allocate a mark for the answer based on the Lead Examiner’s mark on the example.

You may well need to read back through the answer as you apply the mark scheme to clarify points and
assure yourself that the level and the mark are appropriate.

Indicative content in the mark scheme is provided as a guide for examiners. It is not intended to be
exhaustive and you must credit other valid points. Students do not have to cover all of the points
mentioned in the Indicative content to reach the highest level of the mark scheme.

An answer which contains nothing of relevance to the question must be awarded no marks.

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 MARK SCHEME – AS BIOLOGY – 7401/1 – JUNE 2018

Question Marking Guidance Mark Comments

01.1 D; 3
G;
F;

01.2 Coronary arteries; 1 Accept coronary

artery
Ignore aorta, arteriole
and capillary
Reject coronary veins
Do not accept
coronary by itself
Accept phonetic
spelling

01.3 1. No sketched / hanging / crossing lines / shading; 4 1. Ignore stippling

2. Must look similar;
3. Ignore any other
3. Matrix and crista correctly labelled;
labels
4. Correct scale stated (x 62 800);
4. Accept other
suitable scale given

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 MARK SCHEME – AS BIOLOGY – 7401/1 – JUNE 2018

Question Marking Guidance Mark Comments

02.1 (a monomer is a smaller / repeating) unit / 1 Reject atoms / elements /

molecule from which larger molecules / ’building blocks’ for units /
polymers are made; molecules
Ignore examples

02.2 Similarity 2 1. Ignore references to

1. Both contain galactose / a glycosidic bond; hydrolysis and / or
condensation
Difference
2. Ignore alpha / beta
2. Lactulose contains fructose, whereas lactose prefix for glucose
contains glucose;
2. Difference must be
stated, not implied

02.3 1. (Lactulose) lowers the water potential of 2 1. Accept Ψ for water

faeces / intestine / contents of the intestine; potential
2. Water retained / enters (due to osmosis) 2. Accept descriptions of
and softens the faeces; soft faeces, eg faeces is
less dry / less hard

02.4 (-) 84.1(%);; 2 Accept (-) 84.15(%)

Allow 1 mark for
84
OR
2.82 × 107 − 4.47 × 108
2.82 ×107
OR
2.37 x 10-7
2.82 ×107

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 MARK SCHEME – AS BIOLOGY – 7401/1 – JUNE 2018

Question Marking Guidance Mark Comments

03.1 1. Phosphate, deoxyribose and base correctly 2 1. Accept P in a circle

labelled; / Pi / PO43- for
2. Correct shapes and bonds in the correct phosphate.
positions (as shown below);
1. Do not accept
phosphorus for
phosphate.
1. Do not accept only
pentose for
deoxyribose.
1. Ignore references
to sugar.
1. Accept a named
base, (eg adenine,
thymine, guanine,
cytosine).
1. Do not accept uracil
or only letters (eg A,
T, G or C).
1. Ignore labelled
bonds
2. Accept correct
shapes with incorrect
labels
2. Accept any
orientation of diagram,
eg inverted / mirror
image
2. Accept any
pentagon for
deoxyribose

03.2 1. Weak / easily broken hydrogen bonds between 2 max 1. and 2. may appear
bases allow two strands to separate / unzip; in the same feature
2. Two strands, so both can act as templates; 3. Allow description of
complementary base
3. Complementary base pairing allows accurate
pairing and accurate
replication;
replication.

03.3 C. 550 seconds; 1

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 MARK SCHEME – AS BIOLOGY – 7401/1 – JUNE 2018

Question Marking Guidance Mark Comments

04.1 W – (cell surface) membrane 2 Four correct = 2

marks.
X – cell wall
Three or two correct =
Y – capsule
1 mark.
Z – flagellum
Y - Ignore references
to slime/mucus
Y - Reject capsid
Z - accept flagella

04.2 W - Phospholipids; 2
X - Murein / glycoprotein; X - Accept
peptidoglycans.
Accept phonetic
spellings

04.3 Binary fission; 1 Reject binary fusion

04.4 8.64 x 105;; 2 Accept 864 000

however expressed,
e.g. 864 x 103
Allow one mark for
26 = 64
OR
64 / 26 x (1.35 x 104)

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 MARK SCHEME – AS BIOLOGY – 7401/1 – JUNE 2018

Question Marking Guidance Mark Comments

05.1 P – glycerol 2 Accept phonetic

Q – fatty acid (chains) spelling

05.2 Ester (bond); 1

05.3 1. (Mix / shake sample) with ethanol, then water; 2 1. Sequence is

2. White / milky (emulsion); important
2. Ignore cloudy
2. Reject precipitate

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 MARK SCHEME – AS BIOLOGY – 7401/1 – JUNE 2018

Question Marking Guidance Mark Comments

06.1 1. (It shows) smaller groups within larger groups / 2 1. Accept groups
larger groups containing smaller groups; within groups
2. With no overlap (between groups);

06.2 1 Accept phonetic

Family;
spellings

06.3 1. Sine song is (very) similar / same length (for 2

both, so closely related).
2. (But) have different peaks / pulses (in pulse 2. Must give a
song); difference, not just
state they are different
2. Accept suitable
differences eg number
/ length / amplitude /
interval

06.4 1. (Three) peaks (in pulse song) occur at the same 2 1. Accept suitable
time (since both female) / songs identical / male differences in male
peaks eg number /
peaks are different;
length / amplitude /
interval
2. (Therefore) no male (song) to stimulate / cause
mating;

OR

Nothing to stimulate / cause mating;

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 MARK SCHEME – AS BIOLOGY – 7401/1 – JUNE 2018

Question Marking Guidance Mark Comments

07.1 (The proteome is the full) range of / number of 1 Do not accept number
different proteins that a cell is able to produce (at a of proteins unqualified
given time);
OR
(The proteome is the full) range of / number of
different proteins the genome / DNA is able to code
for;

07.2 1. mRNA does not have hydrogen bonds / base 2 max Statements must be
pairing, tRNA does; comparative
OR 2. Accept mRNA
cannot carry an amino
mRNA is linear / straight chain, tRNA is
acid, tRNA can
cloverleaf;
3. Accept mRNA is
2. mRNA does not have an amino acid binding site,
longer or converse
tRNA does;
3. mRNA has more nucleotides;
4. (Different) mRNAs have different lengths, all
tRNAs are similar / same length;
5. mRNA has codons, tRNA has an anticodon;

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 MARK SCHEME – AS BIOLOGY – 7401/1 – JUNE 2018

07.3 1. mRNA associates with a ribosome / ribosome 5 max 1. Idea of association

attaches to mRNA; is required
2. Ribosome moves to / finds the start codon / 3. and 5. Must be
AUG; explicitly stated and
not inferred.
3. tRNA brings / carries (appropriate / specific)
amino acid;
4. Anticodon (on tRNA complementary) to codon
(on mRNA);
5. Ribosome moves along to next codon;
OR
Ribosome ‘fits’ around two codons / can fit two
tRNAs;
6. (Process repeated and) amino acids join by
peptide bonds / condensation reaction (to form
polypeptide);
OR
(Process repeated and) amino acids joined
using (energy from) ATP (to form polypeptide);

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 MARK SCHEME – AS BIOLOGY – 7401/1 – JUNE 2018

Question Marking Guidance Mark Comments

08.1 1. (water has a relatively) high (specific) heat 2 1. Ignore numbers

capacity; relating to heat
2. Can gain / lose a lot of heat / energy capacity
without changing temperature; 2. Accept due to H
bonding between
OR water molecules

Takes a lot of heat / energy to change

temperature;

08.2 Adenosine diphosphate and (inorganic) 1 Accept ADP for

phosphate; adenosine
diphosphate
Accept Pi / PO43- /
P in a circle for
inorganic phosphate
Reject adenine
diphosphate
Reject phosphorus /
P for phosphate

08.3 1. Species / organism the muscle tissue 2 max 1. Ignore surface

came from; area of muscle
tissue
OR 2. and 3. Need to be
qualified
Thickness / type / source of the muscle Reject concentration
tissue; / volume of ATP
hydrolase
2. Temperature of the muscle tissue / ATP
solution / slides;
3. pH of the ATP solution;

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 MARK SCHEME – AS BIOLOGY – 7401/1 – JUNE 2018

1. Accept negative
08.4 Description 2
correlation
1. As concentration of ATP increases, length
2. Accept more ATP
of muscle decreases; available for
Explanation correct/named
aspect of muscle
2. More ATP (hydrolysed by ATP contraction
hydrolase), so more energy released, so
more muscle contraction / shortening of 2. Idea of more is
muscle; required once.
2. Reject energy
produced

08.5 4.88 x 10-6 ;;; 3 Accept 5 x 10-6

If answer incorrect Accept correct
EITHER answer however
expressed
Allow 1 mark for 0.244
Max 2 for incorrect
Allow 1 mark for 1.22 x 10-5 final answer
OR
Allow 1mark for 12200 / 1.525
Allow 1 mark for 0.61

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 MARK SCHEME – AS BIOLOGY – 7401/1 – JUNE 2018

Question Marking Guidance Mark Comments

09.1 1. (Across) alveolar epithelium; 2 Incorrect sequence

2. Endothelium / epithelium of capillary; = maximum of 1
mark

09.2 1. (The alveolar epithelium) is one cell thick; 2 max 1. Reject thin
2. Creating a short diffusion pathway / membrane
reduces the diffusion distance;

09.3 For 4 max 1. Accept higher

concentrations of
1. Significantly higher concentrations of CO
CO with closed
(compared with no smoking) with closed window are not due
window (as no overlap in 2 x SD); to chance
2. Any increase in CO could be dangerous;
1. and 3. Idea of
OR higher is required,
not just difference
CO causes less oxygen to be carried /
provided (which could be deadly in
children);
3. (significantly) higher levels after (just) 5
minutes (with closed windows supporting
short journey statement);
Against
5. Accept difference
4. No idea if (roughly) 5ppm is ‘deadly’; with open window
5. No significant difference with open window could be due to
(as 2 x SD overlaps); chance
6. No data on child breathing rates;
OR
Idea that children breathe faster but have
smaller lung volume, so overall volume of
CO inhaled could be similar;

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 MARK SCHEME – AS BIOLOGY – 7401/1 – JUNE 2018

Question Marking Guidance Mark Comments

10.1 1. (Presence of) antigen of the (pathogenic) 3 max 1. Assume bacteria

bacteria; are pathogenic unless
2. (Causes) more T cells produced / faster T cell otherwise stated
production;
3. Against (the pathogen and) normal bacteria;
4. (Long lasting as) cells do not die / live for longer;
5. (More) cytokines / chemicals causing swelling
are produced;

10.2 1. (Some people) have a mutation / allele / gene; 2

2. (That) increases the chances / risk / makes it

more likely for / causes them to have an
unusually large T cell response;

OR

(That) lowers / removes tolerance to (normal)

intestinal bacteria;

10.3 1. (Some people might) produce (very) large 2 Award 1 and 2

amounts of cytokine / have large amounts of OR
swelling;
2. (That) 5-ASA drugs cannot control / reduce; Award 3 and 4

OR

3. Some people may be allergic to / cannot

tolerate 5-ASA;
4. So cannot take it;

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 MARK SCHEME – AS BIOLOGY – 7401/1 – JUNE 2018

10.4 1. (Lack of adenine and guanine) will slow / stop 3 max

DNA synthesis / replication (in T cells); 2. Needs idea of more
2. Affects T cells more as they cannot recycle / greater effect.
nucleotides;
2. Accept converse
3. (6-MP therefore) suppresses / slows the idea that ‘other’
(unusually large) T cell / immune response cells not as affected
as they can recycle
OR nucleotides.
(6-MP causes) fewer / no T cells (to be) 3. Accept (6-MP) acts
produced; as an
4. (So) less cytokine is produced (and therefore immunosuppressant
drug
less swelling);

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 REPORT ON THE EXAMINATION – AS BIOLOGY – 7401/1 – JUNE 2018

General comments

Many students struggled to express their ideas in clear, concise, scientific English. This is
reflected in the mean score on this paper being less than half marks (30.4), with the highest score
being 71, and the lowest being 0.

The papers now include more guidance to help students, such as ‘use your knowledge of water
potential…’ in question 02.3, and ‘do not include descriptions of transcription and splicing in your
answer’ in question 07.3. These instructions seem to have been completely ignored by many
students who, consequently, often failed to do what was asked of them in the question.

Many students struggled to select specific sections of knowledge to answer questions succinctly.
As a result, there was often a lot of irrelevant material to read through before students finally
included some credit-worthy material in the last line or two.

The number of answer lines per question was increased somewhat on this paper. The aim of this
increase was to reduce the number of additional pages students have been prone to use in the
past; it was not an indicator that students were required to fill every line with text.

Many students struggled with the questions testing mathematical skills. There was little evidence
of students’ understanding of statistics, and many failed to demonstrate knowledge at an
appropriate level.

Every marking point on the mark scheme was seen within the range of student responses.

Question 1

Questions 01.1 and 01.2 were designed to assess Assessment Objective 1 and expected recall of
basic knowledge. Question 01.1 allowed students to score well, with just over 50% of them scoring
all three marks, and 93.3% scoring at least one mark. Question 01.2 was less well answered with
only 31.6% of students scoring the mark.

Question 01.3 tested practical drawing skills that students should have acquired, and there is
guidance for drawing in the practical handbook. This was poorly answered, with just 2.4% scoring
all four marks. Most drawings were sketches, and did not look similar to Figure 2, despite the
question asking students to draw the mitochondrion shown. The question also asked students to
label the matrix and a crista. Very few did, and most did not include a scale of any sort.

Question 2

02.1 was a question requiring recall of a definition from the specification. Almost 60% of students
gained the mark; those who failed to score only gave the first part of the definition, i.e. it is a small
unit. Many students also used simpler descriptive words, such as ‘building blocks.’

Question 02.2 required a similarity and a difference; students generally performed well with the
similarity, but failed to give a difference, with answers such as “lactulose contains fructose”.
Students must state the actual difference when asked, e.g. lactulose contains fructose but lactose
contains glucose.

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 REPORT ON THE EXAMINATION – AS BIOLOGY – 7401/1 – JUNE 2018

Question 02.3 showed that many students do not understand high and low water potentials,
confusing the two. Also, many students thought water moved from the lactulose solution into
faeces, thereby showing a lack of understanding of water movement by osmosis. Only 28.6%
scored two marks.

In question 02.4, students did not show an understanding of how to use standard form, with many
choosing to ignore it. Only 12.2% of students scored two marks, and 77.9% scored zero. A
common error was to base the calculation on the lower range of H+ concentration.

Question 3

Question 03.1 required students to draw a diagram that is included in the specification. Just under
half (46.3%) were able to do this successfully. The main issues were bonds drawn in the wrong
place, and the use of the word pentose, rather than deoxyribose. Most were able to recognise that
it was supposed to be a pentagonal molecule.

Again, 03.2 should have been simple recall of knowledge; however, only 9.2% scored two marks.
Features were simply described and not explained. Students did not give the idea that the
hydrogen bonds between bases were weak or easily broken, and, for mark point 2, most students
said there were two strands, so one acts as a template, rather than both being templates.

32.3% of students scored the mark for question 03.3, with many appearing simply to guess, as
demonstrated by no working appearing on their scripts.

Question 4

Questions 04.1 and 04.2 revealed very poor spelling of key terms. 31.7% of students scored two
marks on 04.1 and 16.7% scored two marks on 04.2. Common errors included W and X being
referred to as the inner and outer membranes, and the capsule being labelled as a capsid. In 04.2,
several students gave the functions of the parts, rather than naming the main biological molecule.
For X the most common answer was cellulose.

04.3 was reasonably well answered (57% of students gained the mark); those failing to score most
commonly stated just fission, or often mitosis.

Just under half (44.7%) of students scored two marks on 04.4. A common error was to multiply by
6 or 24, rather than 26.

Question 5

Parts 05.1 and 05.2 were well answered. Some students inverted their answers for 05.1 and many
stated glyceride instead of glycerol for P.

05.3 was answered fully correctly by nearly half (47.3%) of students. Errors included not adding
water, or adding water first then ethanol, using the word cloudy with no colour and using the word
precipitate.

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 REPORT ON THE EXAMINATION – AS BIOLOGY – 7401/1 – JUNE 2018

Question 6

Students had clearly either learned or not learned what a hierarchy is for 06.1 – just under 60% of
students scored zero. A similar picture emerged for the taxonomic groups tested in 06.2, with half
getting it correct, and half incorrect. Surprisingly, many students correctly identified the taxonomic
groups, using the letter f, g and s in the diagram, but then failed to convert the “f” into family in their
answer.

Question 06.3 was well answered, with 85.8% of students scoring at least one mark. Errors
included not using Figure 6 as asked, simply stating they are different, but not giving a difference,
and many did not understand what the term frequency means, mistaking it for amplitude.

In question 06.4, only 3.4% of students scored two marks, but 57.1% scored one mark. Mark point
2 was very rarely seen; again, students did not use Figure 6, and did not understand that courtship
is a behaviour that stimulates, causes, or leads to mating. Students mostly stated that the female
‘knew’ that it was another female.

Question 7

Only 17.9% of students scored the mark on 07.1. Although this term is clearly defined in the first
sentence of section 3.4.2 of the specification, few students seem to have learnt it. Wrong answers
were often pure guesses, such as ‘where proteins are stored’ or ‘where tRNA is made’. 13% of
students did not even attempt the question.

07.2 was generally well answered; those who failed to score two, once again, did not state a clear
difference, e.g. that “tRNA is clover leaf, but mRNA is linear”. There were also students who
thought tRNA was a double-stranded molecule.

07.3 tested recall, with a specific instruction not to include descriptions of transcription and splicing
in answers. Many did include this, or only discussed this. Only 8.4% of students scored all five
marks. Many described mRNA leaving the cell to associate with a ribosome, and there were many
who also stated that RNA polymerase joins amino acids or forms peptide bonds. Start codon and
first codon were ‘synonyms’ for many students. Overall this question discriminated well.

Question 8

Answers to 08.1 showed good knowledge, but there was some confusion between heat capacity
and the latent heat of vaporisation. Many students hedged their bets by referring to latent heat
capacity. There were several students who stated that a high heat capacity was caused by strong
hydrogen bonds, or that hydrogen bonds were between H+ and O2– in water, not between water
molecules.

Question 08.2 was well answered; the most common mistake was stating adenine diphosphate
instead of adenosine diphosphate.

In 08.3 many students did not consider the question and either gave variables whose control had
already been given in the question, or gave unqualified answers of temperature and pH. Only 7%
of students scored two marks. Many also stated the concentration of ATP hydrolase, again
showing a failure to consider the question and realising that this cannot be controlled as it was
produced by the muscle tissue.

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 REPORT ON THE EXAMINATION – AS BIOLOGY – 7401/1 – JUNE 2018

In question 08.4, the description was well answered by the majority, however many students
thought the muscle became shortened as the muscle tissue was being hydrolysed. Several also
stated that ATP released more energy for respiration. References to energy being ‘produced’
negated otherwise good responses.

Students found 08.5 very difficult, with only 3.7% of them scoring all three marks. Many failed to
use Table 1 correctly and realise that the concentration of ATP added to the slide was
x 10-6 mol dm-3. Two marks were regularly awarded for incorrect responses, however, for including
12200 and 0.61 in the workings. 7.5% of students made no attempt whatsoever to answer this
question.

Question 9

Part 09.1 was not well answered (70.3% scored zero); many students seemingly did not
understand what is meant by pathway and gave the mechanism instead.

Question 09.2 asked for an explanation of a feature of an alveolus, not all of the alveoli. Only
23.3% of students scored two marks, the majority giving answers relating to a large surface area.
Those who scored well did have an understanding of a reduced diffusion pathway, but a significant
number involved a “thin membrane” or “one-cell-thick membrane” or “thin epithelium” in their
response.

09.3 was the question students struggled with the most; only 1.2% scored all four marks. Students
did not use the data provided, and, when they did, appeared not to understand or use the term
significance. Those who used the word simply stated that the ‘data’ or ‘results’ were significant or
not, rather than that the increase or difference was significant. They applied standard, learned
responses without considering the question, such as “no repeats”, even though Figure 7 shows
mean values and standard deviations, i.e. it must have been repeated, “sample size too small”,
“correlation does not mean causation”, and “there may be other factors involved”. Students can
assume that if an experiment or investigation in a question has been completed by scientists, that it
has been completed correctly, unless otherwise stated. There was also a common misconception
that children (and not even their haemoglobin) have a high affinity for oxygen. This question
evoked many lengthy responses that failed to score any marks. Students tended to write a whole
page of raw data comparisons with no conclusions or linger on the same idea for the duration of
their answer, stating the same thing in several different ways. A significant number suggested that
CO from vehicle emissions was also of importance, hence the high levels with an open window
and no smoking. Astute students could see that the CO concentration was significantly and
consistently higher after five minutes of exposure to tobacco smoke when the windows were
closed. Equally, these same students could also analyse the data and notice that the 2 x SD
values for the CO concentrations (when the window was open) overlapped. Therefore, there was
no ‘statistical’ difference with these values. The link between Hb and CO was established by
some, resulting in less oxygen being carried/delivered or provided to tissues. A small minority
appreciated that no evidence/data was available for breathing rates in children. Many students
made reference to breathing rates and lung volume. However, they did not manage to make the
link that smaller lung volume and higher rate could result in similar volumes of CO being inhaled.
Very rarely students questioned whether 5ppm was a deadly level, even though they readily
accepted that CO was dangerous. Equally they failed to establish that any increase in CO
concentration would be dangerous.

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 REPORT ON THE EXAMINATION – AS BIOLOGY – 7401/1 – JUNE 2018

Question 10

Generally, the comprehension was far better answered than in 2017. This may be partly due to the
specification content included this year compared with last. The main issue, as with last year, is
that students attempted to answer the question without using the passage. However, these are
true comprehension questions. This was the main issue with question 10.1, though 70.7% of
students did score at least one mark. Many students appreciated that the presence of an antigen
caused the production of more T cells which resulted in increased amounts of cytokines being
produced. Other students appreciated the former but attributed the swelling to the accumulation of
T cells. There were some spurious arguments based on alteration of water potential resulting in
accumulation of water, and hence swelling.

10.2 was similarly well answered, but those students who failed to score (28.8%) gave vague
responses, such as ‘it is passed on’ and also thought that those with Crohn’s disease had genes to
make bacteria pathogenic instead of normal.

10.3 was poorly answered, with nearly 80% scoring zero marks. Students failed to get from the
passage that 5-ASA is a drug that reduces swelling. Incorrect answers centred round “the body
seeing the drug as foreign”, “being immune to the drug”, “making antibodies against the drug”,
“digesting the drug”, “having no receptors for the drug” or, as 5-ASA is an acid, it “denaturing
protein/cytokines”. A significant number of students attempted to relate their argument to an
allergy to the drug, but many expressed this in terms of suffering side-effects.

10.4 was better answered, with the majority of students able to follow the idea that DNA replication
will slow, meaning fewer T cells and less cytokine. The question gave guidance not to include
details of enzyme inhibition or protein synthesis. This was to help guide students to the correct
answer; many based their arguments on a failure to form enzyme-substrate complexes, despite the
advice. There was some confusion of cytokine and cytosine, and some students thought that
6-MP would have stopped bacteria or “Crohn’s” reproducing, not T cells.

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Mark Ranges and Award of Grades

Grade boundaries and cumulative percentage grades are available on the Results Statistics
page of the AQA Website.

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