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Defining micro-epidemiology for malaria elimination: systematic review and meta-analysis. Malar J.
2017;16:164. Article. Neurological syndrome This is classically the most lethal clinical complication
of severe falciparum malaria and the definition is also very imprecise with a wide spectrum of
possible presentations, such as: impaired consciousness or unrousable coma (Glasgow coma score
?10 or Blantyre coma scale ?2); prostration, i.e. generalized weakness so that the patient is unable
walk or sit up without assistance; failure to feed; or multiple convulsions (more than two episodes in
24 h). Results Search results A total of 1,814 records describing malaria trials between 1948 and
August 2007 was identified; 943 articles (51.9%) were reports of trials in Africa (Figure 1 ).
Strengths of this study include a comprehensive search of the literature using multiple databases and
randomly sampling from the total dataset, to ensure a high degree of representativeness. The fuzzy
logic approach, therefore, differentiates between dry unsuitable conditions (threshold U 1 ), a most
suitable condition ( S ), and again unsuitable conditions due to very high rainfall (threshold U 2 ).
Hyperemesis gravidarum may superimpose to the febrile syndrome and to the gastrointestinal side
effects associated to CQ in pregnant women, contributing to uncontrolled vomiting and consequent
metabolic disorders. The fuzzy distribution model computes fractions between zero (conditions
unsuitable, U 1 and U 2 ) and one (condition most suitable, S ). They were sometimes very high and
varied greatly across outlet type and location, and anti-malarial type and packaging. Bull World
Health Org. 1983, 61: 821-831. PubMed Central. Imported malaria: a retrospective study in
University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, a ten-year experience. Horizontal (controlled conditions) and
vertical (field conditions) life tables from various studies furnished data for the daily survival
probability of aquatic stages of mosquitoes. For example, the directional path from job satisfaction
towards microscopists’ capacity might be opposite or dual-directional (correlation). Clin Infect Dis.
2005;40:1777-178415909266 Google Scholar Crossref 88. The study reported here provides a
descriptive analysis of RCTs reporting interventions for the prevention and treatment of malaria
conducted in Africa, with the aim of providing detailed information on their main clinical and
methodological characteristics, that could be used by researchers and policy makers to help plan
future research. In addition, 410 (89.7%) out of 457 full papers acknowledged their source of
funding (Fig. 2 ). There were several papers that acknowledged more than one funder and Fig. 8 only
shows funding acknowledgments for a funder(s) in four (1%) or more publications. The fuzzy logic
approach of the oviposition as well as the immature mosquito survival are displayed by pink arrows.
Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2003;97:575-58014511555 Google Scholar Crossref 99. High efficacy of
short-term quinine-antibiotic combinations for treating adult malaria patients in an area in which
malaria is hyperendemic. The rest of the literature provided descriptive findings. Additionally, the full
text of seven articles could not be accessed (either in the USA or in India), and these articles were
also excluded. DerSimonian and Laird were used to calculate the random effect model. The funders
had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, writing and decision to submit the
manuscript for publication. With regards to treatment, the most frequent approach was symptomatic.
As soon as precise markers of severity are available, it would be possible to design studies powered
to analyse the influence of the host genetics in the development of severe vivax disease. Radloff PD,
Philipps J, Nkeyi M, Hutchinson D, Kremsner PG. Ann Intern Med. 1997;126:963-9729182474
Google Scholar Crossref 78. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;35:1498-150412471569 Google Scholar Crossref
110. Meghalaya malaria control programme data suggests that the distribution of more than 900,000
long-lasting insecticide-treated bed nets (LLINs), distributed for the first time in 2016, could be
responsible for the observed decline. Search strategy The sources for published data on clinical
aspects of vivax infection in Brazil were MEDLINE (1948 to February 2011) and LILACS (1982 to
February 2011). In this view, recommendations include that more comprehensive research is needed,
when examining the determinants of malaria and should include interventions, environmental
factors, and socio-demographics, which would allow a better understanding of malaria epidemiology
and also identify important predictors to consider for forecasting work.
Statewide depiction of block level malaria APIs during the year of LLIN distribution; District and
block names are provided for reference, and API is indicated by both numeric value and color-coding
where red indicates the highest malaria burden. Eighth, LBW may be a consequence of small for
gestational age (SGA), preterm birth (PTB), or a combination of both. Nevertheless, there was no
evidence of publication bias when using a funnel plot or trim and fill method. Since malaria
incidence is very different in the northern and southern regions of the island, the second objective
was to statistically clarify the regional differences of these factors. The main difference between the
Martens I and II schemes is the earlier and smoother decrease of p. Corticosteroid-responsive
postmalaria encephalopathy characterized by motor aphasia, myoclonus, and postural tremor. The
chain supplying rural and less-formal outlets was made of more levels than that serving urban and
more formal outlets. Further examination revealed intention tremors, dysmetria, dysdiadochokinesia,
ataxia and impaired tandem walk. Pukrittayakamee S, Chotivanich K, Chantra A, Clemens R,
Looareesuwan S, White NJ. The cap on the number of fertile mosquitoes ( CAP ) simply restricts the
size of the mosquito population to a certain level. High maternal mortality, low birth weight and
maternal anaemia are also consequences of this devastating disease. NVBDCP malaria surveillance
data and analysis District-wise epidemiology data from 2006 to 2017 were obtained from the
Meghalaya NVBDCP and the primary health centres and sub-centres under their jurisdiction. Am J
Trop Med Hyg. 2005;72:407-40915827276 Google Scholar 116. EP conducted the search strategy,
reviewed the literature and drafted the manuscript. The most common adverse effects related to its
use are gastrointestinal and neurological. Patients who are not responding clinically (with
defervescence within 72 hours) need follow-up malaria blood films and may also require a search for
other causes of fever. This project sought to further reduce the number of malaria cases in the country
through a range of interventions, including working with community groups, training primary school
teachers and distributing long-lasting insecticidal nets. Outcome measures included human malaria
infection and mosquito feeding behaviour. The findings would be useful for determining a strategy
to further reduce the incidence of malaria in Palawan. The growing parasite progressively consumes
and degrades intracellular proteins, principally hemoglobin, resulting in formation of the 'malarial
pigment' and hemolysis of the infected red cell. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2004;23:679-68115247612
Google Scholar Crossref 193. Rampengan TH. Cerebral malaria in children: comparative study
between heparin, dexamethasone and placebo. Therefore, we used the risk ratio as the main effect
measure in this review. Collaboration in the approved studies was not established because only the
institution of the PI was indicated in the records. Clinton Foundation, Medicines for Malaria
Venture, Dalberg Global Development Advisors, Health Action International Europe, MIT-Zaragoza
International Logistics Program). MS drafted the manuscript and all authors reviewed and revised
drafts of the manuscript. Activities run by KLM have included the basic malaria microscopy and
refresher courses for microscopists, the hosting of an annual malaria conference and the maintaining
of logistic measures. Despite the fact that many RCTs have reported antimalarial side effects, very
few use appropriate methods of pharmacosurveillance to detect and evaluate safety signals. Certain
rainfall regimes will be more suitable, and probably no further breeding sites are provided with
increasing rainfall amounts. At the present time, numerous malaria models, including the LMM, are
partly based on fairly qualitative assumptions.
Human blood index (a) The rate of malaria transmission directly depends on the degree of the host-
vector-pathogen contact. Hennequin C, Bouree P, Bazin N, Bisaro F, Feline A. Trans R Soc Trop
Med Hyg. 2001;95:651-65611816439 Google Scholar Crossref 66. Severe and recurrent
hypoglycemia may be caused by hyperinsulinemia induced by quinine or quinidine or by endotoxin
or by parasite consumption. 182, 183 Hyperpyrexia can be treated with acetominophen; nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs are not recommended, given the frequency of thrombocytopenia and
coagulation abnormalities. Hill DR, Baird JK, Parise ME, Lewis LS, Ryan ET, Magill AJ.
Additionally, the full text of seven articles could not be accessed (either in the USA or in India), and
these articles were also excluded. Various environmental and population settings should be explored
to improve the understanding of contextual contributions to malaria risk. The quinine and
clindamycin regimen also has been shown to be efficacious against P falciparum infections acquired
in areas with chloroquine resistance 55, 58, 61, 62, 65 - 69, 72, 86, 87 and is useful in treatment of
pregnant women and children younger than 8 years in whom tetracyclines and doxycycline are
contraindicated. Fifth, we did not include unpublished data in our review, which may introduce a
reporting bias in meta-analyses. Download citation Received: 13 January 2023 Accepted: 28 April
2023 Published: 12 May 2023 DOI: Share this article Anyone you share the following link with will
be able to read this content: Get shareable link Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for
this article. We extracted data and assessed the risk of bias in selected studies. Marsepoil T, Petithory
J, Faucher JM, Ho P, Viriot E, Benaiche F. Conclusion Viable malaria research has been conducted in
Malawi since 1984 with clinical and basic research leading in both publications and funding. This
fact might explain the limited number of studies in the last years using spatial clustering. In view of
the potential use of MQ for IPTp in malaria-endemic areas and existing concerns regarding its safety,
a systematic literature review on the safety of MQ when given in pregnancy was carried out. The
duration in days after that a human becomes infectious starting from the mosquito bite is longer than
the so-called prepatent period ( n. A comprehensive and systematic description of interventions is
strongly suggested to better understand the types of interventions studied, and importantly, to
enable appropriate comparisons and conclusions. Spatio-temporal distribution of malaria and its
association with climatic factors and vector-control interventions in two high-risk districts of Nepal.
Malar J. 2014;13:457. Article. J Travel Med. 1998;5:121-1269772329 Google Scholar Crossref 205.
Studies were included if the health outcome was based upon malaria mortality or morbidity, malaria
outbreaks, or malaria transmission suitability. Taken together, these outcomes suggest that the
Bayesian geostatistical approach allows the researcher a better modeling than the traditional statistic
approach of the ERF. All authors engaged in critical revisions of the manuscript. The evidence for
improving housing to reduce malaria: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Malar J. 2015;14:209.
Article. An autoimmune mechanism is the most corroborated pathogenic hypothesis. Retail quality
will be determined by how products have been handled and stored higher up the chain. Fivelman
QL, Butcher GA, Adagu IS, Warhurst DC, Pasvol G. Providing regulatory bodies in African
countries take steps to encourage trialists to register on the Pan African Clinical Trials Registry,
unnecessary duplication of research may be avoided, and better harmonization achieved between
ethics, regulatory and registration bodies. To confirm this diagnosis, the patient has to be followed up
with persistent thrombocytopaenia for many weeks after the efficacious anti-malarial treatment and
diseases, in which ITP is more frequently seen, such as HIV, should be discarded. Study design in
medical research: part 2 of a series on the evaluation of scientific publications. Trans R Soc Trop Med
Hyg. 2003;97:592-59415307434 Google Scholar Crossref 200.