Activity No.

2
SCHRÖDINGER’S ELECTRON PROBABILITY ACTIVITY

I-Objectives:

II-Problem:

III-Hypothesis:

IV-Materials: 1 Pentelpen, 1 pc long coupon bond, 1 pc. Graphing paper, 1 Pencil or Pencil

V-Procedures:
1. Draw using a ball pen or pencil in one sheet of long coupon bond the figure as shown below.
See to it that each circle starting from the center must be 2 to 3 cm away from each other.
Shade the circle at the center. This will represent the nucleus of the atom.

n
=nn
5n=
n=4
=3
=2
1

Figure 1

2. Place your drawing on the floor, this will serve as your target. Make sure that the target is
lying flat on the floor.
3. Drop your pentelpen with its marker open facing downward from a height of approximately
100 cm above the target. Make sure that you aim for the center of the target repeating
these one hundred times. Make sure that you do not throw the pentel pen but let them fall
freely from your hand aiming for the center of the target.
4. Every time you drop the pentel pen, make sure that you record at what region of the target
the pentel pen makes a mark.
a. If the pentel pen make a mark completely within an area, it belongs to that area.
b. If the pentel pen make a mark is on a line, it belongs to the area that the greater
portion of its mark occupies.
c. If the mark is on a line, and seems to be equally in two areas, it belongs to the area
nearest the center.
d. All markings form at the center or nucleus will be disregarded instead it will be
counted as part of n=1.
5. The nucleus is assigned a number n=0. The different rings from the center to the last ring far
from the nucleus is numbered as n=1, n=2, n=3, n=4, n=5 and so on and so forth.
6. Record all your observations and enter it in the data observation of your activity sheet.
7. Graph the number of markings on the y-axis and the region each of the marks or distance
from the nucleus were located on the x-axis.
8. Once you have finished the graph draw a curve which shows your data points. Place this
graph under the observation part (graph) of your lab report.
VI-Observations:
A. Illustration (results of the electron probability activity)

B. Data Table

Table 1.1 Probability of finding the marks

Distance/region No. of Marks Percentage of

from the marks per
Nucleus (n) distance
0
1
2
3
4
5
6

C. Graph

Graph 1.1 Distance from the Nucleus (n)

vs. No. of Marks/Probability
 D. Guide Questions:

1. What does your illustration represent? What does the dot or mark represent?
2. In this activity you need to release the pentel pen from a certain height. What
does it suggest about the behavior of an atom?
3. What region of the target has not hit by any mark? What does it suggest about the
structure of the atom?
4. How does the distribution of dots compare from region to region?
5. Does the probability of finding an electron change as you move away from the
nucleus of the atom? If yes, how?
6. How does your target area compare to the electron cloud of a 1s orbital which was
shown on your handout during our lecture session?
7. Do 90% of the marks fall close to the nucleus of the atom and how does this
compare to Schrödinger’s results?
8. Based on the illustration and graph where there is high probability of finding the
electrons?
9. What does the “n” represent in this activity? For the electron of the atom not to
hit each other, therefore how does an electron move in an atom?
10. How do you compare and contrast the illustration of Neil Bohr model of the atom
to the model you constructed based on this activity?

VII-Conclusion:
 Activity No. 3
POLARITY OF A SUBSTANCE

I-Objectives:

II-Problem:

III-Hypothesis:

IV-Materials: Station 1: 2 pcs Balloon, 50 mL of the ff. Liquids (acetone, gasoline, kerosene, oil, vinegar and
water) 6 pcs of 100mL beakers and 800mL bottle of mountain dew or plastic soft
drink container
Station 2: 100 mL of the ff. Liquids (acetone, gasoline, kerosene, oil, vinegar and water) 15test
tubes and
Station 3: 100 mL of the ff. Liquids (acetone, gasoline, kerosene, oil, vinegar and water) 15 test
tubes
Station 4: 50 g of powdered naphthalene ball, 50g salts and 10mL of the ff. Liquids (acetone,
gasoline, kerosene, oil, vinegar and water) 12 petri dishes and 12 stirring rods

V-Procedures:

General Task

1. Study the molecular structure or geometry of the following substances listed and be able
to identify if the substance is polar or non-polar. Refer and record it to your data
observation part A illustration.
a. Acetone d. Oil
b. Gasoline e. Vinegar
c. Kerosene f. Water

For Station 1 – Bending Liquids

1. Bore a whole in the plastic cap cover of the mountain dew soft drink bottle using a pin.
2. Put 50mL of the following liquids (acetone, gasoline, kerosene, oil, vinegar and water) in
different or separate mountain dew bottle. Then cover it with its cap.
3. Put 100mL beaker on the table, then let one of the member hold the inverted mountain
dew bottle containing water 50 cm above the beaker. Cover with your finger the hole in
the cap for the liquid not to spill.
4. Rub gently an inflated balloon on your hair for 30s. Then, tell your co-member to release
the finger covering the hole in a cap of mountain dew. If needed press gently the bottle of
mountain dew for the stream of water (hair like thread) to flow gently.
5. Bring closer the rubbed balloon near the stream of flowing water from the bottle. Do not
let your balloon touch the flowing liquid. Observe and record what happen.
6. Repeat steps 1-5 this time using the other liquids (acetone, gasoline, kerosene, oil and
vinegar).

For Station 2 – Solubility of Liquids Part A

1. Put 10mL of acetone in 5 different test tubes. Do it also for gasoline, kerosene, oil, vinegar
& water. Meaning you have 5 test tubes containing gasoline, 5 test tubes with kerosene, 5
test tubes with oil, 5 test tubes with vinegar, and another 5 test tube containing water.
2. Add 10 mL of Acetone for each of the 5 test tubes containing gasoline, kerosene, oil,
vinegar, and water. Refer to the figure below. Shake the 5 test tubes well. Observe and
record if the liquids combined thoroughly with each other in each of the 5 test tubes for a
particular liquid.

Figure 1
3. Repeat steps 1 and 2 this time using the liquid of. Gasoline

Figure 2

4. Repeat steps 1 and 2 this time using the liquid of kerosene.

Figure 3

For Station 2 – Solubility of Liquids Part B

1. Put 10mL of oil in 5 different test tubes. Do it also for acetone, gasoline, kerosene, vinegar
& water. Meaning you have 5 test tubes with acetone, 5 test tubes containing gasoline, 5
test tubes with kerosene, 5 test tubes with oil, 5 test tubes with vinegar, and another 5
test tube containing water.
2. Add 10 mL of oil for each of the 5 test tubes containing acetone, gasoline, kerosene,
vinegar and water. Refer to the figure below. Shake the 5 test tubes well. Observe and
record if the liquids combined thoroughly with each other in each of the 5 test tubes for a
particular liquid.

Figure 4

3. Repeat steps 1 and 2 this time using the liquid of vinegar.

Figure 5

4. Repeat steps 1 and 2 this time using the liquid of water.

Figure 6
 For Station 4 –Dissolving Solids
1. Put 10mL of the following liquids (acetone, gasoline, kerosene, oil, vinegar and water) in 6
different or separate petri dish. Add a pinch of salt for each of the petri dish. Stir the solid
with the use of stirring rods for 3 minutes. Observe and record your observation

2. Put 10mL of the following liquids (acetone, gasoline, kerosene, oil, vinegar and water) in 6
different or separate petri dish. Add a pinch of powdered naphthalene ball for each of the
petri dish. Stir the solid with the use of stirring rods for 3 minutes. Observe and record
your observation

VI-Observations:
A. Molecular Geometry of Substance & its Polarity
B. Illustration for each set-up

Station 1

Station 2

Station 3
 Station 4

C. Data Table

Table 3.1 BENDING LIQUIDS

LIQUIDS EFFECTS OF CHARGE OBJECT

(Bend or Does Not Bend)
Acetone
Gasoline
Kerosene
Oil
Vinegar
Water

Table 3.2 SOLUBILITY OF LIQUIDS TO ANOTHER LIQUIDS

LIQUIDS MISCIBLE OR IMMISCIBLE LIQUID

Acetone Gasoline Kerosen Oil Vinegar Water
e
Acetone
Gasoline
Kerosen
e
Oil
Vinegar
Water

Table 3.2 SOLUBILITY OF SOLIDS WITH ANOTHER LIQUIDS

SOLIDS MISCIBLE OR IMMISCIBLE SOLID

Acetone Gasoline Kerosen Oil Vinegar Water
e
Salt

Naphthalene
 D. Guide Questions:

1. What is the polarity of the following substances based on its molecular geometry?
a. Acetone d. Oil
b. Gasoline e. Vinegar
c. Kerosene f. Water

2. Which of the following liquids are affected by charge object?

a. Acetone d. Oil
b. Gasoline e. Vinegar
c. Kerosene f. Water

3. What is the polarity of the substance affected by the charge object? Why some liquids are affected
and not affected by charge body?

4. Which of the following substances dissolve in the following liquids?

a. Acetone d. Oil
b. Gasoline e. Vinegar
c. Kerosene f. Water

5. What is the Polarity of the substances that dissolve in the following liquids?
a. Acetone d. Oil
b. Gasoline e. Vinegar
c. Kerosene f. Water

6. Are polar liquid dissolves in another polar substances? How about not polar substances?

7. In which of the following liquid(s) salt dissolves or miscible? In which liquid salt does not dissolve
or immiscible?
a. Acetone d. Oil
b. Gasoline e. Vinegar
c. Kerosene f. Water

8. In which of the following liquid(s) naphthalene ball dissolves or miscible? In which liquid
naphthalene does not dissolve or immiscible?
a. Acetone d. Oil
b. Gasoline e. Vinegar
c. Kerosene f. Water

9. What kind of compound is salt (NaCl)? How about naphthalene ball? Hint: Polarity

10. Do polar/ionic substances dissolve in polar substances? How about in non-polar substances?

11. When does a solid dissolve in another liquid?

12. How can you distinguish a polar substance from non-polar substances in terms of its structure and
its ability to be dissolve or to dissolved another substance?

VII-Conclusion: