9

SCIENCE
Quarter 2- Week 1 (Module 1)
Electronic Structure of Matter

0
Science – Grade 9
Quarter 2- Week 1 (Module 1): Electronic Structure of Matter

Republic Act 8293, Section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of
the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such
agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment for royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e. songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their
respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership
over them.

Regional Director: Gilbert T. Sadsad

Assistant Regional Director: Jessie L. Amin

DEVELOPMENT TEAM OF THE MODULE

Module Writer: Tessie B. Collantes
Language Editor: Laarnie G. Balin
Evaluators/: Jezrahel Omadto
Reviewers: Jocelyn Navera
Benjie L. Cadag
Ronaldo C. Reyes

1
 MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY
After completing the series of activity in this material, you
should be able to explain how the Quantum Mechanical Model of the
atom describes the energies and positions of the electrons.

YOUR LEARNING TARGETS

Hello my dear students,
I am Teacher Tess and I will be
your flight attendant in your
journey in this module.
At the end of this module you will
be able to:
1. state and explain the quantum
mechanical model of the atom;
2.describe the energies and
positions of the electrons
applying the quantum
mechanical model of the atom;
3.write the electronic
configuration of some elements
in the periodic table; and
4.apply the Aufbau Principle, the
Pauli’s Exclusion principle and
Hund's Rule in writing the
electron configurations.

2
 PRE-TEST

INSTRUCTIONS: Read each item carefully and write the letter of the correct answer in
your notebook.
1. How many orbitals are in the third principal energy level?
a. 3 b. 6 c. 9 d. 2
2. Which electronic configuration is correct?
a. 2He :2s2
b. 1H: 1d1
c. 11Na: 1s2 2s2 3p5 3s2
d. 10Ne: 1s2 2s2 2p6
3. Which atomic model is proposed by Schrodinger?
a. Nuclear model c. Planetary model’
b. Raisin bread model d. Quantum mechanical model
4. For a neutral atom with the electron configuration of 1s2 2s2 2p5 , which statement is
false?
a. The atomic number is nine.
b. The 1s and 2s orbitals are filled.
c. The atom is in the ground state.
d. The p orbital is completely filled.
5. What element matches this electron configuration 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2?
a. Neon b. Magnesium c. Aluminum d. Potassium

YOUR LEARNING ACTIVITIES

A. ELICIT
In Grade 8, you have learned about the atomic models proposed by different
scientists. Name who is in the picture below and describe the atomic model he
proposed.

ER_ES_ RU_ _ERF_ RD

Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ernest_Rutherford_LOC.jpg

3
B. ENGAGE
Another atomic model that explains the behavior of electrons is the quantum mechanical
model. Shown below is a figure for such model of an atom.

Source: Science 9 DLP, DepEd Region V

Using this model, do you think it would be possible to tell the exact location of the electrons?
________________________________________________________________________

C. EXPLORE
In Bohr’s atomic model, electrons move in orbits of certain amount
of energy. However, these findings showed that it is not possible to
tell the exact position of the electron at any given time and how it
moves in the atom
In this activity, you will use an analogy to understand the
interpretation of Schrodinger’s treatment of the atom. Further, you
will be able to describe how it is likely to find the electron in an
atom by probability.
Materials:
One sheet of bond paper or half of a short folder
Pencil or colored marker with small tip
Compass graphing paper
One-foot ruler

Procedures:
1. Working with a family member, draw a dot on the center of the sheet of paper or
folder.
2. Draw five concentric circles around the dot so that the radius of each circle is 1 cm,
3 cm, 5 cm, 7 cm, and 9 cm from the dot.

4
 Source: Science 9 Learner’s Module

3. Tape the paper on the floor so that it will not move.

4. Stand on the opposite side of the target from your partner. (Target is the center which
represents the nucleus of an atom). Hold a pencil or marker at chest level above the
center of the circles you have drawn.
5. Take turns dropping the pencil or marker so that it will leave 100 dots on the circles
drawn on paper or folder. Count the number of dots in each circle and record the
number on data table.
6. Calculate the number of dots per square centimetre (cm2).
7. Using a graphing paper, plot the average distance from the center on the x- axis and
number of dots per sq.cm on the y- axis.

Data Table:
Circle Average Area of Difference of Number of Number Percent
number Distance circle (cm2) Areas of the Dots in of Dots probability of
from the Two Circle per cm2 Finding Dots
Center(cm) Consecutive (E) / (D) (%)
Circles (cm2)
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G)
1 1 3.14 25.13 5 0.1920 19.20
2 3 28.27 50.27
3 5 78.54 75.40
4 7 153.94 100.53
5 9 254.47 125.66

Questions:
1. What happens to the number of dots per unit area as the distance of the dots go
farther from the center?
2. Determine the percent probability of finding a dot in each of the circle drawn on the
target by multiplying no. of dots/cm2 (column D) by the total number of dots (100).
For example, in circle 1 (A)
Percent probability = no. of dots /cm2 x 100
= (0.9120/100) x 100 = 19.20%
3. Based on your graph, what is the distance with the highest probability of finding a
dot? Show this in your graph.
4. How many dots are found in the area where there is the highest probability of finding
dots?
5. How are your results similar to the distribution of electrons in an atom?

5
D. EXPLAIN
The activity that you have just performed demonstrates what scientist found out: It is
not possible to know the exact position of the electron. Bohr’s idea that electrons re found
in definite orbits around the nucleus was rejected. Three physicists led the development of a
better model of the atom: Louie de Broglie, Erwin Schrodinger, and Werner Karl Heisenberg.
De Broglie proposed that the electron (which is thought of as a particle) could also be thought
of as a wave. Schrodinger used this idea to develop a mathematical equation to describe the
hydrogen atom. Heisenberg discovered that for a very small particle like the electron, its
location cannot be exactly known and how it is moving, thus he was able to formulate the
Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. There is only a probability that the electron can be found
in certain volume in space around the nucleus, which is known as the atomic orbital.
The quantum mechanical model of the atom comes from the mathematical solution
to the Schrodinger equation. This views an electron as a cloud of negative charge having a
certain geometrical shape and shows how likely an electron could be found in various locations
around the nucleus. However, the model does not give any information about how the electron
moves form one position to another.

E. ELABORATE:
Analyze the given table to answer the questions below.
Principal Energy Levels and Sublevels of Electrons

PRINCIPAL NUMBER OF SUBLEVELS TYPE OF SUBLEVEL

ENERGY LEVEL AND NUMBER OF
( n) ORBITALS
1 1s(1 orbital) 2
2 2s(1 orbital),2p(3 orbitals) 8
3 3s(1 orbital),3p(3 orbitals), 18
3d (5 orbitals)
4 4s (1 orbital), 4p (3 orbitals), 4d (5 32
orbitals), 4f (7 orbitals)
5 5s(1 orbital),5p(3 orbitals) 50
5d(5 orbitals),5f(7 orbitals)
5g(9 orbital)

► Based on the table, how many types of orbitals are in principal energy level
three?

► How many atomic orbitals are in the highest sublevel of principal energy
level three?

The quantum mechanical model also gives information about the energy of the electron
and describes the region of space around the nucleus as consisting of shells, known as the
principal or main energy levels. The principal energy levels or shells may have one or more
sublevels, as shown in the table above. They are assigned with letters: s (sharp), p (principal),
d (diffuse), and f (fundamental). Take note that the maximum number of electrons that can
occupy a principal energy level is given by the formula 2n 2, where is the principal quantum
number.

6
 Orbitals have specific energy values and particular shapes and directions in space:
s- orbitals are spherically shaped, p- orbitals are dumbbell shaped, d & f orbitals were
derived from complex calculation and will not be discussed in this module.

Shapes of s orbital and p orbital

Source: Science 9 Learner’s Module

How are the electrons of an atom

distributed in the principal energy level and
sublevel? Well, this is done through writing the
electronic configuration, which is the
representation of the arrangement of electrons
distributed among the orbital shells and
subshells.

There are a set of general rules that are applied to writing the electron configuration of an
element: Aufbau Principle, Hund's Rule and the Pauli-Exclusion Principle.

1. Aufbau Principle- states that electrons occupy orbitals in order of increasing energy.
1s<2s<2p<3s<3p<4s<3d<4p<5s<4d<5p<6s<4f<5d<6p<7s<5f<6d<7p

2. Pauli Exclusion Principle- states that two electrons can occupy the same orbital only
if they have opposite spins so that their magnetic fields of force attract each other.

3. Hund’s Rule- states that electrons must occupy the available atomic orbitals singly
first, before paring and with parallel spins in degenerate orbitals to minimize repulsion.
Degenerate orbitals have the same energy.

Sample Orbital Diagram for Carbon atom

Source: https://byjus.com/chemistry/electron-configuration/

The mnemonic on the next page will help you visualize the sequence on how to write
the electronic configuration of an element.

7
 Source: https://unsympatheticchemprof.tumblr.com/post/181373751128

Principal Energy Level

Be also guided that each sublevel can only accommodate specific number of
electrons and orbitals, as summarized in the table below.
SUBLEVEL NO.OF ELECTRONS NO.OF ORBITALS
s 2 1
p 6 3
d 10 5
f 14 7

8
The sample table will guide you on how to write the orbital diagram and the electronic
configuration of some elements.
Arrangement of electrons in the atoms of the first 10 elements

Source: Science 9 Learner’s Module

With the aid of the periodic table and referring to the mnemonic,
you shall now write the electronic configuration and orbital
diagrams of the elements in the third period. Kindly refer to these
sample electronic configuration. (Note: Z is the atomic number)

Calcium (Z=20) : 1s22s22p63s23p64s2

Iodine (Z=53) : 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p5
Bromine (Z=35) : 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p5.

9
10
VOCABULARY LIST
Aufbau Principle states that
electrons occupy orbitals in order of
increasing energy.
Bohr’s Atomic model-a planetary
model in which the negatively charged electrons orbit a small positively charged nucleus
similar to the planets orbiting the sun.
d or diffuse orbitals are what give transition metals their special properties
Electrons are tiny, negatively charged particles in an atom that move around the positive
nucleus at the center.
Electron cloud is composed of a number of electrons whizzing around a nucleus.
Electron configuration is the distribution of electrons of an atom or molecule in atomic or
molecular orbitals.
Energy levels (also called electron shells) are fixed distances from the nucleus of an atom
where electrons may be found.
f or fundamental orbital is an orbital for which the secondary quantum number I=3.
Heisenberg uncertainty principle states that it is not possible to determine the position and
the velocity of a particle with absolute precision.
Hund’s Rule states that electrons must occupy the available atomic orbitals singly first, before
paring and with parallel spins in degenerate orbitals to minimize repulsion.
Nucleus is the positively charged center of the atom consisting of protons and neutrons.
Orbital is a mathematical function that describes the wave-like behavior of an electron,
electron pair or nucleons.
Orbital diagram provides a visual representation of the way in which an atom’s electrons are
distributed into various orbitals.

p or principal orbital is a dumbbell-shaped or lobed region describing where an electron can

be found.
Pauli Exclusion Principle states that two electrons can occupy the same orbital only if they
have opposite spins so that their magnetic fields of force attract each other.
Period is a name given to a horizontal row of the periodic table.

Quantum mechanical model of the atom comes from the mathematical solution to the
Schrodinger equation. This views an electron as a cloud of negative charge having a certain
geometrical shape and shows how likely an electron could be found in various locations
around the nucleus.

s orbital or sharp orbital is a spherically-shaped region describing where an electron can be

found.
Subshell is a subdivision of electron shells separated by electron orbitals.

11
POST ASSESSMENT TEST
MULTIPLE CHOICE: Read each item carefully and write the
letter of the correct answer in your notebook.

1.Which orbital designation has the highest energy?

A. 2s B.2p C. 3d D.4s

2.What is the shape of the S orbitals?

A. dumbbell shaped C. cloverleaf shaped
B. spherical shaped D. hybrid structure

3.What element is represented by this electronic configuration, 1𝑠2 2𝑠2 2p⁶3𝑠 2 ?

A. Neon C. Magnesium
B. Aluminum D. Potassium

4. Which statement is incorrect?

A. Orbital is a region in an atom where an electron can be found.
B. It is possible to determine the position and the velocity of a particle with absolute
precision.
C. p- orbitals are dumbbell shaped
D. Filling of an electrons in an atom starts from a low energy level to the
highest energy level.

5. Which of the following sublevels is correctly designated?

A. 1𝑝 5 C. 2𝑝 6
B. 3𝑓 9 D. 3𝑑11

REFERENCES

Science 9 Learner’s Module by the Department of Education

Science 9 Teacher’s Guide by the Department of Education
Lesson Plans in Science III (Chemistry) by the Department of Education
Department of Education Region V. Prototype and Contextualized Daily Lesson Plans in
Grade 9 Science: Quarter II. Rawis, Legazpi City, 2019.

Internet:
BYJU’S. “Electron configuration.” byjus.com. https://byjus.com/chemistry/electron-
configuration/ (accessed August 20, 2020).

https://unsympatheticchemprof.tumblr.com/post/181373751128 (accessed August 20, 2020)

“The quantum mechanical model of the atom.” slideshare.net.

https://www.slideshare.net/pearliejoy29/the-quantum-mechanical-model-of-the-atom
(accessed August 20, 2020)

12
Chemistry LibreTexts. “Electron configuration.”chem.libretexts.org.
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Ma
ps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/10
%3A_Multi-
electron_Atoms/Electron_Configuration#:~:text=Since%20bromine%20has%207%20valence
,23d104p5 (accessed August 20, 2020)

Wikimedia Commons. commons.wikimedia.org.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ernest_Rutherford_LOC.jpg (accessed August 20,
2020)
Jha, Alok. “What is Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle?” theguardian.com.
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/nov/10/what-is-heisenbergs-uncertainty-
principle#:~:text=The%20uncertainty%20principle%20says%20that,accurately%20we%20kn
ow%20the%20other (accessed August 20, 2020)
Britannica. “Rutherford model.” britannica.com.
https://www.britannica.com/science/Rutherford-model (accessed August 12, 2020)

ANSWER KEY:

PRE-TEST
1. a 2. d 3. d 4. d 5. b

A. ELICIT:
Ernest Rutherford, he proposed the nuclear/ planetary model which describes the atom as a
tiny, dense, positively charged core called a nucleus, in which nearly all the mass is concentrated,
around which the light, negative constituents, called electrons, circulate at some distance, much like
planets revolving around the Sun.

B. ENGAGE:
No

C. EXPLORE:
1. Answer varies. Based on the data, the number of dots increases abruptly and the decreases as the
dots go farther from the center.
2. Answer varies. Sample computation was provided in the EXPLORE PART.
3. Answers varies. Possible answer- 3 cm
4. Answer varies. Possible answer- 44 dots
5. The results of the activity are similar to the structure of the atom because the probability of finding
an electron (dot) increases abruptly then decreases as it goes farther from the nucleus (target).

13
ELABORATE:
• There are 3 types of orbitals (s,p,and d).
• Five atomic orbitals

POST-TEST:
1. C 2. B 3. C 4. B 5. C

14