INTERNSHIP REPORT

A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Award of Degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

By

MOHAMMED ABDUL MUQTADIR

1604-20-737-303

UNDER SUPERVISION

Of

B. Sucharitha
Assistant Professor, Department of IT
Muffakham Jah College of Engineering And Technology
Banjara Hills, HYDERABAD

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

MUFFAKHAM JAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

(THE SULTAN UL ULOOM EDUCATIONAL SOCIETY)
Affiliated to Osmania University & Recognised by AICTE
BANJARA HILLS, HYDERABAD-500034
2020-2024
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First, I would like to thank Dr Ayesha Naaz, Head, Department of INFORMATION

TECHNOLOGY for giving me the opportunity to do an internship.

I am highly indebted to Mrs. B. Sucharitha, our guide and internship co-ordinator, for her
support, guidance, and the facilities provided to accomplish this internship.

I also would like all the people that worked along with me at MJCET, Hyderabad, with their
patience and openness they created an enjoyable working environment.

It is indeed with a great sense of pleasure and immense sense of gratitude that I
acknowledge the help of these individuals.

I am extremely great full to my department staff members and friends who helped me in
the successful completion of this internship.

MOHAMMED ABDUL
MUQTADIR
1604-20-737-303

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 Table of Contents
1. Introduction to JAVA 6
2. Features of JAVA 7
3. JAVA Program execution 9
4. Installation and Set Classpath 10
5. JVM 10
6. JRE 10
7. JDK 10
8. Character Set, Data Types 11
9. Identifiers 11
10. Classes and Objects 12
11. Variables in JAVA 12
12. Methods in JAVA 12
13. Flow Control 13
14. Inheritance 13
15. Polymorphism 14
16. OOPS Concept 14
17. Abstract and Interface 15
18. Casting 16
19. Packages, Access Modifiers 16
20. Strings 17
21. Exception Handling Keywords 17
22. Multitasking and Multithreading 17
23. Methods of threads 18
24. Synchronization 18
25. HTML 19
26. CSS 19
27. My SQL 19
28. JDBC 19
29. Servlets 20
30. Conclusion 21
31. Certificate of Internship 22

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 ABSTRACT

This internship report encapsulates the practical experiences and learning gained
during an immersive internship as a Full Stack Developer with a specialization in Java
technologies. The internship was undertaken at Skill Dzire, located in Hyderabad.
The report details the objectives, roles, responsibilities, challenges,
accomplishments, and skills acquired during the internship, highlighting the holistic
understanding of Full Stack Development.

The objectives of this internship were to gain hands-on expertise in full-stack

development, encompassing both front-end and back-end technologies. This report
provides insights into the duration of the internship, which spanned from 08-05-
2023 to 06-06-2023.

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 Learning Objectives / Internship Objectives

1. Internships are generally thought of to be reserved for college students

looking to gain experience in a particular field. However, a wide array of
people can benefit from Training Internships in order to receive real-world
experience and develop their skills.

2. An objective for this position should emphasize the skills we already possess
in the area and our interest in learning more.

3. Internships are utilized in several different career fields, including

architecture, engineering, healthcare, economics, advertising and many more.

4. Some internships are used to allow individuals to perform scientific research

while others are specifically designed to allow people to gain first-hand
experience working.

5. Utilising internships is a great way to build our resume and develop skills that
can be emphasized in our resume for future jobs. When we are applying for a
Training Internship, make sure to highlight any special skills or talents that
make us stand apart from the rest of the applicants so that we may have an
improved chance of landing the position.

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 OVERVIEW OF INTERNSHIP ACTIVITIES

Sl.No. Date Topic Name

1 08-05-2023 Introduction to JAVA, Features of JAVA

2 09-05-2023 JAVA Program Execution

3 10-05-2023 Installation and Set Classpath

4 11-05-2023 JAVA Virtual Machine (JVM), JAVA Runtime Environment (JRE)

5 12-05-2023 JAVA Development Kit (JDK)

6 15-05-2023 Character Set, Data types, Identifiers

7 16-05-2023 Classes and Objects

8 17-05-2023 Variables and Methods in JAVA

9 18-05-2023 Flow Control, Inheritance and Polymorphism

10 19-05-2023 OOPS Concepts

11 22-05-2023 Abstract, Interface and Casting

12 23-05-2023 Packages, Access Modifiers, Strings

13 24-05-2023 Execution Handling Keywords

14 25-05-2023 Multi-tasking, Multi-threading and Methods of Threads

15 26-05-2023 Synchronisation

16 29-05-2023 Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML)

17 30-05-2023 Cascading Style Sheet (CSS)

18 31-05-2023 My SQL

19 01-06-2023 Java Database Connectivity (JDBC)

20 02-06-2023 JAVA Servlets

1. INTRODUCTION TO JAVA

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Java is a class-based, object-oriented programming language that is designed to have as few
implementation dependencies as possible. It is intended to let application developers write once,
and run anywhere (WORA), meaning that compiled Java code can run on all platforms that support
Java without the need for recompilation. Java was first released in 1995 and is widely used for
developing applications for desktop, web, and mobile devices. Java is known for its simplicity,
robustness, and security features, making it a popular choice for enterprise-level applications.

JAVA was developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems Inc in the year 1995 and later acquired
by Oracle Corporation. It is a simple programming language. Java makes writing, compiling, and
debugging programming easy. It helps to create reusable code and modular programs. Java is a
class-based, object-oriented programming language and is designed to have as few
implementation dependencies as possible. A general-purpose programming language made for
developers to write once run anywhere that is compiled Java code can run on all platforms that
support Java. Java applications are compiled to byte code that can run on any Java Virtual
Machine. The syntax of Java is similar to C/C++.

History of Java : In the year 1991, a group of Sun engineers, lead by Patrick Naughton and Sun
Fellow James Gosling, wanted to design a small computer language that could be used for
consumer devices like Cable TV switch boxes. Because these devices do not have a lot of power or
memory, the language had to be small and generate very tight code. Also, because different
manufacturers may choose different central processing units (CPUs), it was important that the
language, not be tied to any single architecture. The project was code-named “Green Project”.

The requirements for a small, tight, and

platform-neutral code lead the team to
resurrect the model that some Pascal
implementations tried in the early days of PCs.
“Niklaus Wirth” the inventor of Pascal, had
pioneered the design of a portable language
that generated intermediate code for a
hypothetical machine. These are often called
“virtual machines” – hence the Java Virtual
Machine (JVM).

The Sun people however come from a UNIX background, so they based their language on C++
rather than Pascal. In fact, they made the language object-oriented rather than procedure
oriented. Gosling decided to call his new language “OAK”, after the OAK tree, which was right
outside his window at Sun. The people at Sun later realized that OAK was the name of an existing
computer language, so they changed the name to JAVA..

2. Features of JAVA

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Simple
Java is a simple programming language and easy to understand because it does not contain
complexities that exist in prior programming languages. In fact, simplicity was the design aim of
Javasoft people, because it has to work on electronic devices where less memory/resources are
available. Java contains the same syntax as C, and C++, so the programmers who are switching to
Java will not face any problems in terms of syntax. Secondly, the concept of pointers has been
completely removed from Java which leads to confusion for a programmer and pointers are also
vulnerable to security.
Object Oriented
Object orientation has proven its worth in the last 30 years. An object-oriented design is a
technique for programming that focuses on the data and on the interfaces to that object. The
object oriented facilities of Java are essentially those of C++. The major difference between C++
and Java likes in multiple inheritance. Java has replaced with the simpler concept of interfaces.
Robust
Java is intended for writing programs that must be reliable in a variety of ways. Java puts a lot of
emphasis on early checking for possible problems, later dynamic checking and eliminating
situations that are error-prone.

C programmers are not so lucky. They need pointers to access strings, arrays, objects and even
files. In Visual Basic, you do not use pointers for any of these entities, nor do you need to worry
about memory allocation. On the other hand, many data structures are difficult to implement in a
pointerless language.

Java gives you the best of both worlds. You do not need pointers for everyday constructs like
strings and arrays. You have the pointers if you need it, for example for linked lists. And you
always have complete safety, because you can never access a bad pointer, make memory
allocation errors, or have to protect against memory leaking away.

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Network Savvy
Java has extensive library of routines for coping with TCP/IP protocols like HTTP and FTP. Java
applications can open and access objects across the Net via URLs with the same ease as when
accessing a local file system. Networking capabilities of Java are both strong and easy to use.
Secure
Java is intended to be used in networked/distributed environments. Toward that end, a lot of
emphasis has been placed on security. Java enables the construction of virus-free, tamper-free
systems.

Sun Microsystems, has encouraged research into Java security, making publicly available the
specification and implementation of the virtual machine, and the security libraries. They have fixed
all known security bugs quickly.

Java was designed to make certain kinds of attacks impossible among them:

 Overrunning the runtime stack – a common attack of worms and viruses.

 Corrupting memory outside its own process space.
 Reading or writing files without permission.

A number of security features have been added over time. Java has the notion of digitally signed
classes. With a signed class, you can be sure who wrote it. Any time you trust the author of the
class, the class can be allowed more privileges on your machine.
Architecture Neutral
The compiler generates an architecture-neutral object file format – the compiled code is
executable on many processors, given the presence of the Java runtime system. The Java compiler
does this by generating bytecode instructions which have nothing to do with a particular computer
architecture. Rather, they are designed to be both easy to interpret on any machine and easily
translated into native machine code on the fly.

Interpreted bytecodes are necessarily slower than running machine instructions at full speed.
However, virtual machines have the option of translating the most frequently used bytecode
sequences into machine code, a process called “Just-In-Time compilation”. This strategy has
proven very effective.
Portable
Unlike C and C++, there are no “implementation-dependent” aspects of the specification. The sizes
of the primitive data-types are specified. For example, an “int” in Java is always a 32-bit integer. In
C/C++, “int” can mean a 16-bit integer, a 32-bit integer, or any other size that the compiler vendor
likes. Having a fixed size for number types eliminates a major porting headache. Binary data is
stored and transmitted in a fixed format, eliminating confusion about byte ordering. Strings are
saved in a standard Unicode format.

The libraries that are a part of the system define portable interfaces. For example, there is an
abstract “Window class” and implementations of it for UNIX, Windows and the Macintosh.

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It is an effort of heroic proportions to write a program that looks good on Windows, the Macintosh
and the ten flavors of UNIX. Java made the heroic effort, delivering a simple toolkit that mapped
common user interface elements to a number of platforms.
Interpreted
The Java interpreter can execute Java bytecodes directly on any machine to which the interpreter
has been ported. Since, linking is incremental and lightweight process, the development process
can be much more rapid and exploratory. Today, the bytecodes are translated into machine code
by the “Just-In- Time compilation”.
High Performance
While the performance of interpreted bytecodes is usually more than adequate, there are
situations where higher performance is required. The bytecodes can be translated on the fly (at
run-time) into machine code for the particular CPU the application is running on.

In the early years of Java, many users disagreed with the statement that the performance was
“more than adequate”. Today, however, the just-in-time compilers have become so good that
they are competitive with traditional compilers and in some cases, even outperform them because
they have more information available. For example, a just-in-time compiler can monitor which
code is executed frequently and optimize just that code for speed. A more sophisticated
optimization is the elimination of function calls. The just-in-time compiler knows which classes
have been loaded.
Multithreaded
Benefits of multithreading are - better interactive responsiveness and real- time behavior. Threads
in Java also can take advantage of multi-processor systems if the base operating system does so.
On the downside, thread implementations on the major platforms differ widely, and Java makes
no effort to be platform independent in this regard.
Dynamic
In a number of ways, Java is more dynamic that C and C++, It was designed to adapt to an evolving
environment. Libraries can freely add new methods and instance variables without any effect on
their clients. In java, finding out runtime type information is straightforward

3. JAVA Program execution

Java, being a platform-independent programming language, doesn’t work on the one-step

compilation. Instead, it involves a two-step execution, first through an OS-independent compiler;
and second, in a virtual machine (JVM) which is custom-built for every operating system.

The source ‘.java’ file is passed through the compiler, which then encodes the source code into a
machine-independent encoding, known as Bytecode. The content of each class contained in the
source file is stored in a separate ‘.class’ file.

The class files generated by the compiler are independent of the machine or the OS, which allows
them to be run on any system. To run, the main class file (the class that contains the method
main) is passed to the JVM and then goes through three main stages before the final machine
code is executed. These stages are:

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These states do include:
 ClassLoader
 Bytecode Verifier
 Just-In-Time Compiler

4. Installation and Set Classpath

 Download Java for Windows

 Run the Java installer
 Validate the JAVA_HOME setting
 Confirm the Java PATH variable was set properly
 Run a JDK command to verify Java install was a success

CLASSPATH describes the location where all the required files are available which are used in the
application. Java Compiler and JVM (Java Virtual Machine) use CLASSPATH to locate the required
files. If the CLASSPATH is not set, Java Compiler will not be able to find the required files and hence
will throw the following error.

Error: Could not find or load main class <class name> (e.g. GFG)

5. JVM
Java Virtual Machine is to execute the bytecode produced by the compiler. Every Operating
System has a different JVM but the output they produce after the execution of bytecode is the
same across all the operating systems. This is why Java is known as a platform-independent
language.

6. JRE
The Java Runtime Environment, or JRE, is a software layer that runs on top of a computer’s
operating system software and provides the class libraries and other resources that a specific Java
program needs to run.

7. JDK
The Java Development Kit (JDK) is a cross-
platformed software development
environment that offers a collection of
tools and libraries necessary for developing
Java-based software applications and
applets. It is a core package used in Java,
along with the JVM (Java Virtual Machine)
and the JRE (Java Runtime Environment).

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8. Character Set, Data Types
Data types specify the different sizes and values that can be stored in the variable. There are two
types of data types in Java:

 Primitive data types: The primitive data types include boolean, char, byte, short, int, long,
float, and double.
 Non-primitive data types: The non-primitive data types include Classes, Interfaces, and
Arrays.
Java Primitive Data Types

In Java language, primitive data types are the building blocks of data manipulation. These are the
most basic data types available in Java language.

There are 8 types of primitive data types:

 boolean data type
 byte data type
 char data type
 short data type
 int data type
 long data type
 float data type
 double data type

9. Identifiers

Identifiers in Java are a sequence of characters to identify something in a program. They are
names given to a class, variable, package, method, or interface and allow the programmer to refer
to the specific item from any place in the program

All Java variables must be identified with unique names

 Names can contain letters, digits, underscores, and dollar signs

 Names must begin with a letter
 Names should start with a lowercase letter and it cannot contain whitespace
 Names can also begin with $ and _
 Names are case sensitive ("myVar" and "myvar" are different variables)
 Reserved words (like Java keywords, such as int or boolean) cannot be used as names

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10.Classes and Objects

Classes and objects are the two main aspects of object-oriented programming.

Following illustration to see the difference between class and objects:

A class is a template for objects, and an object is an instance of a class. When the individual
objects are created, they inherit all the variables and methods from the class

11.Variables in JAVA
Variables are containers for storing data values.

In Java, there are different types of variables, for example:

 String - stores text, such as "Hello". String values are surrounded by double quotes
 int - stores integers (whole numbers), without decimals, such as 123 or -123
 float - stores floating point numbers, with decimals, such as 19.99 or -19.99
 char - stores single characters, such as 'a' or 'B'. Char values are surrounded by single
quotes
 boolean - stores values with two states: true or false

12.Methods in JAVA

A method is a block of code that only runs when it is called. You can pass data, known as
parameters, into a method. Methods are used to perform certain actions, and they are also known
as functions.

Why use methods? To reuse code: define the code once, and use it many times.

A method must be declared within a class. It is defined with the name of the method, followed by
parentheses (). Java provides some pre-defined methods, such as System.out.println(), but you can
also create your own methods to perform certain action.

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13.Flow Control
Java compiler executes the code from top to bottom. The statements in the code are executed
according to the order in which they appear. However, Java provides statements that can be used
to control the flow of Java code. Such statements are called control flow statements. It is one of
the fundamental features of Java, which provides a smooth flow of program.

Java provides three types of control flow statements.

1. Decision-Making statements
 if statements
 switch statement
2. Loop statements
 do while loop
 while loop
 for loop
 for-each loop
3. Jump statements
 break statement
 continue statement

14.Inheritance
Inheritance in Java is a mechanism in which one object acquires all the properties and behaviors of
a parent object. It is an important part of OOPs (Object Oriented programming system).

The idea behind inheritance in Java is that you can create new classes that are built upon existing
classes. When you inherit from an existing class, you can reuse methods and fields of the parent
class. Moreover, you can add new methods and fields in your current class also.

Inheritance represents the IS-A relationship which is also known as a parent-child relationship

1. Why use inheritance in java

 For Method Overriding (so runtime polymorphism can be achieved).
 For Code Reusability.
2. Terms used in Inheritance
 Class: A class is a group of objects which have common properties. It is a template
or blueprint from which objects are created.
 Sub Class/Child Class: Subclass is a class that inherits the other class. It is also called
a derived class, extended class, or child class.
 Super Class/Parent Class: Superclass is the class from where a subclass inherits the
features. It is also called a base class or a parent class.
 Reusability: As the name specifies, reusability is a mechanism that facilitates you to
reuse the fields and methods of the existing class when you create a new class. You
can use the same fields and methods already defined in the previous class.
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15.Polymorphism

If a class has multiple methods having the same name but different in parameters, it is known as
Method Overloading.

If we have to perform only one operation, having the same name of the methods increases the
readability of the program.

Suppose you have to perform the addition of the given numbers but there can be any number of
arguments if you write the method such as a(int,int) for two parameters, and b(int,int,int) for
three parameters then it may be difficult for you as well as other programmers to understand the
behavior of the method because its name differs.

Method overloading increases the readability of the program.

There are two ways to overload the method in java

 By changing number of arguments

 By changing the data type

16.OOPS Concept

Object-Oriented Programming is a paradigm that provides many concepts, such as inheritance,

data binding, polymorphism, etc.
The popular object-oriented languages are Java, C#, PHP, Python, C++, etc.
The main aim of object-oriented programming is to implement real-world entities, for example,
object, classes, abstraction, inheritance, polymorphism, etc.

Object means a real-world entity such as a pen, chair, table, computer, watch, etc. Object-
Oriented Programming is a methodology or paradigm to design a program using classes and
objects. It simplifies software development and maintenance by providing some concepts:

 Object
 Class
 Inheritance
 Polymorphism
 Abstraction
 Encapsulation

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17.Abstract and Interface

Abstract Class : A class that is declared abstract is known as an abstract class. It can have abstract
and non-abstract methods. It needs to be extended and its abstract methods need to be
implemented. It cannot be instantiated.

 An abstract class must be declared with an abstract keyword.

 It can have abstract and non-abstract methods.
 It cannot be instantiated.
 It can have constructors and static methods also.
 It can have final methods which will force the subclass not to change the body of the
method.

Interface : An interface in Java is a blueprint of a class. A mechanism to achieve abstraction. There

can be only abstract methods in the Java interface, not a method body. It is used to achieve
abstraction and multiple inheritance in Java.

In other words, you can say that interfaces can have abstract methods (without body) and final
variables. It cannot have a method body.

There are mainly three reasons to use interface

 It is used to achieve abstraction.

 By interface, we can support the functionality of multiple inheritance.
 It can be used to achieve loose coupling.

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18.Casting

Type casting is when you assign a value of one primitive data type to another type.

In Java, there are two types of casting:

 Widening Casting (automatically) - converting a smaller type to a larger type size
byte -> short -> char -> int -> long -> float -> double
 Narrowing Casting (manually) - converting a larger type to a smaller size type
double -> float -> long -> int -> char -> short -> byte

Widening Casting example

Narrowing Casting example

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19.Packages, Access Modifiers

A package in Java is used to group related classes. It is like a folder in a file directory. We use
packages to avoid name conflicts and to write a better maintainable code. Packages are divided
into two categories:

 Built-in Packages (packages from the Java API)

 User-defined Packages (create your own packages)
20.Strings

A String in Java is actually an object, which contains methods that can perform certain operations
on strings. Java String class provides a lot of methods to perform operations on strings such as
compare(), concat(), equals(), split(), length(), replace(), compareTo(), intern(), substring() etc.

21.Exception Handling Keywords

Exception Handling in Java is one of the powerful mechanisms to handle runtime errors so that the
normal flow of the application can be maintained. Exception is an abnormal condition. A
mechanism to handle runtime errors such as ClassNotFoundException, IOException, SQLException,
RemoteException, etc. The core advantage of exception handling is to maintain the normal flow of
the application. An exception normally disrupts the normal flow of the application; that is why we
need to handle exceptions. Let's consider a scenario

22.Multitasking and Multithreading

A thread is a lightweight sub-process, the smallest unit of processing. Multiprocessing and

multithreading, both are used to achieve multitasking.

However, we use multithreading than multiprocessing because threads use a shared memory
area. They don't allocate separate memory area so saves memory, and context-switching between
the threads takes less time than process.

Multitasking
Multitasking is a process of executing multiple tasks simultaneously. We use multitasking to utilize
the CPU. Multitasking can be achieved in two ways

 Process-based Multitasking (Multiprocessing)

 Thread-based Multitasking (Multithreading)
A. Process-based Multitasking (Multiprocessing)
 Each process has an address in memory. In other words, each process allocates a
separate memory area.
 A process is heavyweight.
 Cost of communication between the process is high.
 Switching from one process to another requires some time for saving and loading
registers, memory maps, updating lists, etc.
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B. Thread-based Multitasking (Multithreading)
 Threads share the same address space.
 A thread is lightweight.
 Cost of communication between the thread is low.

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23.Methods of threads
S.No. Modifier and Type Method Description
1 void start() It is used to start the execution of the thread.
2 void run() It is used to do an action for a thread.
3 static void sleep() It sleeps a thread for the specified amount of time.
It returns a reference to the currently executing thread
4 static Thread currentThread()
object.
5 void join() It waits for a thread to die.
6 int getPriority() It returns the priority of the thread.
7 void setPriority() It changes the priority of the thread.
8 String getName() It returns the name of the thread.
9 void setName() It changes the name of the thread.
10 long getId() It returns the id of the thread.
11 boolean isAlive() It tests if the thread is alive.
It causes the currently executing thread object to pause
12 static void yield()
and allow other threads to execute temporarily.
13 void suspend() It is used to suspend the thread.
14 void resume() It is used to resume the suspended thread.
15 void stop() It is used to stop the thread.
It is used to destroy the thread group and all of its
16 void destroy()
subgroups.
17 boolean isDaemon() It tests if the thread is a daemon thread.
18 void setDaemon() It marks the thread as daemon or user thread.
19 void interrupt() It interrupts the thread.
20 boolean isinterrupted() It tests whether the thread has been interrupted.
21 static boolean interrupted() It tests whether the current thread has been interrupted.
It returns the number of active threads in the current
22 static int activeCount()
thread's thread group.
It determines if the currently running thread has
23 void checkAccess()
permission to modify the thread.
It returns true if and only if the current thread holds the
24 static boolean holdLock()
monitor lock on the specified object.
It is used to print a stack trace of the current thread to the
25 static void dumpStack()
standard error stream.
It returns an array of stack trace elements representing the
26 StackTraceElement[] getStackTrace()
stack dump of the thread.
It is used to copy every active thread's thread group and
27 static int enumerate()
its subgroup into the specified array.
28 Thread.State getState() It is used to return the state of the thread.
It is used to return the thread group to which this thread
29 ThreadGroup getThreadGroup()
belongs
It is used to return a string representation of this thread,
30 String toString()
including the thread's name, priority, and thread group.
It is used to give the notification for only one thread which
31 void notify()
is waiting for a particular object.
It is used to give the notification to all waiting threads of a
32 void notifyAll()
particular object.
33 void setContextClassLoader() It sets the context ClassLoader for the Thread.
34 ClassLoader getContextClassLoader() It returns the context ClassLoader for the thread.
static It returns the default handler invoked when a thread
35 getDefaultUncaughtExceptionHandler()
Thread.UncaughtExceptionHandler abruptly terminates due to an uncaught exception.
It sets the default handler invoked when a thread abruptly
36 static void setDefaultUncaughtExceptionHandler()
terminates due to an uncaught exception.

24.Synchronization

Synchronization in Java is the capability to control the access of multiple threads to any shared
resource. Synchronization is better option where we want to allow only one thread to access the
shared resource
The synchronization is mainly used to

 To prevent thread interference.

 To prevent consistency problem.
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25.HTML

HTML is a markup language that is used to create web pages. It defines how the web page looks
and how to display content with the help of elements. It forms or defines the structure of our Web
Page, thus it forms or defines the structure of our Web Page. We must remember to save your file
with .html extension. In this HTML Tutorial, we’ll understand all the basic concepts required to
kick-start your journey in HTML

 HTML is the standard markup language for creating Web pages

 HTML describes the structure of a Web page
 HTML consists of a series of elements
 HTML elements tell the browser how to display the content
 HTML elements label pieces of content such as "this is a heading", "this is a paragraph",
"this is a link", etc.

26.CSS

CSS is the language used to style a Web page

 CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets

 CSS describes how HTML elements are to be displayed on screen, paper, or in other media
 CSS saves a lot of work. It can control the layout of multiple web pages all at once
 External stylesheets are stored in CSS files

27.My SQL

MySQL is a relational database management system based on the Structured Query Language,
which is the popular language for accessing and managing the records in the database. MySQL is
open-source and free software under the GNU license. It is supported by Oracle Company.

MySQL database provides for how to manage databases and to manipulate data with the help of
various SQL queries. These queries are: insert records, update records, delete records, select
records, create tables, drop tables, etc. There are also given MySQL interview questions to help
you better understand the MySQL database.

28.JDBC

JDBC or Java Database Connectivity is a Java API to connect and execute the query with the
database. It is a specification from Sun microsystems that provides a standard abstraction(API or
Protocol) for java applications to communicate with various databases. It provides the language
with java database connectivity standards. It is used to write programs required to access
databases. JDBC, along with the database driver, can access databases and spreadsheets. The
enterprise data stored in a relational database(RDB) can be accessed with the help of JDBC APIs.

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Definition of JDBC(Java Database Connectivity)

JDBC is an API(Application programming interface) used in java programming to interact with

databases. The classes and interfaces of JDBC allow the application to send requests made by
users to the specified database.

Purpose of JDBC

Enterprise applications created using the JAVA EE technology need to interact with databases to
store application-specific information. So, interacting with a database requires efficient database
connectivity, which can be achieved by using the ODBC(Open database connectivity) driver. This
driver is used with JDBC to interact or communicate with various kinds of databases such as
Oracle, MS Access, Mysql, and SQL server database.

Components of JDBC
There are generally four main components of JDBC through which it can interact with a
database. They are as mentioned below:

 JDBC API: It provides various methods and interfaces for easy communication with the
database. It provides two packages as follows, which contain the java SE and Java EE
platforms to exhibit WORA(write once run anywhere) capabilities.
 JDBC DriveManager: It loads a database-specific driver in an application to establish a
connection with a database. It is used to make a database-specific call to the database to
process the user request.
 JDBC Test suite: It is used to test the operation(such as insertion, deletion, updation)
being performed by JDBC Drivers.
 JDBC-ODBC Bridge Drivers: It connects database drivers to the database. This bridge
translates the JDBC method call to the ODBC function call. It makes use of the
sun.jdbc.odbc package which includes a native library to access ODBC characteristics.

29.Servlets

Servlets are the Java programs that run on the Java-enabled web server or application server.
They are used to handle the request obtained from the webserver, process the request, produce
the response, then send a response back to the webserver.

Properties of Servlets are as follows:

 Servlets work on the server-side.
 Servlets are capable of handling complex requests obtained from the webserver.

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30.Conclusion

Java offers the real possibility that most programs can be written in a type-safe language.
However, for Java to be broadly useful, it needs to have more expressive power than it does at
present.

Java offers the real possibility that most programs can be written in a type-safe language.
However, for Java to be broadly useful, it needs to have more expressive power than it does at
present.

The appendices that follow present a more detailed specification of our extensions to the Java
language and to the Java virtual machine.

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Certificate of Internship

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