Sources of Energy Chapter Notes - Science Class 10 PDF Download

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Chapter Notes: Sources of Energy
Introduction
Energy comes in different forms and one form can be converted into
another.
A source of energy is one which provide adequate amount of energy in a
convenient form over a long period of time.
Need of energy
For making food

For lightning
For transport
For running machines
For industrial activities and agricultural work
Qualities of a Good Source of Energy

(i) Which would do a large amount of work per unit mass.
(ii) Cheap and easily available.
(iii) Easy to store and transport.
(iv) Safe to handle and use.
(v) Does not cause environmental pollution.
Fuels: The materials which are burnt to produce heat energy are known as
fuels.
Example: wood, coal, LPG, kerosene.
Characteristics of a Good Fuel
High calorific value (give more heat per unit mass).
https://edurev.in/studytube/Chapter-Notes-Sources-of-Energy/14a077c0-7bca-4088-a262-82d5a37dff7c_t 03/10/23, 10 30 PM
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Burn without giving out any smoke or harmful gases.
Proper ignition temperature.
Cheap and easily available.
Easy to handle, safe to transport.
Convenient to store.
Burn smoothly.
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Sources of Energy
Conventional Sources of Energy
Sources of energy which are known to most of the people.

Example: fossil fuels, bio mass etc.
Fossil Fuels
Fuels developed from the fossils e.g., coal, petroleum.

Take millions of years to form.
Available in very limited amount.
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These are non-renewable sources of energy.
India has about 6% share in the world reserved coal, that may last 250
years more at the present rate of consumption.
Pollution Caused by Fossil Fuels
Released oxides of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur (acidic in nature) which

causes acid rain that damages trees, plants, reduces fertility of soil.
Produces large amount of CO2 in the atmosphere which causes green
house effect leading to excessive heating of the earth.
Controlling Pollution Caused by Fossil Fuels
Increasing the efficiency of the combustion process.

Using various techniques to reduce the escape of harmful gases and ashes
into the surroundings.
Thermal Power Plants
A power plant which uses heat energy to generate electricity.

Burning of fossil fuels produces steam to run turbines.
Set up (power plants) near the coal and oil fields to minimize the cost of
transportation and production.
Transmission of electricity is more efficient.
Hydro Power Plants

Convert the potential energy of falling water into electricity.
Hydro power plants are associated with Dams.
Around 25% of our country’s energy requirement is met by Hydro Power
plants.
Advantages of Hydro power plants
No environmental pollution.
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Flowing water is a renewable source of electric energy.
Construction of dams prevents flooding of rivers, provide water for
irrigation.
Disadvantages of Hydro Power Plants
Large areas of agricultural land, a vast variety of flora and fauna, human
settlements get submerged in the water of reservoir formed by the dam.
Large ecosystems are destroyed.
Vegetation that submerged under water rots under anaerobic conditions
and produces large amount of methane which is a green house gas.
Creates the problems of satisfactory rehabilitation of displaced people.
Also read: NCERT Textbook: Chemical Reactions & Equations
Biomass
The dead parts of plants and trees and the waste materials of animals and
man are called Biomass.
(i) Wood: It is a biomass and used as a fuel for a long time.
Disadvantages of using wood as fuel
Produces a lot of smoke on burning.

Do not produce much heat.
Thus by improvement in technology we can improve the efficiency of
traditional sources of energy.
For example: wood can be converted into much better fuel called charcoal.
(ii) Charcoal: When wood is burnt in limited supply of air, then water and other
volatile materials gets removed and charcoal is formed.
Wood on limited supply of Oxygen gas get converted into Charcoal.
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Charcoal is better fuel than wood because
It has higher calorific value than wood.

Does not produce smoke while burning.
It is a compact fuel, easy to handle and convenient to use.
(iii) Cowdung: It is biomass but it is not good to burn cow dung directly as fuel
because :
produces lot of smoke.

cowdung does not burn completely, produces lot of ash as residue.
low calorific value.
by making bio gas (or gobar gas) from cow dung, we get a smokeless fuel.
(iv) Bio gas: It is produced in a biogas plant.
Anaerobic micro organisms decomposes the complex compound of the

cow dung+water slurry.
It takes few day for the decomposition process and generate gases like
methane, CO2, hydrogen and hydrogen sulphide.
Bio gas is stored in the gas tank above the digester from which they are
drawn through pipes for use.
Advantages of Bio gas
It is an excellent fuel as it contains upto 75% methane (CH4 ).

It burns without smoke.
Leaves no residue like ash in wood & coal burning.
Heating capacity is high.
It is also used for lighting.
Slurry left behind is used as excellent manure rich in nitrogen and
phosphorus.
Safe and efficient method of waste disposal.
(v) Wind energy
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Unequal heating of the landmass and water bodies by solar radiations
generate air movement and causes wind to blow.
Uses of kinetic energy generated by wind energy

to generate electricity by turning the rotor of the turbine.
to lift water from the well.
to run the flour mills.
The output of a single wind mill is quite small so a number of windmills
are erected over a large area called wind energy farm.
The minimum wind speed for wind mill to serve as a source of energy
is 15-20 KmPH.
Advantages of wind energy

Eco-friendly.
Efficient source of renewable energy.
No recurring expenses for production of electricity.
Disadvantages of wind energy

Wind energy farms need large area of land.
Difficulty in getting regular wind speed of 15-20 KmPH.
Initial cost of establishing wind energy farm is very high.
High level of maintenance of blades of wind mill.
Denmark is called the ‘Country of Winds’.

India is ranked 5 th in harnessing wind energy for the production of
electricity.
In India largest wind energy farm has been established near Kanyakumari
in Tamil Nadu and it generates 380 MW of electricity.
Alternate or Non-conventional Sources of Energy

Day by day, our demand for energy increases, so there is a need for
another source of energy.
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Reasons for alternate sources of energy
The fossil fuel reserves in the earth are limited which may get exhausted
soon if we use them at the current rate.
Reduce the pressure on fossil fuels making them last for a much longer
time.
To reduce the pollution level and to save the environment.
(i) Solar Energy
Sun is the ultimate source of energy.

Energy obtained from the sun is called solar energy.
2
Solar constant = 1.4 KJ/s/m
2
Outer edge of the earth receives solar energy equal to 1.4 KJ/s/m or 1.4
2
KW/m [... 1 KJ/s = 1 KW]
Solar energy devices:

(i) Solar cooker
(ii) Solar water heater
(iii) Solar cells
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Geothermal Energy
‘Geo’ means ‘earth’ and ‘thermal’ means ‘heat’.
Geothermal energy is the heat energy from hot rocks present inside the
earth.
When underground water comes in contact with ‘hot spot’, steam is
generated. Steam trapped in rocks is routed through pipes to a turbine and
used to generate electricity.
Advantages of Geothermal energy
Economical to use geothermal energy.
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Does not cause any pollution.
Limitations of Geothermal energy
Geothermal energy is not available everywhere.

Deep drilling in the earth to obtain geothermal energy is very difficult and
expensive.
In New Zealand and USA, there are no. of power plants based on
geothermal energy are operational.
Nuclear Energy
The energy released during a nuclear reaction is called nuclear energy.
It can be obtained by two types of nuclear reactions:
(i) Nuclear fission
(ii) Nuclear fusion
Nuclear Fission
‘Fission’ means split up.

The process in which the heavy nucleus of a radioactive atom (such as
uranium, plutonium or thorium) split up into smaller nuclei when
bombarded with low energy neutrons, is called nuclear fission.
A tremendous amount of energy is produced.
U-235 is used as a fuel in nuclear reactor in form of uranium rods.
Working of Nuclear Fission
In a nuclear reactor self sustaining chain reaction releases energy at a

controlled rate, which is used to produce steam and further generate
electricity.
Major Nuclear Power Plants

(i) Tarapur (Maharashtra)
(ii) Rana Pratap Sagar (Rajasthan)
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(iii) Kalpakkam (Tamil Nadu)
(iv) Narora (U. P.)
(v) Kakrapar (Gujrat)
(vi) Kaiga (Karnataka)
Nuclear Fusion
When two nuclei of light elements (like hydrogen) combine to form a

heavy nucleus (like helium) and tremendous amount of energy is released
is called nuclear fusion.
Very-very high temperature and pressure is needed for fusion.

Hydrogen bomb is based on this phenomenon.
Nuclear fusion is the source of energy in the sun and other stars.
Advantage of Nuclear Fusion
Production of large amount of useful energy from a very small amount of

nuclear fuel.
Does not produce green house gases like CO2.
Limitations of Nuclear Fusion
Environmental contamination due to improper nuclear waste storage and

its disposal.
Risk of accidental leakage of harmful radiations.
High cost of installation.
Limited availability of nuclear fuel.
Also read: NCERT Textbook: Chemical Reactions & Equations
Environmental Consequences
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Exploiting any source of energy disturbs the environment in some way or
the other.
The source we would choose depends upon following the factors:
(i) Ease of extracting energy from the source.
(ii) Cost of extracting energy from the source.
(iii) Efficiency of technology available to extract energy.
(iv) The environmental damage caused by using that source.
In other words, no source of energy is said to be pollution free. Some
source are cleaner than the other.
For example, solar cells may be pollution free but the assembly of the
device would have cause some environmental damage.
Non-renewable Sources of Energy: Sources that will get depleted some day.
For example: Fossil fuel

Renewable Sources of Energy: Energy sources that can be regenerated and
that will last for ever.
For example: Wind energy, water energy.
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FAQs on Chapter Notes: Sources of Energy
1. What are the different sources of energy?
Ans. The different sources of energy include fossil fuels (such as coal, oil, and
natural gas), renewable energy sources (such as solar, wind, hydro, geothermal,
and biomass), and nuclear energy.
2. How do fossil fuels generate energy?
3. What are the advantages of renewable energy sources?
4. What are the disadvantages of using fossil fuels for energy?
5. How does nuclear energy work?
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Chapter Notes: Sources of Energy

For making food

Qualities of a Good Source of Energy

Get additional INR 200 off today with EDUREV200 coupon.

Conventional Sources of Energy

Sources of energy which are known to most of the people.

Fuels developed from the fossils e.g., coal, petroleum.

Pollution Caused by Fossil Fuels

Released oxides of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur (acidic in nature) which

Controlling Pollution Caused by Fossil Fuels

Increasing the efficiency of the combustion process.

Thermal Power Plants

A power plant which uses heat energy to generate electricity.

Hydro Power Plants

Advantages of Hydro power plants

Disadvantages of Hydro Power Plants

Also read: NCERT Textbook: Chemical Reactions & Equations

(i) Wood: It is a biomass and used as a fuel for a long time.

Disadvantages of using wood as fuel

Produces a lot of smoke on burning.

Wood on limited supply of Oxygen gas get converted into Charcoal.

It has higher calorific value than wood.

produces lot of smoke.

(iv) Bio gas: It is produced in a biogas plant.

Anaerobic micro organisms decomposes the complex compound of the

Advantages of Bio gas

It is an excellent fuel as it contains upto 75% methane (CH4 ).

(v) Wind energy

Uses of kinetic energy generated by wind energy

Advantages of wind energy

Disadvantages of wind energy

Denmark is called the ‘Country of Winds’.

Alternate or Non-conventional Sources of Energy

(i) Solar Energy

Sun is the ultimate source of energy.

Solar energy devices:

Short & Long Answer Questions for Class 10

Chapter Notes for Class 10

Explore all Class 10 courses

Advantages of Geothermal energy

Economical to use geothermal energy.

Limitations of Geothermal energy

Geothermal energy is not available everywhere.

‘Fission’ means split up.

Working of Nuclear Fission

In a nuclear reactor self sustaining chain reaction releases energy at a

Major Nuclear Power Plants

When two nuclei of light elements (like hydrogen) combine to form a

Very-very high temperature and pressure is needed for fusion.

Advantage of Nuclear Fusion

Production of large amount of useful energy from a very small amount of

Limitations of Nuclear Fusion

Environmental contamination due to improper nuclear waste storage and

Also read: NCERT Textbook: Chemical Reactions & Equations

For example: Fossil fuel

1. What are the different sources of energy?

2. How do fossil fuels generate energy?

3. What are the advantages of renewable energy sources?

4. What are the disadvantages of using fossil fuels for energy?

5. How does nuclear energy work?

About this Document

Pricing Plans (/Subscription?bundleId=44)

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