Intel 8085

Intel 8085 is an 8-bit, NMOS microprocessor designed by Intel in 1977.

It has following configuration:

*It is a 40 pin I.C. package fabricated on a single LSI chip.

*The Intel 8085 uses a single +5Vd.c. supply for its operation.

* Intel 8085?s clock speed is about 3 MHz; the clock cycle is of 320ns.

* 8-bit data bus.

Address bus is of 16-bit, which can address up to 64KB

*16-bit stack pointer

* 16 bit PC (Program Counter)

* Six 8-bit registers are arranged in pairs :BC, DE, HL

Intel 8085 is used in mobile phones, microwave ovens, washing machines etc.

A microprocessor is a computer processor where the data processing logic and control is included on a
single integrated circuit, or a small number of ICs. The microprocessor contains the arithmetic, logic, and
control circuitry required to perform the functions of a computer's central processing unit.

The microprocessor is a multipurpose, clock-driven, register-based, digital integrated circuit that accepts
binary data as input, processes it according to instructions stored in its memory, and provides results
(also in binary form) as output. Microprocessors contain both combinational logic and sequential digital
logic, and operate on numbers and symbols represented in the binary number system.

Examples are: Texas instruments TM100, Intel4004 (C4004), Motorola 6800 (MC6800), 64-bit x86
processor, AMD Ryzen 7 1800X, etc.

A block diagram of the architecture of the Z80 microprocessor, showing the arithmetic and logic section,
register file, control logic section, and buffers to external address and data lines
Special-purpose designs

A microprocessor is a general - purpose entity. Several specialized processing devices have followed

* A digital signal processor (DSP) is specialized for signal processing.

* Graphics processing units (GPUs) are processors designed primarily for realtime rendering of images.

Other specialized units exist for

* video processing and machine vision.

(See: Hardware acceleration.)

* Microcontrollers in embedded systems and peripheral devices.

* Systems on chip (SoCs) often integrate one or more microprocessor and microcontroller cores with
other components such as radio modems, and are used in smartphones and tablet computers.

General-purpose microprocessors in personal computers are used for computation , text editing,
multimedia display, and communication over the Internet. Many more microprocessors are part of
embedded systems, providing digital control over myriad objects from appliances to automobiles to
cellular phones and industrial process control.

Microprocessor version :

Intel "upsized" their 8080 design into the 16-bit Intel 8086, the first member of the x86 family, which
powers most modern PC type computers. Intel introduced the 8086 as a cost-effective way of porting
software from the 8080 lines, and succeeded in winning much business on that premise. The 8088, a
version of the 8086 that used an 8-bit external data bus, was the microprocessor in the first IBM PC.
Intel then released the 80186 and 80188, the 80286 and, in 1985, the 32-bit 80386, cementing their PC
market dominance with the processor family's backwards compatibility. The 80186 and 80188 were
essentially versions of the 8086 and 8088, enhanced with some onboard peripherals and a few new
instructions.

Types of Microprocessor
Microprocessors are classified into five types, namely: CISC-Complex Instruction Set Microprocessors,
RISC-Reduced Instruction Set Microprocessor, ASIC- Application Specific Integrated Circuit, Superscalar
Processors, DSP’s-Digital Signal Microprocessors.

Features

The main features of a microprocessor include the following.

1. Portable

Microprocessors are portable because of the size as well as less power consumption.

2. Low Cost

Microprocessors are available at less cost due to IC technology. So this technology will diminish the price
of a computer system.

3. Versatile

A microprocessor is versatile so it can be used for different applications

4. Reliable

Microprocessors are reliable, so the rate of failure is less because of the semiconductor technology.

5. Small Size

The fabrication of microprocessors can be done in very less space because of the technologies used like
VLSI & ULSI. So the computer system size will be reduced.

6. High Speed
Microprocessors perform very fast because of the technology used so it executes a number of
instructions for each second.

7. Low Power Consumption

Microprocessors use low power because of the MOS technology

8. Low Heat Generation

Microprocessors cannot generate huge heat as compared with vacuum tube devices because it uses
semiconductor technology.

Basic Terms

The basic terms mainly used in microprocessors are discussed below.

Instruction Set

The instruction set can be defined as the set of commands understood by the microprocessor. It is an
edge between software as well as hardware.

Bus

The conductors which are used to transmit data, address otherwise control information for dissimilar
elements within a microprocessor. It includes three types of buses namely data bus, control, and
address bus

IPC

The IPC stands for Instructions per Cycle. It is a calculation of how many commands a CPU can execute
within a single clock.
Clock Speed

When the no. of operations for each second can be performed by the processor is known as clock speed.
The CLK speed can be expressed in MHz (megahertz) otherwise GHz (gigahertz). An alternate name for
this is the Clock Rate.

Bandwidth

The short term of the Bandwidth is BW and it can be defined as the no. of bits that can be processed
within a single instruction.

Word Length

The word length is nothing but, when the no. of bits can be processed by the processor at a time. For
instance, the 8-bit microprocessor is used to process 8-bit data at a time. The range of word length of a
processor ranges from 4 – 64 bits based on the sort of the microcomputer.

Data Types

The microprocessor mainly supports several data type designs such as ASCII, binary, signed as well as
unsigned numbers.

* FETCH

RD (Output): RD is a signal to control READ operation. When it goes low, the selected I/O device or
memory is read.

* WR (Output): WR is a signal to control WRITE operation. When it goes low, the data bus' data is
written into the selected memory or I/O location.

* READY (Input): It is used by the microprocessor to sense whether a peripheral is ready to transfer a
data or not. If READY is high, the peripheral is ready. If it is low the micro processor waits till it goes high.

* Interrupts and Externally Initiated Signals

* HOLD (INPUT): HOLD indicates that another device is requesting for the use of the address and data
bus.

* HLDA (OUTPUT): HLDA is a signal for HOLD acknowledgement which indicates that the HOLD request
has been received. After the removal of this request the HLDA goes low.

* INTR (Input): INTR is an Interrupt Request Signal. Among interrupts it has the lowest priority. The INTR
is enabled or disabled by software.

* INTA (Output): INTA is an interrupt acknowledgement sent by the microprocessor after INTR is
received.

RST 5.5, 6.5, 7.5 and TRAP (Inputs): These all are interrupts. When any interrupt is recognized the next
instruction is executed from a fixed location in the memory

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1.Study the block diagram of the microcomputer architecture, and characteristics of
microprocessors or micro-controller chips
2.Study the diagram of the internal architecture of an 8-bit Intel 8085 NMOS
microprocessor, and types of microprocessors classification
3.Description of micro-controller, microprocessor and microcomputers
4.Definition of Bus and its types
5.Study the combinational logic circuit and sequential logic circuit. Study Adders,
subtractor and comparator
6.Study the block diagram that illustrate the internal architecture of 8051 microcontroller
7.Study a well labeled block diagram of the Z80 microprocessor architecture
8.Study the flip-flop, register, accumulator, clock speed, bandwidth and so on
Study the design and program of Interfacing stepper motor with 8051 microcontrollers
ii. Interfacing one digit seven-segment display with 8051 microcontrollers
iii. Interfacing DC motor with 8051 microcontrollers
9.Study the programming language of hardware such as machine language, assembly
language and high level language.