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Experimental Research on Seismic Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Columns

Strengthened with TRC under Corrosion Environment

Article in Journal of Structural Engineering · December 2016

DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001713

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 Experimental Research on Seismic Behavior of Reinforced
Concrete Columns Strengthened with TRC under
Corrosion Environment
Shiping Yin 1; Yang Yang 2; Tao Ye 3; and Yao Li 4
Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by China University of Mining & Technology on 04/27/17. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.

Abstract: Textile-reinforced concrete (TRC) possesses excellent bearing capacity and anticrack and corrosion-resistance abilities, which
make it suitable for reinforcing concrete structures in harsh environments. However, the seismic performance of TRC-strengthened concrete
columns under chloride corrosion remains unknown. Therefore, a corrosion test was conducted by the electrochemical method on seven steel-
reinforced concrete (RC) columns; of these columns, two were used as the control columns, and the other five were strengthened with TRC.
The corroded specimens were tested by low cyclic loading in this study, and the effects of the corrosion ratio and different reinforcement
methods on the seismic behavior were studied. The results show that TRC reinforcement can effectively reduce the effect of chloride ions on
steel corrosion and delay the development of cracks in concrete. The hysteresis curve, initial stiffness, and deformation capacity of the
columns strengthened with TRC are superior to those of unstrengthened columns in the same corrosion environment. The displacement
ductility factor of the strengthened columns decreases with the increasing corrosion ratio in different corrosion environments, while the
constraint efficiency of the TRC increases. The method of reinforcement before corrosion is better than that of corrosion before reinforcement
in terms of the ductility and stiffness degradation. The test shows that TRC reinforcement can effectively improve the seismic capability of RC
columns in a corrosion environment. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001713. © 2016 American Society of Civil Engineers.
Author keywords: Textile reinforced concrete (TRC); Low cyclic loading test; Seismic behavior; Corrosion environment; Seismic effects.

Introduction Different solutions for the design of cement-based strengthening

Civil engineering structures such as coastal buildings, bridges, and
ports often suffer from stress corrosion, chloride ion erosion, and
the dry and wet alternating effects of a variety of severe physical
and chemical erosion environments, which can damage the struc-
ture, weaken the performance, and even cause failure (Biondini
et al. 2014; Gjørv 2014). Therefore, it is urgent to strengthen
and repair these structures to improve the mechanical properties
of the structural members (Chaallal et al. 2006). To provide anti-
corrosion protection to steel bars, using cement-based repair mate-
rials is a new technique that is relatively economical and suitable
(Bösche et al. 2008).
1
Associate Professor, State Key Laboratory for Geomechanics and Deep
Underground Engineering, School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering,
China Univ. of Mining and Technology, Jiangsu, Xuzhou 221116, China
(corresponding author). E-mail: yinshiping7808@aliyun.com
2 matrix, and fill the defects of the repaired structure’s surface (Yin
Master’s Degree Candidate, State Key Laboratory for Geomechanics
and Deep Underground Engineering, School of Mechanics and Civil
Engineering, China Univ. of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116,
China.
3
Master’s Degree Candidate, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental
Impact and Structural Safety in Engineering, School of Mechanics and
Civil Engineering, China Univ. of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou
221116, China.
4
Master’s Degree Candidate, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental
Impact and Structural Safety in Engineering, School of Mechanics and
Civil Engineering, China Univ. of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou
221116, China.
Note. This manuscript was submitted on April 15, 2016; approved on
October 4, 2016; published online on December 8, 2016. Discussion period
open until May 8, 2017; separate discussions must be submitted for indi-
vidual papers. This paper is part of the Journal of Structural Engineering,
© ASCE, ISSN 0733-9445.
systems for concrete structures have been proposed. Among these,
textile-reinforced concrete (TRC) (Hegger et al. 2006; Hegger and
Voss 2008; Bösche et al. 2008; Yin et al. 2014, 2015), textile-
reinforced mortar (TRM) (Bournas et al. 2007, 2009; Al-Salloum
et al. 2011; Abadel 2012; Koutas et al. 2014), basalt-reinforced
mortar (BRM) (Ludovico et al. 2010), and fabric-reinforced cemen-
titious matrix (FRCM) (Ombres and Verre 2015) have proven the
effectiveness of cement-based composites for strengthening RC
structures. These systems are merely variations of the same core
idea with typically minor differences.
Textile-reinforced concrete, as a combination of a textile and
fine-grain concrete, has the capacities of crack resistance, seepage
resistance, and corrosion resistance (Bösche et al. 2008; Yin et al.
2014). The mechanical characteristics of the composite were tested
and studied in previous research (Yin et al. 2013, 2016). It uses
mortar as a cementitious material, which can improve the bonding
property with the substrate, overcome the defects of the organic gel
et al. 2015). TRC reinforcement does not require an additional con-
crete protection layer but only a 10–20 mm anchoring thickness of
reinforcing fiber, and the size and the weight of the original struc-
tures are barely changed. Therefore, TRC is widely used in the
reinforcement of reinforced concrete structures (Yin et al. 2014).
Many scholars have recently conducted preliminary studies on
the seismic performance of reinforced concrete structures strength-
ened by TRC. Bournas et al. (2007, 2009) studied the seismic
behavior of reinforced concrete columns strengthened with TRM
and analyzed the influence that the lap length of different longitu-
dinal bars has on the seismic performance. Their studies showed
that the TRM could delay the yielding of the longitudinal bars
of the column plastic hinge and enhance the overall energy-
dissipation capacity of the columns. Compared with the equivalent
strength and stiffness of the TRM, the seismic performance of the

© ASCE 04016231-1 J. Struct. Eng.

J. Struct. Eng., 2017, 143(5): -1--1

 concrete columns strengthened by TRM was better than that
of the columns strengthened by FRP. In addition, Bournas and
Triantafillou (2011) analyzed the yield variation process of large-
size RC columns strengthened with TRM under seismic action. The
study showed that TRM reinforcement could transfer the excess
load distribution to the column center when the axial force of
the steel bar reaches the critical load, and the deformation capacity
of the strengthened columns was enhanced with the increase in the
stiffness of the TRM. Al-Salloum et al. (2011) used TRM to
strengthen a beam-column joint. Pseudostatic test results showed
that the TRC reinforcement could significantly increase the ulti-
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mate bearing capacity and deformation capacity of the joint and
improve the ductility and the energy dissipation capacity. The bear-
ing capacity and ductility of the joint increased with the increase in
the number of layers of the textile. Abadel (2012) used finite-
element simulation to study a beam-column joint strengthened with
FRP and TRM and analyzed the load-displacement characteristics,
ultimate load, and crack development model of the specimens. It
was also shown that the specimens strengthened with CFRP had
the maximum bearing capacity but that the specimens strengthened
with TRM were better able to limit the development of cracks. At
the end of the paper, a simple finite-element analysis model was
presented. Koutas et al. (2014) studied the use of TRM to
strengthen a three-story reinforced concrete frame wall that was
filled with masonry. Their study showed that the lateral bearing
capacity of the frame structure strengthened with TRM increased
by approximately 56% and that the deformation at the top of the
structure improved by 52% when the ultimate bearing capacity was
reached. The lateral stiffness of the first story increased by approx-
imately 2 times in the case of lower lateral displacement (approx-
imately 0.5%). Accordingly, TRM can effectively prevent the shear
failure of the columns and improve their shear capacity. Comert
et al. (2014) tested reinforced concrete columns under a constant
axial load and cyclic lateral displacement reversals before and after
retrofitting with basalt mesh–reinforced sprayed glass–fiber rein-
forced concrete (GFRC) jackets.
However, there have been few studies of the seismic behavior of
TRC-reinforced RC columns under an erosion environment. Azad
and Al-Osta (2014) tested 48 specimens under eccentric axial load-
ing and developed a strength-prediction model on the basis of a
substantial amount of test data. Bousias et al. (2004) concluded that
although wrapping with FRP is found to significantly improve the
seismic performance of columns that suffer from both a lack of
seismic detailing and the corrosion of the reinforcement, such cor-
rosion materially reduces the effectiveness of the FRP wrap as a
strengthening measure, as the corroded bars become the weak link
of the column, instead of the confined compression zone. Accord-
ing to Li et al. (2009), strengthening corroded RC columns with
combined CFRP sheets and steel jacket was effective in enhancing
the seismic performance of the columns and resulted in more-stable
hysteresis curves with lower strength degradations as compared
with the unstrengthened ones. Ma et al. (2012) pointed that higher
corrosion levels and higher axial loads result in less-stable hyster-
etic loops with more-severe strength and stiffness degradations and
worse ductility. Inci et al. (2013) concluded that the main negative
effect of corrosion on the strength is the reduction in the diameter of
the rebar, whereas its negative effect on the displacement capacity
comes from the concentration of plastic steel strains at the sections
of reinforcing bars at which the corrosion-induced pits are at a
maximum. Further, Biondini et al. (2014) presented that the
strength and the ductility of the structures change with time and
then the failure mechanism forms, which affects the seismic per-
formance of the structures. Hence, it is necessary to account for
both the environmental severity and overall performance of the
© ASCE 04016231-2
J. Struct. Eng., 2017, 143(5): -1--1
structures in structural seismic design, and the interaction between
an earthquake and corrosion remains for further study. Akiyama
and Frangopol (2014) noted that although an accurate model for
the analysis of flexural and shear effects has been established,
the effect of corrosion on the seismic performance life assessment
has been almost neglected. Therefore, this paper conducted exper-
imental research on the seismic performance of reinforced concrete
columns strengthened by TRC under low cyclic loading with envi-
ronmental corrosion and analyzed the seismic performance param-
eters, including the failure mode of the columns, hysteretic curve,
skeleton curve, ductility, and energy-dissipation capacity. Then, the
effects of the corrosion ratio and different reinforcement methods
on the seismic performance were investigated.
Experimental Program
Specimen Design
In this investigation, a total of seven reinforced concrete square col-
umn specimens designated C1–C7 were designed and fabricated.
Two of them were used as control columns; two of them were first
strengthened with TRC after the surface of the concrete was chis-
eled and were then corroded; and the remaining three were first
corroded, and then TRC was used to strengthen the corrosion-
damaged specimens, as indicated in Table 1. The cross-sectional
dimensions were 300 × 300 mm, and the total height of all the col-
umns was 1,740 mm, with a 3.8 shear-span ratio. Six C14 steel bars
were used as the longitudinal reinforcement, and smooth steel bars
with a diameter of 8 mm were used as the stirrups, with 100-mm
spacing to meet the building code requirements for structural
concrete and commentary [ACI 318-11 (ACI 2011)]. Stirrup
densification was taken in the range of 100 mm from the root of
the columns with 50-mm spacing. The specific size and reinforce-
ment of the specimens are shown in Fig. 1. The concrete class
was C40.
Strengthening Method
The strengthening procedure was first to chisel the surface of the
concrete-confined specimen having a reinforcement height of
600 mm from the root, and the corners of the columns were
rounded. The specimens were wetted before strengthening and
coated with fine-grain concrete at a 2–3 mm thickness. Then,
the textile was tiled on a template, and mortar was brushed over
the textile, which was wrapped on the column reinforcement area.
Table 1. Basic Parameters of the Test Specimen
Theoretical
Serial Concrete corrosion
number strength ratio (%) Strengthening manners
C1 C40 5 —
C2 C40 5 Strengthening using two layers of textile
first, then corrosion 5%
C3 C40 5 Corrosion 5% first, then strengthening
using two layers of textile
C4 C40 10 —
C5 C40 10 Strengthening using two layers of textile
first, then corrosion 10%
C6 C40 10 Corrosion 10% first, then strengthening
using two layers of textile
C7 C40 15 Corrosion 15% first, then strengthening
using two layers of textile
J. Struct. Eng.

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Fig. 1. Specimen size and reinforcement detailing
The weft fiber (carbon) yarns of the textile were kept parallel to the
circumferential stress direction, and then another layer of fine-grain
concrete was applied onto the surface of the textile. These steps
were repeated to provide two layers of reinforcement. The specific
information of the specimens is given in Table 1. In this test,
by comparing Specimens C1, C2, and C3 (or Specimens C4, C5,
and C6) in the same corrosion environment, the effect of the TRC
reinforcement and the reinforcement method of corrosion after
reinforcement or reinforcement after corrosion were studied.
Corrosion Method
The columns were wrapped with wire mesh before corrosion. The
mesh was set as a negative pole by applying wire, and the specimen
longitudinal bars were set as the positive poles. The test used a rel-
atively high hygroscopicity sponge to wrap the columns, on which
was wound a layer of plastic film. It was necessary to keep the
sponge underwater for 3–5 days before switching on the direct cur-
rent (DC) power, which was predetermined as 1.2 A. Based on the
results of other researchers and the previous findings of the authors’
workgroup, the length of the electrified time test was suggested to
be enlarged to 1.4 times the theoretical values, which are 15 days
for 5% corrosion, 30 days for 10% corrosion, and 45 days for 15%
corrosion. According to Ma et al. (2012), Faraday’s law can be
applied to the electrochemical method for rapid corrosion of the
reinforcing steel bar. The corrosion ratio, which is the ratio of
the steel corrosion mass to the total mass of the steel bar in the
corroded section, can be controlled by controlling the current in-
tensity and electrification time. The test used a 5% concentration
of salt water to wet the sponge regularly to ensure that it was wet
throughout the test. All of the corroded columns were subjected to
the same corrosion process in the period of corrosion. In this test,
by comparing Specimen C2 and Specimen C5 (or Specimens C3,
C6, and C7) with the same reinforcement method, the effect of the
different corrosion ratios on the seismic capability of the RC col-
umns was studied.
Material Measurement
Concrete
All the specimens were cast in commercial concrete. The concrete
class was C40, and its actual compressive strength on cubes with
dimensions of 150 × 150 × 150 mm was measured to be 42.3 MPa
at 28 days.
© ASCE 04016231-3
J. Struct. Eng., 2017, 143(5): -1--1
Table 2. Mechanical Properties of Steel Bar
Steel bar Elongation
type f y =MPa f u =MPa ratio (%)
C14 463 597 28.10
A8 345 468 31.25
Fig. 2. Textile
Steel Bar
All specimens were strengthened longitudinally with six
14-mm-diameter deformed bars and 8-mm-diameter smooth stir-
rups. According to the building code requirements for structural
concrete and commentary (ACI 318-11), the reinforcement ratio
is 1.03% in this test, which is reasonable. Steel tension tests were
carried out, and the yield stress, tensile strength, and elongation
ratio of the steel bars were determined. The detailed parameters
are listed in Table 2.
Textile
The textile is a mixture of carbon and alkali-free glass yarns with a
10-mm grid spacing. The carbon yarns were used to bear load in the
weft, while the glass yarns, which cannot bear load, were used in
the warp. The specific details of the textile are provided in Fig. 2.
The mechanical properties and geometric parameters of the fiber
yarns of the textiles, which were provided by the manufacturer,
are shown in Table 3. According to the method proposed by Yin et al.
(2014, 2015), the effective sectional area of the grid is 0.45 mm2 .
Fine-Grain Concrete
The mix proportion of the fine-grain concrete used in the matrix of
the TRC is shown in Table 4, and the real compressive strength
of the high-performance concrete was 52.8 MPa after 28 days.
Load Method and Experimental Content
An mechanical testing and simulation (MTS) electrohydraulic
servo-loading system (Hangzhou meters of Mechanical and Elec-
tronic Control Engineering, Hangzhou, China) was used for load-
ing in this test. A 50-t level actuator was used to apply the
horizontal load, and a hydraulic jack with a cross beam was used
to apply the vertical load. The cross beam was connected with the
ground base through two screw rods, and the connecting part is a
rotatable ball hinge. Furthermore, the upper end of the column and
the cross beam were fixed by a U-hoop to ensure that the beam
keeps still when the specimen has a larger displacement. The load-
ing diagram and test installation are shown in Figs. 3 and 4. A static
data collector was used as the collecting device. The crack width
was obtained by using a DJCK-2 crevice width finder (Beijing
Earth Long Science and Technology, Beijing) with an accuracy
of 0.02 mm.
J. Struct. Eng.
 Table 3. Mechanical Properties and Geometric Parameters of Fiber Yarns of Textile
Number of Filament tensile Filament elastic Filament ultimate Yarn tex Yarn density
Fiber type filaments per yarn strength (MPa) modulus (GPa) strain (%) (g=km) (g=cm3 )
Toray carbon (T700S) 12k 4,660 231 2.0 801 1.78
E-glass 4k 3,200 65 4.5 600 2.58
Note: Effective sectional area of the grid is 0.45 mm2 (Yin et al. 2014, 2016).

Table 4. Fine-Grained Concrete Mix

Material content
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Component (kg · m−3 )

Portland cement PII 52.5R 475
Fly ash 168
Silica fume 35
Water 262
Fine sand 460
Coarse sand 920
Water reducer 9.1

Fig. 5. Layout of measuring point

displacement control was adopted after the steel bar yielded.

Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of loading
The displacement of each stage increased by the value of the yield
displacement and looped three times. The failure of the specimen
occurred when the load of the specimen fell to 85% of the peak
load, and the loading was then finished.
The horizontal force, horizontal displacement of the column top,
middle horizontal displacement of the column, column base dis-
placement, longitudinal steel strain of the column root, and the
stirrup strain of the shear regions were measured in the test. The
displacement meters were indexed as 1–3, and the strain-gauge
measuring points were indexed as S1–S12. The specific details
are shown in Fig. 5. These mentioned data were automatically gath-
ered by the collecting devices.

Experimental Results and Analysis

Experimental Phenomenon

Fig. 4. Test setup
In this test, to study the seismic behavior of the columns in
practical engineering, the axial compression ratio was considered.
Because the maximum load of laboratory equipment is limited,
the axial load on the tested columns was 580 kN, and the axial
compression ratio was 0.15. The axial force was applied to a pre-
determined value before the low cyclic loading was applied, and
then it was kept constant. The loading procedure was controlled
by the incremental method, which was jointly controlled by the
stresses and the displacements. The load increased by increments
of 4 kN and looped one time before the steel bar yielded. The
Specimen C1
Specimen C1 showed more rust spots than Specimens C2 or C3 in
the corrosion region. Two cracks appeared along the longitudinal
reinforcement in the concrete surface, which had a length of
400 mm and a width of 0.1 mm. When the horizontal force reached
60 kN, horizontal cracks appeared 130 and 70 mm from the root of
the column, with widths of 0.2 mm. The number of the cracks in-
creased, and the horizontal cracks ran through the whole section
during the loading procedure. When the horizontal force was
76 kN, the steel bar reached its yield strain, and the width of
the existing corrosive cracks expanded to 0.34 mm. In the first loop
of the 2Δy (yield displacement) loading, the horizontal load
reached its peak value, and the concrete at the root of the column
concurrently spalled. In the 4Δy loading, the horizontal bearing
capacity fell below 85% of the peak load, and the rust of the internal

© ASCE 04016231-4 J. Struct. Eng.

J. Struct. Eng., 2017, 143(5): -1--1

 concrete fragments was obvious. The longitudinal reinforcements
were chiseled out after the test, and the actual corrosion rate of the
steel was 4.12%.
Specimen C2
Specimen C2 showed corrosive cracks in the surface of the reinforc-
ing layer that were much smaller than those of Specimen C1. The
length of the corrosive cracks was 300 mm, and their width was
0.04 mm. When the horizontal force reached 76 kN, the first hori-
zontal crack appeared 330 mm from the root of the column, but it
did not extend to both sides. When the horizontal force was 92 kN,
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the steel bars yielded, but the number of cracks was not great. The
existing corrosive cracks widened, and dense vertical cracks ap-
peared at right angles to the column root. In the first loop of the
2Δy loading, the horizontal load reached its peak value, and frac-
ture sound of the textile increased, with a small amount of mortar
spalling from the reinforcement layer. In the 6Δy loading, the hori-
zontal bearing capacity fell rapidly. Compared with Specimen C1,
the number of displacement cycles of specimen C2 increased by a
factor of 6, which meant that the seismic deformation capacity was
improved. The longitudinal reinforcements were chiseled out after
the test, and the measured corrosion ratio of the steel was 3.08%.
Specimen C3
When the horizontal force reached 76 kN, the first horizontal crack
appeared 150 mm from the root of the column, with a width of
0.02 mm. When the steel bars reached the yield strain, the number
of cracks in Specimen C3 was much less than that in Specimen C1.
In the first loop of the 3Δy loading, the horizontal load reached its
peak value, and the textile fractured at right angles to the column
root and the surface of the reinforcement layer, although the vertical
cracks had a longer extension. In the 7Δy loading, the horizontal
bearing capacity fell below 85% of the peak load, the reinforcement
layer heaved in the root of the column, and the textile fractured
severely. The longitudinal reinforcements were chiseled out after
the test, and the measured corrosion ratio of the steel was 3.76%.
Specimen C4
Severe corrosion cracks appeared in the concrete surface of
Specimen C4, with a width of 0.02 mm. The overall corrosion
of the specimen was serious. When the horizontal force reached
76 kN, horizontal cracks appeared 280 and 310 mm from the root
of the column. The number of cracks increased slowly during the
loading process, and the existing corrosion cracks developed con-
tinuously. When the horizontal force was 84 kN, the steel bar
yielded. The yield load of Specimen C4 is slightly higher than that
of Specimen C1 due to the uneven corrosion of the steel bars and
the enhanced bond strength of the reinforcing steel in the small
corrosion ratio region. In the first loop of the 3Δy loading, the hori-
zontal load reached its peak value. The peak bearing capacity of
Specimen C4 was lower than that of Specimen C1, and the concrete
was severely crushed. In the 6Δy loading, the horizontal bearing
capacity fell below 85% of the peak load. The longitudinal rein-
forcements were chiseled out after the test, and the measured cor-
rosion ratio of the steel was 8.27%.
Specimen C5
When the horizontal force reached 84 kN, horizontal cracks ap-
peared 200 and 300 mm from the root of the column, crossing
the section, and the width of the cracks was 0.04 mm. When
the horizontal force was 92 kN, the steel bar yielded, the vertical
cracks increased at right angles to the column root, and mortar fell
off from the surface of the reinforcing layer. In the first loop of the
3△y loading, the horizontal load reached its peak value. Compared
with Specimen C4, fewer new cracks appeared in the concrete
© ASCE 04016231-5
J. Struct. Eng., 2017, 143(5): -1--1
surface of Specimen C5. The existing vertical cracks extended
to a length of approximately 300 mm, and the textile clearly frac-
tured. In the 7△y loading, the horizontal bearing capacity declined
rapidly, the textile fractured almost entirely at a right angle to the
column root, and the internal concrete was crushed. The longitu-
dinal reinforcements were chiseled out after the test, and the mea-
sured corrosion ratio of the steel was 7.35%.
Specimen C6
Specimen C6 experiences largely similar phenomena to Specimen
C3 in the early stage of loading. When the horizontal force reached
76 kN, horizontal cracks appeared 100 and 200 mm from the root
of the column, with a width of 0.04 mm, and they clearly extended
to both sides. When the horizontal force was 84 kN, the steel bar
yielded, there were fewer cracks, and mortar fell off from the sur-
face of the reinforcing layer. In the first loop of the 3Δy loading, the
horizontal load reached its peak value, the textile fracture increased
on the surface and at a right angle to the column root, and a ladder-
shaped textile fracture formed on the surface of the reinforcement
layer, which was also the case in Specimen C3. In the 6Δy loading,
the horizontal bearing capacity fell below 85% of the peak load, the
reinforcing layer heaved in the root of the column, and the internal
concrete was crushed. The overall failure mode of Specimen C6
was better than that of Specimen C4. The longitudinal reinforce-
ments were chiseled out after the test, and the measured corrosion
ratio of the steel was 8.69%.
Specimen C7
Specimen C7 was severely corroded before the reinforcement.
More vertical corrosion cracks appeared, with widths up to 0.4 mm.
Some of the concrete spalled significantly in the chiseling, and the
color of the concrete turned black. The test results showed that the
electric corrosion caused a certain degree of damage to Specimen
C7. When the horizontal force reached 76 kN, the first horizontal
crack appeared with a 0.06 mm width. When the horizontal force
was 84 kN, the steel bar yielded, diagonal cracks appeared in the
column, and a few vertical cracks appeared at a right angle to the
column root. In the first loop of the 3Δy loading, the horizontal
load reached its peak value, which was equivalent to that of Speci-
men C1. In the 5Δy loading, the horizontal bearing capacity fell
below 85% of the peak load, and the textile fractured at a right
angle to the column root. The final failure of Specimen C7 was
basically the same as that of Specimen C6. The longitudinal rein-
forcements were chiseled out after the test, and the measured cor-
rosion ratio of the steel was 13.82%.
Failure Mode
The failure modes of the specimens are shown in Fig. 6. The failure
of the specimens was a typical bending failure. The main conclu-
sions from the failure mode are as follows:
• TRC reinforcement can effectively reduce the effect of chloride
ions on the corrosion of steel. Compared with the unstrength-
ened Specimen C1, Specimen C2, which was strengthened with
two layers prior to the corrosion, and Specimen C3, which was
strengthened after the corrosion, exhibited desirable character-
istics of slow crack development, a small quantity of cracks, a
thin seam width, and a strong overall seismic deformation ca-
pacity after exposure to a 5% corrosion environment; and
• Compared with the unstrengthened columns, the failure mode of
the columns strengthened with TRC exhibited a significant im-
provement in crack development and deformation capacity un-
der the condition of a high corrosion ratio (more than 5%), and
the strengthened columns exhibited a better seismic perfor-
mance. The mechanical properties of Specimen C7 showed a
certain degree of damage because of the higher corrosion ratio
J. Struct. Eng.
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Fig. 6. Failure mode of specimen: (a) Specimen C1; (b) Specimen C2; (c) Specimen C3; (d) Specimen C4; (e) Specimen C5; (f) Specimen C6;
(g) Specimen C7

(13.82%) before reinforcement, but it still demonstrated a suffi-
ciently high bearing capacity and a certain deformation capacity
after reinforcement, and the failure mode was still bending
failure.
Hysteresis Curve
The main experimental results are given in Table 5, and the mea-
sured corrosion ratios of the steel are provided in Table 6. The
position of the yield point was determined by the Park method
(Park and Paulay 1975), the peak load is the maximum horizontal
load of the whole loading process, the ultimate load is equal to the
load when the horizontal bearing capacity falls below 85% of the
peak load or when the specimen fails, the displacement ductility
factor is the ratio between the ultimate displacement and the yield
displacement, and the cumulative energy dissipation is the enclosed
area of the hysteresis loop in the load-displacement curve. The hys-
teresis curves of the specimens are shown in Fig. 7.
Fig. 7 shows that the load and displacement of the specimens are
basically linear in the prime period of loading. There is hardly
any residual deformation after unloading in the elastic stage.
In the elastic plastic stage, there is a hysteresis loop. This means
that residual deformation appeared, the slope of the load curve de-
creased with the increase in the load, and the stiffness degeneration
was relatively obvious.
It can be seen from the hysteresis curves of Specimens C2 and
C3 that the hysteresis loop number and their plumpness and sym-
metry were superior to that of Specimen C1. In particular, Speci-
men C2 exhibited an obvious platform segment in the late loading
stage. This shows that the TRC reinforcement can effectively im-
prove the seismic behavior of the RC columns, whether before or
after they corrode. This is because the TRC reinforcement in-
creased the section stiffness, and at the same time, it made up
for the loss to the concrete section of the compression zone, which
was caused by the longitudinal corrosion cracks that formed under
repeated load, and it improved the overall failure mode of the spec-
imens. By comparing the different reinforcement methods under
the same corrosion ratio, the results showed that the hysteresis
curve of Specimen C2 was better than that of Specimen C3
and in addition, that of Specimen C5 was better than that of Speci-
men C6. The method of strengthening before corrosion is better
than that of strengthening after corrosion in the same corrosion

Table 5. Test Results of Every Column

Yield Peak Ultimate load Ductility factor
Serial Loading Cumulative energy dissipation
number direction Py =kN Δy =mm Pm =kN Δm =mm Pu =kN Δu =mm Value Increase (%) (E=kN · mm)
C1 Positive 98.41 7.97 117.25 15.24 99.66 27.15 3.41 — 21,194.14
Negative 101.78 11.79 120.18 24.58 102.15 46.32 3.93
C2 Positive 94.81 8.50 122.49 16.79 104.12 47.71 5.61 64.52 38,232.46
Negative 82.46 8.53 104.38 23.35 88.72 53.1 6.23 58.52
C3 Positive 100.81 9.67 122.50 25.44 104.13 40.68 4.21 23.46 43,937.63
Negative 92.12 10.16 115.05 31.77 97.79 44.45 4.38 11.45
C4 Positive 109.27 8.28 135.76 13.16 115.40 29.99 3.62 — 34,202.67
Negative 100.58 8.38 121.26 19.63 103.47 36.33 4.34
C5 Positive 94.76 8.43 115.28 13.77 97.99 45.64 5.41 49.45 40,053.01
Negative 91.12 8.61 107.59 21.47 91.79 45.56 5.29 21.89
C6 Positive 104.42 8.21 127.54 19.21 108.41 36.12 4.40 21.54 345,886.6
Negative 99.37 10.78 115.98 26.17 98.58 41.29 3.83 −11.75
C7 Positive 97.21 8.89 112.87 22.30 95.94 31.68 3.56 — 14,728.43
Negative 89.72 9.38 107.68 21.84 91.53 29.84 3.18

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 Table 6. Steel Corrosion Ratio of Every Column environment. It was shown that the TRC reinforcement can effec-
Serial Theoretical Measured tively inhibit the erosion caused by chloride ions and reduce the
number corrosion ratio (%) corrosion ratio (%) corrosion ratio of the specimens in this test. Due to the limited num-
C1 5 4.12 ber of specimens and small differences in corrosion, the inhibition
C2 5 3.08 of the TRC reinforcement on the erosion of chloride ions will be
C3 5 3.76 studied in further research. The longitudinal bars and stirrups of
C4 10 8.27 Specimen C7 rusted severely, and the shear capacity was weak-
C5 10 7.35 ened, which produces the possibility of shear failure. After being
C6 10 8.69
strengthened with TRC, it had a better bearing capacity and defor-
C7 15 13.82
mation ability in the early period of loading, whereas the bearing
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Fig. 7. Hysteresis curves: (a) Specimen C1; (b) Specimen C2; (c) Specimen C3; (d) Specimen C4; (e) Specimen C5; (f) Specimen C6; (g) Specimen C7

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J. Struct. Eng., 2017, 143(5): -1--1

Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by China University of Mining & Technology on 04/27/17. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.
Fig. 8. Skeleton curves: (a) Specimens C1, C2, and C3; (b) Specimens C4, C5, C6, and C7
capacity decreased rapidly in the later stage of loading due to the
serious steel corrosion and fiber breaking. The failure mode of
Specimen C7 was still bending failure. This showed that the
TRC can increase the shear capacity of the columns, but specific
findings will be determined through further research.
Skeleton Curve
Table 5 and Fig. 8 indicate that Specimen C2 had the same cracking
load as Specimen C3. Their cracking load was improved by
26.67% compared to that of Specimen C1. This means that TRC
reinforcement can effectively delay the crack occurrence and
inhibit their development. The peak load of Specimen C3 was
very close to that of Specimen C1, but that of Specimen C2
was 4.47% lower than that of Specimen C1. This is because fac-
tors such as the transverse rib wear of the steel bars and the in-
consistent thickness of the concrete protection layer resulted in the
nonuniform corrosion of the steel bars and enhanced the bond
strength between the reinforcement and the concrete, causing
the bearing capacity of the unstrengthened specimen to be higher.
It can be seen that the peak loads of Specimens C5 and C6 were
not very different from those of Specimens C2 and C3. The textile
has a good capacity for resisting corrosion and provided sufficient
restraint ability for the specimens in displacement loading, which
can make up for the degradation of the mechanical properties and
the bond properties of the steel bars that resulted from the corro-
sion. It can also be seen that the greater the corrosion ratio was,
the higher the constraint efficiency of the TRC. According to the
slope of the skeleton curve, the initial stiffness of Specimen C6
was basically the same as that of Specimen C7. The test results
thus showed that the TRC can increase the initial stiffness of the
corroded specimens.
Fig. 8 shows that under the environment of a 5% corrosion ratio,
the behavior of the strengthened columns was only slightly
improved for a lateral displacement of up to 20 mm. However, be-
yond that point, the degradation of the bearing capacity of the
strengthened columns was significantly less severe than that of
the unstrengthened columns, and when the lateral displacement
reached 50 mm, Specimens C1 and C3 failed, causing their bearing
capacity to decrease quickly, whereas the bearing capacity of Speci-
men C2 did not decrease significantly. This showed that the TRC
can improve the ductility of corroded columns. Under the environ-
ment of a 10% corrosion ratio, the bearing capacity of the un-
strengthened columns was lower than that of the strengthened
columns after a lateral displacement of up to 10 mm. It can also
be seen that the greater the corrosion ratio was, the greater the abil-
ity of the TRC to prevent bearing capacity degradation. In addition,
after reaching the peak load, the bearing capacities of Specimens
© ASCE
J. Struct. Eng., 2017, 143(5): -1--1
C1 and C4 decreased rapidly, and their ability to resist deformation
was reduced. However, the columns strengthened with TRC can
ensure a sufficient bearing capacity and deformation capacity in
the later stage of displacement loading. This showed that the
reinforcement can improve the seismic deformation capacity of
the columns to a certain degree, both before the corrosion and after
the corrosion. Because the measured corrosion ratio of steel
reinforcement was lower than the theoretical corrosion ratio, the
measured capacity may be not consistent with the theoretical
capacity, but the variation regularity of the measured capacity
and theoretical capacity with the corrosion ratio change should
be consistent. The theoretical capacity calculation method of the
columns strengthened with TRC under an erosion environment
and the difference between the measured capacity and theoretical
capacity will be studied in further research.
Ductility
Table 5 shows that compared with Specimen C1, the displace-
ment ductility ratios in the positive direction of Specimens C2
and C3 increased by 64.52 and 23.46%, respectively, while those
in the negative direction increased by 58.52 and 11.45%, respec-
tively. This is because the TRC reinforcement increased the de-
gree of confinement of the concrete, and the ultimate compressive
strain of the concrete was larger than that of the concrete without
reinforcement, which can improve the ductility of the specimens.
TRC reinforcement can also effectively delay the development of
cracks and improve the ductility of the specimens to some degree.
The results showed that the TRC reinforcement can effectively
improve the seismic ductility of the RC columns under the same
corrosion environment, and reinforcement before corrosion can
develop the restriction effect of the TRC in a manner superior
to that of reinforcement after corrosion. Compared with Speci-
mens C2 and C3, the displacement ductility ratios for the nega-
tive direction of Specimens C5 and C6 decreased by 15.09 and
12.56%, respectively. Because of the nonuniform corrosion of the
steel bars under the environment of a high corrosion ratio and the
incomplete symmetry of the specimen, the displacement ductility
ratios for the positive and negative directions of Specimen C6 had
an obvious difference. This shows that displacement ductility ra-
tio of the strengthened columns decreased with the increasing
corrosion ratio, especially when the corrosion was applied after
the reinforcement. This is because the displacement ductility ra-
tios for the two directions of Specimen C3 are significantly lower
than those of Specimen C2. Compared with those of Specimen
C2, the displacement ductility ratio for the positive direction of
Specimen C3 decreased by 24.96%, whereas that for the negative
direction decreased by 29.70%. Compared with Specimen C5,
04016231-8 J. Struct. Eng.
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Fig. 9. Stiffness degradation curves: (a) Specimens C1, C2, and C3; (b) Specimens C4, C5, C6, and C7

Fig. 10. Cumulative energy curves: (a) Specimens C1, C2, and C3; (b) Specimens C4, C5, C6, and C7

the displacement ductility ratio for the positive direction of
Specimen C6 decreased by 18.67%, whereas that for the negative
direction decreased by 27.60%. This shows that reinforcement
prior to the corrosion maximizes the effect of the TRC over
reinforcement after the corrosion in an environment of a high cor-
rosion ratio.
Stiffness Degradation
The equivalent secant stiffness recommended by the reference lit-
erature (Deng et al. 2010) was used to analyze the stiffness degra-
dation of each specimen. It is defined as the slope of a straight line
from the origin to a point of the hysteresis curve, namely, the ratio
between the bearing capacity and displacement. η is the ratio be-
tween the secant stiffness of the hysteresis loop and the yield stiff-
ness, and β is the ratio of the peak displacement to the yield
displacement. The relative stiffness degradation curve of each
specimen is shown in Fig. 9.
Fig. 9 shows that the stiffness degradation of the specimens in-
creased with the displacement. The stiffness of the specimens de-
creased rapidly after cracking and yielding, and the degradation
gradually decreased after reaching the peak load. In the early stage
of displacement loading, the stiffness degradation ratio of each
specimen is basically the same, but those of Specimens C2 and
C5 were slower than those of the other specimens, and the stiffness
degradation curves of Specimens C2 and C5 were longer in the
later stage of displacement loading. This is because the TRC
reinforcement reduces the corrosion of steel, prevents the further
degradation of the mechanical properties of the steel bar, and effec-
tively ensures that the height of the compression area of the speci-
men will not be rapidly reduced. This shows that reinforcement
prior to corrosion can delay the stiffness degradation and that it
has a more-significant effect under the environment of a high cor-
rosion ratio.
Energy-Dissipation Capacity
The cumulative energy dissipation of the specimens can be ex-
pressed by the area surrounded by the hysteresis curve, and the
given energy-dissipation values are reported to correspond to the
same lateral drift (Ma et al. 2012). The energy-dissipation curves
of the specimens are shown in Fig. 10.
With a lateral displacement of up to 40 mm, the energy-
dissipation ratio of Specimen C2 was the basically the same as that
of Specimen C3 under the environment of a 5% corrosion ratio and
greater than that of Specimen C1. Compared with Specimen C1,
the total energy consumption values of Specimens C2 and C3 were
80.39 and 107.31% higher, respectively. In the early period of dis-
placement loading, the energy-dissipation ratio of Specimen C5
was basically the same as that of Specimen C6 under the environ-
ment of a 10% corrosion ratio, but in the later stage, the energy-
dissipation ratio of Specimen C5 increased, and its total energy
consumption value increased by 17.10% compared to that of
Specimen C4. Conclusively, TRC reinforcement can effectively im-
prove the energy-dissipation capacity of RC columns in a corrosion
environment.
Conclusion
A combination of textile and steel bars in reinforced concrete flexu-
ral members is quite effective in delaying the extension of crack

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J. Struct. Eng., 2017, 143(5): -1--1

 width and in improving the serviceability and flexural bearing
capacity of components. Because the test conditions, test time,
and number of specimens were limited, more-extensive tests need
to be performed. The specific inhibition mechanism of the TRC
reinforcement on the erosion of chloride ions will be studied
in further research. Based on this study, the conclusions are as
follows:
• TRC reinforcement can effectively reduce the effect of chloride
ions on the corrosion of steel bars, delay the time of the crack
appearance, and limit the development of cracks;
• The hysteretic curve and stiffness degradation of the columns
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strengthened with TRC were better than those of unstrengthened
columns under the same corrosion environment. The reinforce-
ment prior to corrosion was better than that of reinforcement
after corrosion. The greater the corrosion ratio was, the greater
the ability of the TRC to prevent bearing-capacity and stiffness
degradation;
• TRC reinforcement can greatly improve the seismic behavior of
RC columns, whether before or after corrosion, and the greater
the corrosion ratio was, the higher the constraint efficiency of
the TRC;
• TRC reinforcement can effectively improve the seismic ductility
of RC columns in a corrosion environment. The reinforcement
prior to corrosion was more effective than that after corrosion in
developing the restriction effect of the TRC. The displacement
ductility ratio of the strengthened columns decreased with the
increasing corrosion ratio; and
• TRC reinforcement can effectively improve the energy-
dissipation capacity of RC columns under a corrosion
environment.
TRC can increase the lateral restraints and the shear capacity of
the columns, but the specific mechanism will be studied in further
research. The effects of the longitudinal bars, heights of bars, and
different types of longitudinal and transverse bars on the seismic
behavior of RC columns strengthened with TRC will also be stud-
ied in further research.
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the
Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China
(Grant No. 51478458) and the Fundamental Research Funds
for the Central Universities (2015XKMS013). The experimental
work described in this paper was conducted at the Jiangsu Key
Laboratory of Environmental impact and Structural Safety in Civil
Engineering in the China University of Mining and Technology.
Help during the testing from staffs and students at the Laboratory
are greatly acknowledged.
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