4.

ANIMAL KINGDOM
1. Classification helps in assigning a systematic position to newly described
species.
2.Fundamental features common in arrangement of cells, body symmetry, nature of coelom,
animals/Basis of classification patterns of digestive, circulatory or reproductive systems.
3.Cellular level of organization Sponges (loose cell aggregates).
Some division of labour (activities) occur among the cells.
4.Tissue cells performing the same function are arranged into
tissues.
5.Tissue level of organization Coelenterate (cnidaria), Ctenophora.
6.Organ level members of Platyhelminthes and other higher
phyla. Tissues are grouped together to form organs, each
specialised for a particular function
7.Organ system level Some platyhelminth members, Aschelminthes to
Chordata. organs associated to form functional systems,
each system concerned with a specific physiological
function.
8.Incomplete gut Cnidaria, Ctenophora, Platyheminthes - Single opening
serves as both mouth and anus, Porifera absent.
9.Complete gut Aschelminthes to Choradata. two openings- mouth and
anus.
10. Circulatory system Absent in porifera to aschelminthes.
11.Open type Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Hemichordata,
Urochoradata. Cells and tissues are directly bathed in
blood. Few blood vessels present.
12.closed type Annelida, Cephalochordates, vertebrata. Blood is
circulated arteries, veins and capillaries.
13.Symmetry Sponges – Mostly asymmetrical, some radial.
14. Radial symmetry Any plane that passes through the central axis of body
divide them into equal halves. Coelenterata, Ctenophora,
Echinoderm adults. (larvae – Bilateral symmetry)
15.Bilateral symmetry body can be divided into identical left and
right halves in only mid sagittal plane, Platyhelminthes to
chordata.
16.Diploblastic Coelenterates, Ctenophora. An undifferentiated layer,
mesoglea, is present in between the ectoderm and the
endoderm
17. Triploblastic Platyhelminthes to Chordata.
18.Coelom Body cavity lined by mesoderm
19.Acoelomates Coelom absent in porifera, cnidaria, ctenophora,
platyhelminthes
20. Pseudocoelomate Aschelminthes. Rotifers-mesoderm is present as scattered
pouches in between the ectoderm and endoderm.
21.Metamerism/segmentation Annelida, Arthropoda, Chordata-serial repetition of at least
some organs
22.Non chordate Porifera to Hemichordates
23.Chordates Notochord(mesodermal rod-like structure - dorsal side
during embryonic development in some animals.
24. Porifera- Functions – waterflow – Ostia>Spongocoel>Osculum.

Dr.K.LAKSHMINARAYANA ZSL
 Special features Canal/water transport helpful in food gathering, respiratory exchange and
system removal of waste.
Choanocytes or collar cells line the spongocoel and the
canals. Digestion is intracellular. Hermaphrodite
Internal fertilization, Indirect development.
Sycon, Spongilla, Euspongia
25.Cnidoblasts/Cnidocytes present on the tentacles and the body. Cnidoblasts are
used for anchorage, defense and for the capture of prey.
Extra and intra cellular digestion, Mouth on
hypostome.
Metagenesis – Polyp >asexual > Medusa > sexual >Polyp
Physalia, Adamsia, Gorgonia, Pennatula, Obelia,
Meandrina.
26. Ctenophora exclusively marine, comb plates help in locomotion.
(sea walnuts or comb jellies) Digestion is both extracellular and intracellular.
Bioluminescence, Hermaphrodite/monoecious/bisexual.
External fertilization, Indirect development.
Ctenoplana, Pleurobrachia.
27. Platyhelminthes mostly endoparasites, Hooks and suckers present in parasitic
forms. flame cells help in osmoregulation and excretion.
Internal fertilization, Indirect development,
Hermaphrodite. Planaria possess high regeneration
capacity.
28.Aschelminthes (Round worms) Muscular pharynx in gut. Excretory tube removes body
wastes from the body cavity through the excretory pore.
Diocious. Internal fertilization. Ancylostoma
29.Annelida (Ring worms) Nereis – Parapodia help in locomotion, diocious
Nephridia help in osmoregulation and excretion.
Earthworm, leech monoecious.
30. Arthropoda Respiratory system – Gills, Book gills, Book lungs,
Tracheal system. Malpighian tubules for excretion.
Locusta, Limulus.
31. Mollusca The space between the hump and the mantle is called the
mantle cavity.
Ctenidia respiratory and excretory functions.
mouth contains radula -a file-like rasping organ for feeding.
Aplysia, Chaetopleura.
32.Echinodermata Endoskeleton: calcareous ossicles
Water vascular/Ambulacral system: locomotion, capture
and transport of food and respiration.
Excretory system absent. External fertilization.
Brittle star, Feather star.
33.Hemichordata. A small group of worm-like marine animals.
Body is cylindrical, composed of an
anterior proboscis, a collar and a long trunk. Gill
respiration. Proboscis gland -excretion. Unisexual
external fertilization. saccoglossus
34. Chordate Notochord, hollow nerve cord, paired pharyngeal gill slits
Post anal tail, ventral heart.
35. Urochordata (protochordate) Notochord is present only in larval tail,

Dr.K.LAKSHMINARAYANA ZSL
 36. Cephalochordata (Protochordate)
37.vertebrata:
38. all vertebrates are chordates but all
chordates are not vertebrates.
39. Divison :Agnatha
Class : Cyclostomata
40. Super class: Pisces
Class: Chondrichthyes
41. Super class: Pisces
Class: Osteichthyes
42. Super class: tetrapoda
Class: Amphibia
43.Reptilia (L-Creep/crawl)
44.Class Aves
45.Class: Mammalia
46. Aschelminthes include parasitic as
well as non-parasitic round worms.
47. Poikilotherms (cold blooded)
48. Homoiotherms (warm blooded)
49. Cyclostomes are jawless
ectoparasites on fishes.
50. Which is not common feature in
echinoderms and hemichordates?
Dr.K.LAKSHMINARAYANA ZSL
Notochord extends from head to tail region and is
persistent throughout their life. Branchiostoma
(Amphioxus or Lancelet)
possess notochord during the embryonic period.
notochord is replaced by a cartilaginous or bony vertebral
column in the adult.
True
circular mouth without jaws, Devoid of scales & paired
fins. 6-15 pairs of gill slits.
Cranium and vertebral column are cartilaginous.
Anadromous migration for spawning. Hag fish, Lamprey
Notochord is persistent throughout life.
Teeth are modified placoid scales. No operculum,viviparous
They have to swim constantly to avoid sinking. No air bladder.
In males pelvic fins bear claspers. Torpedo, Trygon, Pristis
4 pairs of gills. Operculum present. Air bladder present.
Oviparous. Rohu, Magur, Fighting fish and Angel fish.
A tympanum represents the ear. Cloaca present. 3
chambered heart. Limbless amphibian, Tailless amphibian
Body is covered by dry and cornified skin, epidermal scales or
scutes. Tympanum represents ear. Snakes and lizards shed
their scales as skin cast. Tree/Wall/Garden lizards. Krait,turtle
Feathers, Beak, Wings (forelimbs), scales ((hind limbs),
Pneumatic bone (long bone), crop and gizzard in
digestive system, air sacs of lungs supplement respiration.
Oviparous and direct development. Penguin, vulture,
pigeon.
Mammary glands, skin posses hair, pinnae present.
Different types of teeth. Viviparous with few exceptions.
Platypus, flying fox, blue whale, Dog.
True
Fishes, Amphibians, Reptiles
Aves and Mammals
True
Marine, External fertilization, Indirect development,
Unisexual, Gills. Proboscis gland.