DOMAIN EUKARYA

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 1.7 Kingdom Animalia

At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

a) C2 : Describe the unique characteristics of kingdom Animalia

b) C1 : State the classification of Animalia into nine phyla
c) C3 : Discover the unique characteristics of the 9 phyla
d) C3 : Explain evolutionary relationships of animals based on their:
i. Level of organization
ii. Germs layers
iii. Body symmetry
iv. Body coelom
v. Segmentation

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a) Describe the unique characteristics of kingdom Animalia

Unique Characteristics of Kingdom Animalia

• Multicellular eukaryotes
• Heterotrophs
• No cell walls
• Motile, at least for part of their life
• Mostly contains nervous and muscle tissue

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 Unique Characteristics of Kingdom Animalia

• Have specialised cell that form tissues, organ and

system (except for sponge)
• Diplontic life cycle
• Diverse body plan
• Mostly reproduce sexually
• Undergo stage of embryonic development

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b) State the classification of Animalia into nine phyla
Porifera
Cnidaria
Platyhelminthes
Classification of
Kingdom Nematoda
Animalia into 9 Annelida
phyla
Arthropoda
Mollusca
Echinodermata
Chordata

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c) Discover the unique characteristics of the 9 phyla

PHYLUM PORIFERA

• Simplest multicellular animal

• Porifera means pore bearer, have bodies full of
pores & channels allowing water to circulate
through them
• Mostly marine
• All adults are sessile (motile at larval stage)
• Eg: Sponges (Leucosolenia sp.)

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 Unique Characteristics Of Phylum Porifera
• Parazoa (no true tissues)
• Mostly asymmetrical, few have radial symmetry
• No germ layers
• No body cavity
• No segmentation
• Feeding ~ water system (suspension feeders)
• Adults are sessile; motile at larval stage (flagellated)
• Spicule act as skeleton (CaCO3 / silica / collagen / spongin)
• Reproduction: asexual & sexual (hermaphrodite)

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 Body Structures of Phylum Porifera

• Body plan has 2 layers of cells separated by mesohyl

• Outer layer – flat cells (pinacocyte/epidermis)
• Inner layer – collar cells (choanocyte)

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 Body Structures of Phylum Porifera

• Mesohyl contains amebocyte (ameboid cell) which

secretes spicules
• Spicules act as skeleton to support the body
• Amebocyte also gives rise to sperm & ovum at
different time
• Porocyte – cell that has pores which helps water
from outside to move into spongocoel / central
cavity

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 Feeding – Water System

• Sponges depends on water currents to carry food & O2

• Water enters through ostia & flow within spongocoel,
exits via osculum & carry away the body wastes

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 Water System

• Collar cells (choanocyte) trap and phagocytize food

particles
• Amoebocyte phagocytized larger particles
• Intracellular digestion

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 PHYLUM CNIDARIA

• Has true tissues (eumetazoa)

• Radial body symmetry
• Live in colonies or solitary
• Most are marine (Obelia sp.), some freshwater
species (Hydra sp.)
• Has two body forms (dimorphism) : polyp (sessile)
& medusa (motile)

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 UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS

• Diploblasticeukaryote (has two germ layers :

endoderm and ectoderm)
• Has mesoglea in between the two germ layers
• No body cavity
• Include hydroids, jellyfish, anemone & corals

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 UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS

• Has cnidocyte, a stinging cells contain nematocyst

on tentacles around the mouth

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 UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS

• Incomplete digestive system - gastrovascular

cavity has one opening (serve as mouth & anus)

• Extracellular & intracellular digestion

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 UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS

• Water serves as hydrostatic skeleton to allow movement

• Simple nerve net
• Reproduce asexually (by budding) & sexually

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Obelia sp. (medusa form)
Obelia sp.
(polyp form)
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 EXTRA
Dimorphism in Obelia sp. INFO

• Obelia sp. live in colonies

• Exist in both polyp and medusa forms

• Has 2 types of polyps:

−Reproductive polyp (lack of tentacles)
−Feeding polyp (has tentacles)

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 Dimorphism in Obelia sp.

• Reproductive polyp produce tiny medusa by

asexual budding
• Medusa is motile and has separate sexes
• Male medusa releases sperms and female medusa
releases eggs
• Fertilization occur externally, zygote is formed
• Zygote undergo mitosis and producing ciliated
planula larva
• Planula larva swims & attached to a substratum and
forms new colony of polyp by asexual budding
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 Sexually by producing
gametes

Asexually by budding

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 PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES

• Known as flat worms (platy ~ flat; helminths ~

worm)
• Eumetazoa
• Flat body dorsoventrally
• Bilateral symmetry
• Has cephalization (concentration of sensory
organs in the head region)
• Triploblastic acoelomate
• Nervous system: ladderlike
• Habitats: Marine, Freshwater, Damp terrestrials
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 Unique Characteristics

■ Digestive system: incomplete, absent in some

species
■ Excretory system: has protonephridia (flame cells)
for osmoregulation
■ Lack of respiratory & circulation systems

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Simple nervous system

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 Unique Characteristics

■ Undergoes asexual and sexual reproduction

■ Most are monoecious (hermaphrodite), but practice cross-
fertilization

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 Phylum Platyhelminthes ~ Taenia sp.

• All endoparasitic tapeworms

• Shape: long, flat body, composed of scolex
(head) & many reproductive units,
proglottids
• Each proglottid has male & female organ
• Scolex has suckers and hooks for
attachment in intestine
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 Phylum Platyhelminthes ~ Taenia sp.

• Covered with thick cuticle (tegument) ~ provide

protection from host’s digestive enzyme

• Lack of digestive system

• Entire surface is covered with small projections

(like microvilli) to increase surface area for
absorption

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 Phylum Platyhelminthes ~ Taenia sp.

• Shelled larvae in mature proglottids detaches from

worm as it reaches the posterior end

• Passed in the feces

• First host eat the larvae which develop and encyst to

form cysticerci (usually in muscle)

• Larvae enter human body (second host) when the

host eats undercooked beef/pork
• Larvae develop into adult worms

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 PHYLUM NEMATODA

• Cylindrical in shape with tapered posterior end

and blunt anterior end

• Anterior end shows cephalisation, but with no

distinct head
• Heterotrophic nutrition

• Roles: endoparasite

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 UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS

• Roundworm
• Most are free living
• Habitat in the seas, freshwater, and on land
• some species have very specific habitats.
• Nematodes generally live in the spaces between
aquatic sediments or on the sediment surface
• Some are endoparasite found plant and animal
tissues
• Eg: Ascaris sp.

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 UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS

• Triploblastic pseudocoelomate
• Fluid in pseudocoel forming a hydrostatic
skeleton
• Complete digestive system: (has mouth and
anus)
• Nervous system: has distinct dorsal & ventral
nerve cord

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 UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS

• Lack of respiratory & circulation systems: nutrients are

transported throughout body via fluid in the pseudocoelom

• Body is covered by thick transparent cuticle

• As worm grows, it sheds old cuticle (ecdysis) periodically

• Has only longitudinal muscle (causes whip-like movement)

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 UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS

• Usually reproduce sexually:

– Separate male and female in most species, the
size of female is larger than male
– Internal fertilization

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Complete digestive
tract

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 Phylum Annelida

• Shape: cylindrical with metameric segmentation

• Eumetazoa
• Bilateral symmetry
• Has cephalization
• Triploblastic eucoelomate
• Fluid in coelom ~ hydrostatic skeleton for
locomotion and protects internal organs
• Coelom allow development of complex organ
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 Unique Characteristics - Phylum Annelida

• Complete digestive system: has mouth and anus

• Protostome (mouth develop first)
• Excretory system: metanephridia
• Respiratory system: skin, gills or parapodia
• Closed circulatory system with blood vessel
• Body covered by transparent cuticle
• Has circular and longitudinal muscle
• Mostly monoecious but cross fertilization is a must

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 Phylum Annelida ~ Pheretima sp.

• Each segment has 4 pairs of setae

• Has clitellum ~ secrete a mucous cocoon where

embryo develops into young worms

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 Comparison between 3 phyla of:
PLATYHELMINTHES NEMATODA ANNELIDA

Bilateral symmetry
Triploblastic
Acoelomate Pseudocoelomate Coelomate
Unsegmented body Unsegmented body Metameric segmented
body
Flattened body Elongated body with Elongated body
pointed ends
Incomplete digestive Complete digestive tract Complete digestive tract
tract; mouth also act as with mouth and anus with mouth and anus
anus
Hermaphrodite Separate sexes Hermaphrodite

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Difference between nematode and annelide
Ascaris sp. Pheretima sp.
(Phylum Nematoda) (Phylum Annelida)
Pseudocoelomate Coelomate
Unsegmented Segmented
Parasitic Non parasitic
Separate sexes Hermaphrodite
Has longitudinal muscle only Has longitudinal and circular
muscle
Chaetae absent Chaetae present
Clitellum absent Clitellum present
Eggs without cocoon Eggs within cocoon
Has larval stage No larval stage/ direct development
No hydrostatic skeleton Has hydrostatic skeleton
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 PHYLUM ARTHROPODA

• Eumetazoa
• Bilateral symmetry body
• Triploblasticeucoelomate
• Has chitinous exoskeleton
• Largest phylum
• Has extensive cephalization
• Most successful phylum in terms of species
diversity, numbers & distribution

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 PHYLUM ARTHROPODA

• Protostome
• Complete digestive system: has mouth and anus
• Excretory system: Malphigian tubules
• Nervous system: highly developed
• Respiratory system: through gills, trachea or book
lungs
• Open circulatory system blood-like fluid
(hemocoelom)
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 Unique characteristics of Arthropoda

1. Hard and Chitinous Exoskeleton

• a hard external covering for protection from
dehydration and allow free movement
(attachment site of muscle)
• adaptations to wider range of habitat.

2. Paired and jointed appendages

• specialized for variety of functions eg.
movement, feeding
• allow efficient locomotion / flexible movement

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 Unique characteristics of Arthropoda

3. Has tagmata/body segmentation

• Few segments are grouped together to form a distinct
body region (tagmata); head, thorax & abdomen

• These segments may or may not fused together

• Allow specialization of body parts to conduct specific

function

• Head for feeding, thorax (movement) & abdomen

(reproduction)

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 Cephalothorax Abdomen

• Tagmata (Body Segmentation into Head, Thorax & Abdomen)

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 Unique characteristics of Arthropoda

4. Has highly developed sensory organs

• Included eyes/sense of touch/ smell/hearing
/balancing/chemical receptor and alert to any small
changes in the environment

• Very alert to slight changes in surroundings & respond

rapidly to avoid danger

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 Unique characteristics of Arthropoda

5. Metamorphosis
Allow different life forms that are adapted to different habitat
larvae and adult feeding on different sources thus reduces intraspecific
competition

6. Has variety of mouth structures

Has many feeding mode and eat various types of food

7. Has variety respiratory organs and highly efficient respiratory

system
lungs, trachea and book lungs allow them to survive in different habitat

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 6 Classes of Arthropoda
Class Chilopoda Class Crustacea Class Diplopoda
Centipede Prawn Millipede
(Scolopendra sp.) (Macrobrachium sp. ) (Julus sp. )

Class Insecta Class Arachnida Class Merostomata

Grasshoppers Spider Horseshoe crab
(Valanga sp. ) (Nephila sp.) (Tachypleus sp.)

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 Phylum Arthropoda ~ Valanga sp.

• Body part consists of a head, thorax and abdomen

• Has a pair of antenna and 3 pairs of walking legs

• Usually have 2 pairs of wings on the thoracic body

• Habitat: Mostly terrestrial

• Respiration through the tracheal system

• Has various mode of nutrition

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 PHYLUM MOLLUSCA

• Habitats: Most marine, freshwater (many snails, cockles)

terrestrials (garden snails)
• Modes of nutrition: Heterotrophic nutrition
• Roles: Filter feeders (cockles), detritivores (garden snails),
predators (squids)
• Bilateral symmetry triploblastic coelomates
• Eumetazoa
• Complete digestive system: has mouth and anus
• Respiratory system: use gills
• Marine mollusks mostly produce trocophore larvae
• Soft and moist body
• Protostome
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Body has THREE main
parts:
1. Muscular foot
2. Mantle
3. Visceral mass

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 UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS

• Body has THREE main parts:

(i) Muscular foot
− Attach to the head (e.g. in snail)
− For movement/locomotion
(ii) Visceral mass
−Consists of internal organs such as nephridia, heart,
gonads, digestive tract
(iii) Mantle
−Tissue that covers visceral mass
−Function to secrete shell
−By secreting calcium carbonate to harden the shell

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 UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS

• Largest classes
• Mostly marine
• Respiration : gills and moist skin
• Mostly protected by a single-spiraled external
shell (univalves)
• Some has operculum, a plate that covers the shell
opening when body is withdrawn
• Mostly have eyes at the tips of tentacles
• Eg: snails and slugs
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 UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS

• Undergo torsion during embryonic development

• Anus and mantle cavity is twisted to the front by
180° rotation
• After torsion, anus and mantle cavity is located
above the head & mouth
• Space in the mantle cavity may provide space for
head (can be withdrawn into the shell)

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Garden snail
Achatina sp.

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 PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA

• Habitats: mostly marine

• Triploblastic, coelomates
• Bilateral symmetry (in larval stage)
• Radial symmetry (in adults)
• Internal and external part radiate from center
• Often exist as five spokes (E.g. starfish, brittle
stars)
• Has hard calcareous endoskeleton plates
• Spines covered by a thin ciliated epidermis
• Deuterostome
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 UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS

• Has water vascular system

• Possess tube feet

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 UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS

• Has a network of fluid-filled canals

• Water enters via small pores in madreporite, ring canal and
radial canal
• Radial canal further branched into many tiny tube feet

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 UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS

• Each tube foot has a round muscular sac (ampulla) that stores
fluid
• Fluid allows tube foot to extend
• At the bottom of the foot, a suction cup helps to adhere on
surface
• Water vascular system also helps in feeding and gas exchange
• Act as hydrostatic skeleton for locomotion

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Water Vascular System

Tube feet

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 Phylum Echinodermata ~ Asterias sp.

• Have five arms radiating from a central disc

• Tube feet is undersurface of each arm
• Mouth in center of underside disc
• Carnivorous predators & scavenger

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9. PHYLUM CHORDATA

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 Unique Characteristics – Phylum Chordata

• Eumetazoa
• Bilateral symmetry, has cephalization
• Triploblastic eucoelomate
• Has endoskeleton (cartilage or bone)
• Close circulatory system with a ventral heart
• Deuterostome
• Segmented body but very specialized that the basic
segments are not obvious (most obvious in a serially
repeated body muscle & skeletal structures eg: vertebrae)
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 Five Unique Characteristics – Phylum Chordata

1. Has notochord

2. Has pharyngeal slits

(slits in the pharynx)

3. Dorsal hollow nerve cord

4. Post-anal tail

5. Myotomes

https://zoologysprings3.weebly.com

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 1. Has notochord

• Notochord is a dorsal longitudinal rod

• Composed of spongy connective tissue surrounded by a
tough fibrous sheath; it is firm but flexible
• Located at dorsal to the gut (between digestive tube &
nerve cord)
• Provide support to the body & site of muscles’ attachment
• Present at least in certain stage of their life cycle
• In vertebrates, embryonic notochord gives rise to
vertebral column

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 2. Has pharyngeal slits (slits in the pharynx)

• During embryonic development, a series of groove develop in the

pharynx
• A series of outpocketings from lateral sides of the pharynx extend to
the groove
• In most vertebrate, it is seen only during embryonic development
• Perforations are found on each side of the pharynx
• Perforated pharynx first evolved to filter suspended food particles
• In aquatic chordates, the gill is adapted for gas exchange
• In human, the first pair become auditory tube
Mader, 2004

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 3. Dorsal hollow nerve cord

• Have a dorsal tubular nerve cord

• Located at dorsal
• Hollow
• Usually more specialized at the anterior end that develop
into brain & the rest develop into spinal cord
• Nerve cord develop into central nervous system : brain &
spinal cord
• In vertebrates, nerve cord (spinal cord) is protected by
vertebrae

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 4. Post-anal tail

• Chordates have a larvae / embryo with a muscular

postanal tail, an appendage that extends beyond /
posterior to the anus

• Aquatic vertebrate – the tail is retained for locomotion

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 5. Myotomes

• Blocks of skeletal muscle, a series of muscle segment

• Arranged in pairs on either side of the body
• It is supplied by a single nerve root
• Myotome is the part of a somite that develops into the
muscle during embryonic development
• Certain chordate : only during embryonic stage.
• Remain in primitive chordate
• Work antagonistically.
• Providing locomotion.

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Knorr, 1974

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E.g: Lancelet (Amphioxus sp.)

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d) Explain evolutionary relationships of animals

EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIP
IN ANIMAL KINGDOM
1. Level of Organization
All animals are divided into 2 main groups:-

a) Parazoa
• Groups of cells are loosely arranged
• Does not form true tissue

b) Eumetazoa
• Has true tissue
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2. Germ Layers

• Diploblastic (2 germ layers) • Triploblastic (3 germ layers)

- Ectoderm - Ectoderm
- Endoderm - Mesoderm
- Endoderm

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3. Body Symmetry

Mader, 2004

Radial symmetry Bilateral symmetry

• Many planes can divide body into • Only 1 plane can divide body into
similar halves similar halves
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Learning Outcomes :
11.7 (d) Explain evolutionary relationship of animals based on their:

4. Body Coelom (Cavity)

• Body cavity : a fluid-filled space between the outer body

wall and digestive tract

Mader, 2004

1) Acoelomate 2) Pseudocoelomate 3) Coelomate

⮚ no body cavity ⮚ body cavity is not completely lined ⮚ body cavity is completely lined by
by mesoderm (in between mesoderm (true coelom)
⮚ a solid body
mesoderm & endoderm)

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4. Body Coelom (Cavity)

• Evolution of coelom
provides a space where
internal organs can
develop & function
• Eg: lungs can expand
due to the presence of
space

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Campbell et al., 2015

Learning Outcomes :
11.7 (d) Explain evolutionary relationship of animals based on their:

5. Segmentation

• Body without segment cannot control their

movements precisely
• When septa divide the coelom into a series of
compartments, components of most body
system (eg: nervous, muscle) are repeated in
each segment
• This body plan ~ metameric segmentation
(seen in earthworm)
• Able to control movements by separate
segments independently / specifically
• Segmented body can be seen in Phylum
Annelida, Arthropoda & Chordata
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https://biodiversityintrobio.wordpress.com/kin
gdom-animalia/characteristics-of-animals/
Learning Outcomes :
11.7 (d) Explain evolutionary relationship of animals based on their:

5. Segmentation

• In millipedes, they have paired appendages (eg: antenna /

legs) in each segments
• But most of their body segments have legs (just for
movements)
• In higher animals, few segments are grouped together to
form a distinct body region (tagmata); head, thorax &
abdomen
• These segments may or may not fused together

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Learning Outcomes :
11.7 (d) Explain evolutionary relationship of animals based on their:

5. Segmentation

https://droso4schools.wordpress.com/organs

• Their segments are specialized for different functions

• Head (brains & sensory organs); thorax (walking legs) & abdomen
(reproduction)
• Tagmata can be seen in Phylum Arthropoda & Chordata
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Porifera Cnidaria Platyhelminthes Nematoda Mollusca Annelida Arthropoda Echinoder Chordata
mata

No Yes No Yes

Segment? Segment?

Yes (protostome) No (deuterostome)

Mouth develop first?

No (Pseudocoelomate) Yes (Eucoelomate)

Lined by mesoderm?
No (Acoelomate) Yes

Coelom?

Radial, diploblastic Bilateral, triploblastic

Symmetry & Germ Layers

Parazoa Eumetazoa

No Yes
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Has true tissue?
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 Evolutionary relationship of animals
Phylum Level of Germ Body plan Body cavity Segmentation
organization layers (symmetry) / metamerism
Porifera Parazoa No germ Asymmetry No body cavity No
layers
Cnidaria Eumetazoa Diploblastic Radial No body cavity No

Platyhelminthes Eumetazoa Triploblastic Bilateral Acoelomate No

Nematoda Eumetazoa Triploblastic Bilateral Pseudocoelomate No

Annelida Eumetazoa Triploblastic Bilateral Coelomate Yes

Arthropoda Eumetazoa Triploblastic Bilateral Coelomate Yes

Mollusca Eumetazoa Triploblastic Bilateral Coelomate No

Echinodermata Eumetazoa Triploblastic Bilateral (larva) Coelomate No

Radial (adult)
Chordata Eumetazoa Triploblastic Bilateral Coelomate Yes
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