Navigating the intricate landscape of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) literature can be a daunting

task. As one delves into the vast expanse of research articles, reviews, and studies, it becomes
apparent that compiling a comprehensive literature review requires not only time and effort but also a
keen eye for detail and critical analysis.

The process of crafting a literature review on mesenchymal stem cells involves sifting through a
myriad of scientific papers, each presenting unique findings, methodologies, and interpretations. It
demands meticulous attention to detail to discern the relevance and significance of each study within
the broader context of MSC research.

Moreover, synthesizing diverse viewpoints and conflicting evidence adds another layer of
complexity to the task. It requires the ability to critically evaluate the quality of research, identify
gaps in knowledge, and construct a cohesive narrative that contributes meaningfully to the existing
literature.

For many researchers and students alike, the challenge of writing a literature review on mesenchymal
stem cells can feel overwhelming. Time constraints, limited access to resources, and the need to
adhere to rigorous academic standards further compound the difficulty of the endeavor.

In such circumstances, seeking assistance from expert writers and researchers can prove invaluable.
⇒ StudyHub.vip ⇔ offers a specialized service tailored to the unique needs of individuals grappling
with the intricacies of MSC literature. Our team of experienced professionals possesses the expertise
and resources necessary to navigate the complexities of mesenchymal stem cell research effectively.

By entrusting your literature review to ⇒ StudyHub.vip ⇔, you can alleviate the burden of this
challenging task and ensure the production of a high-quality, well-crafted document. Our
commitment to excellence and customer satisfaction guarantees that your literature review will meet
the highest academic standards and contribute meaningfully to the advancement of MSC research.

Don't let the difficulty of writing a literature review on mesenchymal stem cells hinder your
academic or research pursuits. Place your trust in ⇒ StudyHub.vip ⇔ and unlock the potential to
produce a comprehensive and impactful review that illuminates the complexities of MSC biology and
therapeutics.
The in vitro studies have been complemented in vivo, where both confirmed the immunosuppressive
effect of MSC. Regulation of endothelium-derived nitric oxide production by the protein kinase Akt.
Transplantation 75 389 397 51. Meisel R. Zibert A. Laryea M. Gobel U. Daubener W. Dilloo D. 2004
Human bone marrow stromal cells inhibit allogeneic T-cell responses by indoleamine 2,3-
dioxygenase-mediated tryptophan degradation. The challenges and promises of allogeneic
mesenchymal stem cells for use as a cell-based therapy. Pay in 4 equal installments Use your existing
debit or credit card. MSCs produce a phenotypic shift in macrophages from a pro-inflammatory to
an anti-inflammatory state producing an anti-inflammatory cytokine profile with reduced foam cell
formation. While this process is not fully elucidated, it is thought MSCs adhere to vascular
endothelium via binding to P-selectin. Graphical abstract Mesenchymal stem cells have been shown
to have paracrine effects that affect the onset and progression of atherosclerotic disease. As a result,
impulses (messages) are being passed on faster. The main animal models analyzed were mice and
rats, however, to validate these therapies, pigs or apes would be better to resemble human wounds or
diseases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104 11002 11007 142. Mirotsou M. Zhang Z. Deb A. Zhang L.
Gnecchi M. Noiseux N. Mu H. Pachori A. Dzau V. 2007 Secreted frizzled related protein 2 (Sfrp2) is
the key Akt-mesenchymal stem cell-released paracrine factor mediating myocardial survival and
repair. For scleroderma, autologous hAT-MSCs injected subcutaneously was the most investigate cell
therapy, and for RDEB, allogeneic hBM-MSCs applied intravenously. Allogeneic cells were used in
four studies and autologous cells only in one. In these, allogeneic hAT-MSCs (3) or hUCB-MSCs (2)
alone (NCT03765957, NCT03265613, and NCT02918123) or in combination with other treatments
such as calcipotriol ointment (NCT033923119) or oral PSORI-CM01 Granule (NCT04275024) has
been evaluated. Studies have revealed several distinct stem cell niches, with varying potencies, in the
vessel wall. These local and systemic immunomodulatory effects reduce inflammation and plaque
infiltration, enhancing stability. The immunoregulatory and anti-proliferative effects of MSCs led to
several studies investigating the inhibitory effect of MSCs on tumor growth. In contrast to
investigations where autologous adult cells are analyzed, where manufacturing time is longer, the
immunomodulatory capacity of allogeneic hMSCs seems to be an advantage, because the rapid
availability associated could increase the success rate. Immunomodulatory properties of
mesenchymal stromal cells. Conclusion MSCs have remarkable potential as a treatment for
atherosclerosis. In this case, full-thickness wounds were generated and then devitalized. Blood 105
2821 2827 56. Ren G. Zhang L. Zhao X. Xu G. Zhang Y. Roberts A. I. Zhao R. C. Shi Y. 2008
Mesenchymal stem cell-mediated immunosuppression occurs via concerted action of chemokines
and nitric oxide. This study is part of his doctoral research in the Biomedicine’s program of
University of Granada. These defects are summed up as a combination of immune cell dysfunction
(including T-cell, NK cells, B-cells, and dendritic cells), associated with the presence of
inflammatory cytokine milieu ( 134 ). Function and therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells
in atherosclerosis. Front. Cardiovasc. Med. 4, ( 2017 ). Google Scholar 8. Li Q, Sun W, Wang X,
Zhang K, Xi W, Gao P. Conversely, there been no ischaemic events in human trials. MSCs have been
shown to dampen the respiratory burst and to delay the spontaneous apoptosis of resting and
activated neutrophils through an IL-6-dependent mechanism ( 47 ). Systematic injection of MSCs
was found to inhibit the in vivo production of pathogenic plp-specific antibodies and to suppress the
encephalitogenic potential of plp-specific T cells in passive-transfer experiments. Furthermore, MSC
have shown the capability to mediate the preservation of resting neutrophils, a phenomenon that
might be important in those anatomical sites, where large numbers of mature and functional
neutrophils are stored, such as the bone marrow and lungs ( 49 ). Hoseini Z, Sepahvand F, Rashidi B,
Sahebkar A, Masoudifar A, Mirzaei H.
Limitations of MSCs In limited rodent models, MSCs led to tumor formation, however, the safety of
MSCs has been persistently proven in human trials with no evidence of tumorigenesis. The
observation that MSCs can reduce T cell proliferation in vitro is mirrored by the in vivo finding
through infusions of h MSCs that control GVHD following bone marrow transplantation. J Orthop
Res 9 641 650 12. Horwitz E. M. Le Blanc K. Dominici M. Mueller I. Slaper-Cortenbach I. Marini F.
C. Deans R. J. Krause D. S. Keating A. 2005 Clarification of the nomenclature for MSC: The
International Society for Cellular Therapy position statement. However, this is an invasive procedure
which may carry unnecessary risk. Churov A, Summerhill V, Grechko A, Orekhova V, Orekhov A.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
License (CC BY). Adventitial MSC-like cells are progenitors of vascular smooth muscle cells and
drive vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease. Annu Rev Immunol 24 65 97 78. Ni X. Jia Y.
Q. Meng W. T. Zhong L. Zeng Y. 2009 Expression of B7-H1 molecule on human bone marrow
mesenchymal stem cells and its effects on T lymphocyte proliferation). Consistent with in vitro
studies, murine allogeneic MSCs are effective cellular therapy models in the treatment of murine
models of human disease ( 52, 100 - 102 ). In recent years, the discovery of MSCs with properties
similar, but not identical, to BM-MSCs has been demonstrated in the stromal fraction of the
connective tissue from several organs, including adipose tissue, trabecular bone, derma, liver and
muscle ( 21 - 24 ). Mechanisms that lead to immune tolerance rely on interrelated pathways that
involve complex cross talk and cross regulation of T-cells and APCs by one another. Greater
understanding of this mechanism could alter the administration of MSCs in order to further improve
the proportion of MSCs that home to the site of vessel injury. Bartholomew A. Patil S. Mackay A.
Nelson M. Buyaner D. Hardy W. Mosca J. Sturgeon C. Siatskas M. Mahmud N. Ferrer K. Deans R.
Moseley A. Hoffman R. Devine S. M. 2001 Baboon mesenchymal stem cells can be genetically
modified to secrete human erythropoietin in vivo. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted
which does not comply with these terms. Poltavtseva RA, Poltavtsev AV, Lutsenko GV,
Svirshchevskaya EV. Regardless of the controversial in vitro effects, B-cell response is mainly a T-
cell dependent mechanism, and thus its outcome is significantly influenced by the MSC-mediated
inhibition of T-cell functions. Evaluating cell therapy, small blisters were seen in the control
intradermal-injected animals but not in the animals that received hUCB-MSCs intradermal injection.
The modulatory effects of MSCs on immune cells will be considered, with key studies summarized
in Table 1. Table 1. Mesenchymal stem cells' effect in inflammation, particularly regarding T cells and
macrophages in atherosclerosis. In addition, the upregulation of IL-10 production by pDCs results in
the increased generation of regulatory T cells through an indirect mechanism. This will clarify
whether the aforementioned beneficial effects of MSCs affect hard end points, such as
cardiovascular events and mortality. This was recently attributed to the secretion of extracellular
vesicles containing miRNA-21-5p by MSCs. Indeed, their therapeutic potenital in atherosclerosis is
inconclusive and there is no literature on the safety and efficacy of exosome administration in clinical
trials. Additionally, there is a lack of studies directly comparing the effectiveness of MSCs
depending on their origin, therefore, the optimal source has yet to be established and requires further
research. As trophic effect, the MSCs appeared to favor oligo-dendrogenisis by neural precursor cells
( 139 ). Our Authors and Editors We are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors
from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including Nobel Prize winners and some of the
world’s most-cited researchers. Pourgholaminejad A, Aghdami N, Baharvand H, Moazzeni SM. Bone
Marrow Transplant 33 597 604 34. Aggarwal S. Pittenger M. F. 2005 Human mesenchymal stem cells
modulate allogeneic immune cell responses. Both CTLA-4 and PD-1 functions are associated with
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) and other autoimmune diseases. Int Rev Cytol 47 327 359 11. Caplan A.
I. 1991 Mesenchymal stem cells. This is primarily regulated by LDL induced inhibition of nitric
oxide (NO) production.
The pioneering in vivo studies with MSC focused on the engraftment facilitation for the
haematopoietic stem cells ( 111 ). Allogeneic marrow stromal cells are immune rejected by MHC
class I- and class II-mismatched recipient mice. Conclusions revealed that there was granulation
tissue formation starting from 7 days after topical application and after 90 days, a healed and re-
epithelialized tissue was observed. Clinical trials need to assess whether the preclinical effectiveness
of MSCs in atherosclerosis can be translated to humans. Mechanisms of immunosuppression by
Mesenchymal Stem Cells 7. Nat Med 6 1282 1286 91. Grinnemo K. H. Mansson A. Dellgren G.
Klingberg D. Wardell E. Drvota V. Tammik C. Holgersson J. Ringden O. Sylven C. Le Blanc K.
2004 Xenoreactivity and engraftment of human mesenchymal stem cells transplanted into infarcted
rat myocardium. Indeed, their therapeutic potenital in atherosclerosis is inconclusive and there is no
literature on the safety and efficacy of exosome administration in clinical trials. Leukemia 21 158
163 123. Horwitz E. M. Prockop D. J. Fitzpatrick L. A. Koo W. W. Gordon P. L. Neel M. Sussman
M. Orchard P. Marx J. C. Pyeritz R. E. Brenner M. K. 1999 Transplantability and therapeutic effects
of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal cells in children with osteogenesis imperfecta. This will clarify
whether the aforementioned beneficial effects of MSCs affect hard end points, such as
cardiovascular events and mortality. Nat Immunol 10 981 991 98. Morandi F. Raffaghello L. Bianchi
G. Meloni F. Salis A. Millo E. Ferrone S. Barnaba V. Pistoia V. 2008 Immunogenicity of human
mesenchymal stem cells in HLA-class I-restricted T-cell responses against viral or tumor-associated
antigens. Both CTLA-4 and PD-1 functions are associated with Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) and
other autoimmune diseases. Recruited and activated neutrophils showed a prolonged lifespan, an
increased expression of inflammatory chemokines, and an enhanced responsiveness toward
subsequent challenge with LPS, which suggest a role for MSCs in the early phases of pathogen
challenge, when classical immune cells have not been recruited yet ( 48 ). TM-V revised bibliography
and revised the different versions of the manuscript. Return nearly all items within 30 days of
delivery. Particularly, for RDEB, the use of cells genetically modified in a clinical environment
would be the most interesting therapy, however, the lack of information about the long-term effect
of this strategy, makes difficult to develop clinical trials. Several other studies have provided insights
into the effects of MSCs mediated by cytokines. Modulation of host allo-reactivity led to
accelerated bone-marrow recovery in patients co-transplanted with MSCs and haplo-identical HSCs
( 125 ). Di Nicola M. Carlo-Stella C. Magni M. Milanesi M. Longoni P. D. Matteucci P. Grisanti S.
Gianni A. M. 2002 Human bone marrow stromal cells suppress T-lymphocyte proliferation induced
by cellular or nonspecific mitogenic stimuli. Until now, all clinical studies have evaluated the use of
these cells as cell therapy, however, at preclinical level, one study has investigated the combination
of CT, TE, and GE, but its translation to a clinical environment is still far from achieving. In the case
of RDEB, clinical disorders are severe including skin fragility manifest by blistering with minimal
trauma that heals with milia and scarring, even in in the neonatal period and therefore, the lifetime
risk of aggressive squamous cell carcinoma is higher than 90% ( Pfendner and Lucky, 2018 ).
Concise review: multifaceted characterization of human mesenchymal stem cells for use in
regenerative medicine. Although many of the studies use MSC-conditioned medium, both contact-
dependent and -independent mechanisms are probably invoked in the therapeutic use of MSCs ( 20,
71 ). All of them used allogeneic hMSCs ant the most studied population was hBM-MSCs (5),
although hUCB-MSCs (1) and not-defined hMSCs (1) were also analyzed. Cell Transplant. 47.
Raffaghello L. Bianchi G. Bertolotto M. Montecucco F. Busca A. Dallegri F. Ottonello L. Pistoia V.
2008 Human mesenchymal stem cells inhibit neutrophil apoptosis: a model for neutrophil
preservation in the bone marrow niche. Mol Ther 17 1799 1803 102. Bai L. Lennon D. P. Eaton V.
Maier K. Caplan A. I. Miller S. D. Miller R. H. 2009 Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal
stem cells induce Th2-polarized immune response and promote endogenous repair in animal models
of multiple sclerosis. In recent years, the discovery of MSCs with properties similar, but not
identical, to BM-MSCs has been demonstrated in the stromal fraction of the connective tissue from
several organs, including adipose tissue, trabecular bone, derma, liver and muscle ( 21 - 24 ).
Adventitial MSC-like cells are progenitors of vascular smooth muscle cells and drive vascular
calcification in chronic kidney disease. In NOD mouse model, several physiological defects that aim
to maintain peripheral and central tolerance contribute to the development of autoimmune diabetes.
The therapeutic application of MSCs in atherosclerosis appears to enhance plaque stability, targeting
the above pathological changes observed in vulnerable plaques. Regulation of endothelium-derived
nitric oxide production by the protein kinase Akt.
This reveals the MSC-dependent effects on proliferation. Spaggiari G. M. Capobianco A. Becchetti
S. Mingari M. C. Moretta L. 2006 Mesenchymal stem cell-natural killer cell interactions: evidence
that activated NK cells are capable of killing MSCs, whereas MSCs can inhibit IL-2-induced NK-
cell proliferation. The allo-MSC engraftment occurred without evidence of immunologic rejection or
lymphocytic infiltration in the absence of assisted immunosuppressive therapy emphasizing some of
the apparent advantages of these cells over other cell populations for cellular cardiomyoplasty. This
includes employment, consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, grants
or patents received or pending, or royalties. The exact cause of atopic eczema is unknown, but the
imbalance of Th2 to Th1 cytokines plays a crucial role ( David Boothe et al., 2017 ). Safety of
mesenchymal stem cell therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Additionally, practicalities
such as the optimal dose and frequency of administration need to be established to maximize
treatment efficacy. Safety of cell therapy with mesenchymal stromal cells (SafeCell): a systematic
review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Concise review: multifaceted characterization of human
mesenchymal stem cells for use in regenerative medicine. The challenges and promises of allogeneic
mesenchymal stem cells for use as a cell-based therapy. They represent 10-fold less abundance than
the haematopoietic stem cells ( 2 ), which contributes to the organization of the microenvironment
supporting the differentiation of hematopoietic cells ( 3 ). Chabannes D. Hill M. Merieau E.
Rossignol J. Brion R. Soulillou J. P. Anegon I. Cuturi M. C. 2007 A role for heme oxygenase-1 in the
immunosuppressive effect of adult rat and human mesenchymal stem cells. Own it Choose how you
pay us back over time, up to 6 months interest free. Almeida-Porada G. Porada C. D. Tran N. Zanjani
E. D. 2000 Cotransplantation of human stromal cell progenitors into preimmune fetal sheep results in
early appearance of human donor cells in circulation and boosts cell levels in bone marrow at later
time points after transplantation. Publication Year 2014 Type Textbook Number of Pages VIII, 309
Pages Dimensions Item Length 9.3in Item Width 6.1in Item Weight 212.8 Oz Additional Product
Features Series Volume Number 130 Number of Volumes 1 Vol. Nat Rev Immunol 2 957 964 42.
Moretta A. Bottino C. Vitale M. Pende D. Biassoni R. Mingari M. C. Moretta L. 1996 Receptors for
HLA class-I molecules in human natural killer cells. Cahill EF, Tobin LM, Carty F, Mahon BP,
English K. Until now, only three of them have published results of safety and effectiveness (
Hashemi et al., 2019; Moon et al., 2019; Stessuk et al., 2020 ). Combinations of cytokines may also
induce cell production of chemokines, some of which bind to CXCR3-R expressing cells (including
T cells) that co-localize with MSCs. J Cell Physiol 189 54 63 7. Erices A. Conget P. Minguell J. J.
2000 Mesenchymal progenitor cells in human umbilical cord blood. This contradicts reports that
MSCs decrease atherosclerotic plaques, thus increasing their stability. Administration routes applied
were subcutaneous for hAT-MSCs, intravenous for hUCB-MSCs and intramuscular for hBM-MSCs.
Adventitial MSC-like cells are progenitors of vascular smooth muscle cells and drive vascular
calcification in chronic kidney disease. Targeting early atherosclerosis: a focus on oxidative stress
and inflammation. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2019, ( 2019 ). Medline Google Scholar 21. The
Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells into different types of cells (Image Source:
frontiersin.org ). These observations may provide a new means for regulating T-cell activation and
tolerance in peripheral tissues ( 31, 71, 78 ). Their potential has been demonstrated in vitro, being
capable of restoring the physiological phenotypical profile of psoriatic MSCs ( Campanati et al., 2018
). By using this form you agree with the storage and handling of your data by this website. After the
MSC infusion, DNA analysis of his bone marrow showed the presence of minimal residual disease (
124 ). Want it Create your account in moments and select Zip at checkout.
The most studied diseases were wounds and ulcers, burns and psoriasis. Di Nicola M. Carlo-Stella C.
Magni M. Milanesi M. Longoni P. D. Matteucci P. Grisanti S. Gianni A. M. 2002 Human bone
marrow stromal cells suppress T-lymphocyte proliferation induced by cellular or nonspecific
mitogenic stimuli. Regardless of the controversial in vitro effects, B-cell response is mainly a T-cell
dependent mechanism, and thus its outcome is significantly influenced by the MSC-mediated
inhibition of T-cell functions. Arthritis Rheum 60 1006 1019 131. Dela Rosa. O. Lombardo E. Beraza
A. Mancheno-Corvo P. Ramirez C. Menta R. Rico L. Camarillo E. Garcia L. Abad J. L. Trigueros C.
Delgado M. Buscher D. 2009 Requirement of IFN-gamma-mediated indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase
expression in the modulation of lymphocyte proliferation by human adipose-derived stem cells. This
is in concordance with data showing that 30% of the clones from bone marrow have been found to
exhibit a trilineage differentiation potential, whereas the remainder display a bi-lineage (osteo-
chondro) or uni-lineage (osteo) potential ( 26 ). Inhibition of galectin-1 and galectin-3 gene
expression with small interfering RNAs abrogated the suppressive effect of MSC on allogeneic T-
cells ( Fig 1) ( 96 ). Johnson-Tidey RR, McGregor JL, Taylor PR, Poston RN. In the same study,
safety parameters revealed that the use of autologous cells was less dangerous for the patient’s health
( Abo-Elkheir et al., 2017 ). However, rest of studies which evaluated the use of allogeneic cells did
not report the presence of adverse events. Yun CW, Lee SH. Enhancement of functionality and
therapeutic efficacy of cell-based therapy using mesenchymal stem cells for cardiovascular disease.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 20(4), 982 ( 2019 ). MSCs increase fibrous cap thickness, with increased smooth
muscle cell and collagen content, creating a more stable plaque. In conclusion, filling all these
aspects would help to determine the best strategy, source of hMSCs and doses of treatment for each
cutaneous disease or injury. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn citations and find new
collaborators, meaning more people see your work not only from your own field of study, but from
other related fields too. J Orthop Res 9 641 650 12. Horwitz E. M. Le Blanc K. Dominici M.
Mueller I. Slaper-Cortenbach I. Marini F. C. Deans R. J. Krause D. S. Keating A. 2005 Clarification
of the nomenclature for MSC: The International Society for Cellular Therapy position statement. In
one of the clinical trials, information about hMSCs’ donor was not indicated (NCT04137562).
Worldwide prevalence is about 2% ( Christophers, 2001 ). Nat Rev Immunol 2 957 964 42. Moretta
A. Bottino C. Vitale M. Pende D. Biassoni R. Mingari M. C. Moretta L. 1996 Receptors for HLA
class-I molecules in human natural killer cells. Variations in this potential described by the capability
of MSCs to down-regulate collagen-induced arthritis, and in the ability to induce Tregs, depend on
the source of MSC (mouse vs. Natural killer (NK) cells are key effector cells of the innate immunity
in anti-viral and anti-tumor immune responses through their Granzyme B mediated cytotoxicity and
the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines ( 41 ). Irrespective of the possible interactions
between cancer cells, immune cells and MSCs, the potential risk of stimulating the growth cancer by
MSCs must be considered. IDO induces the depletion of tryptophan from the local environment,
which is an essential amino acid for lymphocyte proliferation. MSCs decrease the size of
atherosclerotic plaques which confers greater plaque stability. Conclusions revealed that there was
granulation tissue formation starting from 7 days after topical application and after 90 days, a healed
and re-epithelialized tissue was observed. A clearly defined target population is vital to any novel
therapy. Biorheology 39 237 246 120. Goldring M. B. 2001 Anticytokine therapy for osteoarthritis.
That means your payment information is always protected, and never gets seen by anyone. In cases
of osteoarthritis, a disease of the joints where there is progressive and irreversible loss of cartilage
characterized by changes in the underlying bone, Murphy et al showed that the proliferative capacity
of the MSC was substantially reduced, and this was independent of the harvest site from patients
with end-stage OA undergoing joint replacement surgery ( 118 ). By Patricia Semedo, Marina
Burgos-Silva, Cassiano Don. 7077 downloads Chapter 5 Immunogenicity and Immune-Modulating
Properties of. Concise review: multifaceted characterization of human mesenchymal stem cells for
use in regenerative medicine. Introduction 2. Effect of Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Immune cells 3.
Additionally, practicalities such as the optimal dose and frequency of administration need to be
established to maximize treatment efficacy.
Pay in 4 equal installments Use your existing debit or credit card. TM-V revised bibliography and
revised the different versions of the manuscript. Tissue Eng 7 211 228 22. Noth U. Osyczka A. M.
Tuli R. Hickok N. J. Danielson K. G. Tuan R. S. 2002 Multilineage mesenchymal differentiation
potential of human trabecular bone-derived cells. In recent years, the discovery of MSCs with
properties similar, but not identical, to BM-MSCs has been demonstrated in the stromal fraction of
the connective tissue from several organs, including adipose tissue, trabecular bone, derma, liver and
muscle ( 21 - 24 ). Stem Cells Dev 13 263 271 39. Ramasamy R. Fazekasova H. Lam E. W. Soeiro I.
Lombardi G. Dazzi F. 2007 Mesenchymal stem cells inhibit dendritic cell differentiation and function
by preventing entry into the cell cycle. These effects were apparently disease-related, and not age-
related. Outcomes revealed that no serious adverse events were observed, complete wound closure
was achieved for 82% in the treatment group and 53% in the control group at week 12 and Kaplan-
Meier median times to complete closure were 28.5 and 63.0 days for the treatment group and the
control group, respectively. Dendritic cells are the main APC for T-cell responses, and MSC-
mediated suppression of DC maturation would prohibit efficient antigen presentation and thus, the
clonal expansion of T-cells. Furthermore, following wire-induced vascular injury, Wang et al. The
patient was unresponsive to all types of immunosuppression drugs. No evidence were observed that
systematically injected hUCB-MSCs migrated to sites of skin grafts. O-cyclic phytosphingosine-1-
phosphate stimulates HIF1?-dependent glycolytic reprogramming to enhance the therapeutic
potential of mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cell Res. Ther. 10(1) ( 2019 ). Medline Google Scholar 5.
Combinations of cytokines may also induce cell production of chemokines, some of which bind to
CXCR3-R expressing cells (including T cells) that co-localize with MSCs. One of them analyzed the
topical application of autologous hMSCs on the wound surface for the treatment of chronic venous
leg ulcers (NCT02742844), meanwhile, the rest evaluated allogeneic cells such as hUCB-MSCs
(NCT04219657 and NCT04104451), hP-MSCs (NCT04464213), or hMSCs (NCT03257098 and
NCT03267784) for the treatment of different types of wounds (diabetic foot ulcers, traumatic heel
pad injuries and chronic venous leg ulcers). Animal models 10. Conclusion References
DOWNLOAD FOR FREE Share Cite Cite this chapter There are two ways to cite this chapter: 1.
SA-S had the conception, revised bibliography, and the different versions of the manuscript. It is due
to the presence of pathogenic variants of the gene COL7A1 and depending on inheritance pattern is
divided into two types: dominant dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (DDEB) and recessive
dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB). Studies have revealed several distinct stem cell niches,
with varying potencies, in the vessel wall. This includes employment, consultancies, honoraria, stock
ownership or options, expert testimony, grants or patents received or pending, or royalties. Abundant
reports have shown that T-cell proliferation stimulated with polyclonal mitogens, allogeneic cells or
specific antigen is inhibited by MSCs ( 28, 29, 50 - 56 ). Spaggiari G. M. Capobianco A. Becchetti S.
Mingari M. C. Moretta L. 2006 Mesenchymal stem cell-natural killer cell interactions: evidence that
activated NK cells are capable of killing MSCs, whereas MSCs can inhibit IL-2-induced NK-cell
proliferation. Blood 101 3722 3729 55. Glennie S. Soeiro I. Dyson P. J. Lam E. W. Dazzi F. 2005
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells induce division arrest anergy of activated T cells. Notable
protective effects include a reduction in serum lipids, plaque size and endothelial dysfunction, as
well as an increase in plaque stability and overall anti-inflammatory immunomodulation. These
substitutes were transplanted onto full-thickness lesions, and wounds treated with both cell layers
seemed to heal slower than those treated with fibrin-based scaffold only, although the wound
outcome at the end of the study looked much better in the first case. Yang et al. (2017) also
administered hUCB-MSCs and compared their use as part of a TESS constituted of platelet poor
plasma gel, amnion and 10 6 cells or as CT (10 6 cells injected subcutaneously). Hence, further
research is still needed to ensure the safety of patients and improve quality control. Two research
rereviewed were case report ( Mansilla et al., 2015; Jeschke et al., 2019 ) and the other two were
clinical trials ( Abo-Elkheir et al., 2017 ) and (NCT03686449) although in the second case, no results
were posted. Open Access is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all.
Stem Cells 25 1753 1760 58. Groh M. E. Maitra B. Szekely E. Koc O. N. 2005 Human mesenchymal
stem cells require monocyte-mediated activation to suppress alloreactive T cells. Blood 107 367 372
65. Comoli P. Ginevri F. Maccario R. Avanzini M. A. Marconi M. Groff A. Cometa A. Cioni M.
Porretti L. Barberi W. Frassoni F. Locatelli F. 2008 Human mesenchymal stem cells inhibit antibody
production induced in vitro by allostimulation.