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Next, the three reviews were used as a starting set and were uploaded to the website Connected
Papers, which provides an online tool for snowballing. 22 With each uploaded review, Connected
Papers analysed approximately 50?000 articles and finally returned 40 articles with the highest level
of similarity, based on factors such as overlapping citations. It is not unusual that papers delivered at
professional conferences are not published in print or electronic form, although an abstract may be
available. The following characteristics of the studies were recorded: country, participants, field of
surgery, study design, use of a control group, tool, outcome measure, core finding, results on
surgical learning outcomes, instructional design applied and clinical setting. Systematic reviews
usually rate at the top of evidence hierarchy since they analyze and evaluate results from all
available, original research articles that answers a specific research question. Key stage six:
Determining the process of literature searching and deciding where to search (supplementary search
methods) Table 2 also summaries the process of literature searching which follows bibliographic
database searching. Our study compared sufficient descriptions of appraisal tools at quality-item
levels, for either methodological quality or reporting. As explained above, systematic reviews seek to
identify causation. We also have news about books and authors, author interviews and more.
Reviewing literature for research: Doing it the right way Literature search. Elo’s result 2023: Return
on investment increased to 6 per cent and cost effi. National Library of Australia: Oral history and
folklore - The Library’s Oral History and Folklore Collection dates back to the 1950’s and includes a
rich and diverse collection of interviews and recordings with Australians from all walks of life.
Secondly, based on our review, studies addressing the learning and training of surgical competencies
were highly task specific. Articles written by scholars and published in a journal. They were: who
should literature search, aims and purpose of literature searching, preparation, the search strategy,
searching databases, supplementary searching, managing references and reporting the search process.
Whilst the guidance uniformly supports the use of supplementary search methods, there is little
evidence for a consistent process with diverse guidance across documents. Do not reinvent the wheel
each time you start something new. They are usually one of the first steps in research methodologies.
Finding a good review can save you hours of searching and will give you a ready-made search
strategy to update or modify. Not all topics, however, have sufficient research evidence to allow a
meta-analysis to be conducted. For a meta-analysis of Randomized trials you should represent the
meta-analysis visually on a “forest plot” (see fig. 2). Here is another example of a meta-analysis
forest plot, and on page 2 a description of how to interpret it. This might include handsearching
selected journals, or doing a citation analysis. Articles published in scholarly journals will include a
list of references. 2.3.1.5 A word about open access journals Increasingly, scholars are publishing
findings and original research in open access journals. The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines
synthesis as something that is made by combining different things or the composition or combination
of parts or elements so as to form a whole (Synthesis, n.d.). In other words, building a summary
table or synthesis matrix involves taking information from a variety of sources, evaluating that
information and forming new ideas or insights in an original way. No consensus exists on search
reporting methods for systematic reviews. You might like to include on the data extraction form a
field for grading the quality of the study, see the Screening for quality page for examples of some of
the quality scales you might choose to apply. The results of a meta-analysis are typically summarized
in a forest plot like the one shown in Figure 3.7. Let’s take a look at this helpful guide from Ried (
2006 ) that breaks it all down. John Dudovskiy Literature Reviews: Types of Literature Library
Basics 1. Try to explain points of similarity or difference by considering the authors’ individual
historical perspectives, source usage, methodology, or structure. Making it the most accurate and
reliable proofreading tool for students. When you do this, you will also learn how to decode the way
how people talk about a topic within a discipline.
Systematic Approaches to a Successful Literature Review. The authors conducted a comprehensive
search on multiple databases to identify eligible reviews and subsequently used a validated
instrument to conduct an in-depth quality appraisal. The synthesis of study characteristics is also
needed for GRADE assessments, informing judgements about whether the evidence applies directly
to the review question (indirectness) and analyses conducted to examine possible explanations for
heterogeneity (inconsistency) (see Chapter 14 ). The research they do creates new opportunities for
inventions, practical applications, and new approaches to solving problems or understanding issues.
Tip 3: write conceptual contribution of each reviewed article While reading and evaluating review
papers, we have observed that many review authors only provide core results of the article included
in a review and do not explain the conceptual contribution offered by the included article.
Theoretical Review The purpose of this form is to examine the corpus of theory that has accumulated
in regard to an issue, concept, theory, phenomena. Building an Evidence Table The Basics: A
standard evidence table has 10 columns. But sometimes, it pays to let someone else do the work for
you. Best practice guidelines for abstract screening large-evidence systematic reviews and meta-
analyses. Reporting your review with PRISMA If you reach the data extraction step and choose to
exclude articles for any reason, update the number of included and excluded studies in your
PRISMA flow diagram. Literature search -- finding materials relevant to the subject being explored.
3. Data evaluation -- determining which literature makes a significant contribution to the
understanding of the topic. 4. Analysis and interpretation -- discussing the findings and conclusions
of pertinent literature. Systematic reviews with discordant findings can cause great confusion and
make it difficult for decision-makers to interpret the review-level evidence ( Moher, 2013 ). The
selected outcomes from applying these rules to studies 3 and 6 are indicated by an asterisk in Table
9.3.b. Table 9.3.b also illustrates an approach to tabulating the extracted data. This is a reasonably
straightforward way for authors to check a number of potential problems, including typographical
errors in studies’ reports, accuracy of data collection and manipulation, and data entry into RevMan.
While this approach allowed us to focus on the most recent and relevant developments in surgical
training and competence, it may have excluded earlier studies that could provide additional historical
context or foundational insights into the evolution of surgical education practices. Evidence level 1
(Table 3.1). RCTs, controlled clinical trials, controlled before-and-after studies, interrupted time
series from 1966 to 1998 (levels 2, 3, 4). You can then combine the different blocks with AND. What
sources have they cited to support their conclusions. This template is for the write-up of the actual
literature review chapter, whereas the catalog is for use during the literature sourcing and sorting
phase. Tip 2: include strengths and limitations for each article Critical appraisal of individual articles
included in a review is crucial for increasing the rigour of the review. Depending on the topic, you
may want to supplement your search with a multi-disciplinary database like Web of Science, or
subject-specific databases, such as CINAHL, PsycInfo or ERIC. A service of the National Library of
Medicine, National Institutes of Health. Also, make sure to include opposing views (and not just
supporting evidence). The body of literature includes all studies that address related or identical
hypotheses or research problems. A well-done integrative review meets the same standards as
primary research in regard to clarity, rigor, and replication. Therefore, tool users who assess NRSIs
beyond methodological quality or reporting should consider criteria in addition to those mentioned in
our study, for selecting a tool. UNC Libraries HSL Academic Process Systematic Reviews Step 7:
Extract Data from Included Studies Systematic Reviews: Step 7: Extract Data from Included
Studies Created by health science librarians. Review not just what scholars are saying, but how are
they saying it. We are grateful to Julian Higgins, James Thomas and Tianjing Li for commenting
helpfully on earlier drafts. Literature reviews don’t have to follow such rigid methods or make the
methods explicit. Use Quotes Sparingly Some short quotes are appropriate if you want to emphasize
a point, or if what an author stated cannot be easily paraphrased.
Integrative Review Considered a form of research that reviews, critiques, and synthesizes
representative literature on a topic in an integrated way such that new frameworks and perspectives
on the topic are generated. While the study focuses on one topic, the Internet’s impact on American
presidential politics, it would still be organized chronologically reflecting technological
developments in media. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.
Steps in the Literature Review Process Define your research question Determine inclusion and
exclusion criteria Choose databases and search Review Results Synthesize Results Analyze Results
Librarian Support What is a Literature Review. Radeva-Petrova et al. ( 2014 ) wrap up on page 120.
Therefore, it is vital to incorporate non-technical skills alongside technical aptitude testing and
academic achievements in designing modern surgical curricula. While it mentions RoB (eg,
publication bias), its main purpose is to illustrate how to grade quality of evidence, rather than to
function as an exact quality appraisal tool. A review of a clearly formulated question that uses
systematic and explicit methods to identify, select, and critically appraise relevant research, and to
collect and analyse data from the studies that are included in the review. Synthesizing sources
involves more than just summarizing. Moreover, only a few prior systematic reviews on surgical
education have studied surgical learning across the fields of surgery or among both medical students
and surgical residents. Writing Your Literature Review Once you've settled on how to organize your
literature review, you're ready to write each section. The selected outcomes from applying these rules
to studies 3 and 6 are indicated by an asterisk in Table 9.3.b. Table 9.3.b also illustrates an approach
to tabulating the extracted data. Key stage four: Designing the search strategy The Population,
Intervention, Comparator, Outcome (PICO) structure was the commonly reported structure
promoted to design a literature search strategy. Publications Account settings Browse Titles NCBI
Bookshelf. The structure will help you to clearly express your ideas and demonstrate how your
sources are connected. Systematic Reviews in the Social Sciences: A Practical Guide. You have the
opportunity to work on a research project through a grant proposal. Explain why this has been the
case and how these approaches enhance or limit current understandings of the topic. Results in forest
plots should agree with data in the original report (point estimate and confidence interval) if the
same effect measure and statistical model is used. Searching for eligible studies using multiple
databases and information sources, including grey literature sources, without any language
restrictions. Scholarly article aka empirical article Review article Conference paper Scholarly (aka
empirical) article -- example Empirical studies use data derived from observation or experiment. Also,
only one researcher (MH) traced versions of tools, by following reference lists of the identified
studies and by visiting websites of the online tools. You can find some information to refine your
search terms. It is NOT acceptable to depend on Google Scholar for finding articles because of the
spotty coverage and lack of adequate search features. 2.4.2 Books and Reference Sources Reference
materials and books are available in both print and electronic formats. From: Chapter 7, The Evidence
for Evidence-Based Practice Implementation Cite this Page Titler MG. As we observe, contemporary
surgical education is high quality and continuously evolves. It is suggested that authors maintain a
list of all checked research, including reasons for inclusion or exclusion. Articles in professional
journals Articles from professional journals should be used with caution for your literature review. It
was excluded if it only described tools for RCTs or only described tools for diagnostic, prognostic,
qualitative or secondary studies (eg, systematic reviews and cost-effectiveness analyses). Results -
The results section describes the outcomes of the study. Chapter 9?Methods for Literature Reviews -
Handbook of eHealth Evaluation: An Evidence-based Approach Your browsing activity is empty.
Other examples of secondary sources include biographies and critical studies of an author's work.
Other Sections of Your Literature Review Once you've decided on the organizational method for
your literature review, the sections you need to include in the paper should be easy to figure out
because they arise from your organizational strategy. Fink, Arlene. Conducting Research Literature
Reviews: From the Internet to Paper. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2005; Hart, Chris. It also
includes key references to methodological guidelines and useful sources that can be used by eHealth
scholars and researchers for planning and developing reviews. It goes beyond documentation and
reflects decisions related to the selection of the sources, the search terms used, the period of time
covered, the articles selected in the search, and the application of backward and forward searches (
vom Brocke et al., 2009 ). In short, the rigour of any review article is reflected by the explicitness of
its methods (i.e., transparency) and the soundness of the approach used. Articles written by scholars
and published in a journal. However, in most areas, terminology is variable, making it difficult to
compare the PICO of each included study to the PICO for each synthesis, or to compare PICO
elements across studies. Evidence mapping for decision making: feasibility versus accuracy - when
to abandon high sensitivity in electronic searches. Reliability of observational assessment methods
for outcome-based assessment of surgical skill: systematic review and Meta-analyses. The different
rows with search terms within each block are combined with OR, then the blocks are combined with
AND. This approach will highlight how competencies are defined, integrated, and cultivated in
surgical education according to existing literature. For example, a literature review that focuses on
continuing research about the emergence of German economic power after the fall of the Soviet
Union. A tool was excluded, if it was only for diagnostic, prognostic, qualitative or secondary
studies. It is not unusual that papers delivered at professional conferences are not published in print
or electronic form, although an abstract may be available. For example, in the area of marketing the
most notable authors include Philip Kotler, Seth Godin, Malcolm Gladwell, Emanuel Rosen and
others. Magazines. Industry-specific magazines are usually rich in scholarly articles and they can be
effective source to learn about the latest trends and developments in the research area. Historic
Hansard - Commonwealth of Australia parliamentary debates presented in an easy-to-read format for
historians and other lovers of political speech. It may help to consult other similar systematic reviews
to identify what data to collect or to think about your question in a framework such as PICO. I agree
that my (optional) personal data (name, e-mail) is stored in accordance with the Data Protection
Regulation (GDPR). In other words, a chronological review would have subsections for each vital
time period; a thematic review would have subtopics based upon factors that relate to the theme or
issue. This is the pooled, or “meta,” effect size from an included meta-analysis (we’ll come to meta-
analysis shortly). This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons
Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix,
adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms,
provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated,
and the use is non-commercial. See:. Statistics from Altmetric.com Request permissions. Explain
why this has been the case and how these approaches enhance or limit current understandings of the
topic. You can use AHRQ's Systematic Review Data Repository SRDR tool, or online survey forms
such as Qualtrics, RedCAP, or Survey Monkey, or design and create your own coded fillable forms
using Adobe Acrobat Pro or Microsoft Access. These authors synthesized published articles that
describe the development process of mobile health ( m-health ) interventions for patients’ cancer
care self-management. In contrast to a wide search, a narrow (or precise ) search will result in a
larger share of relevant hits, but you also run the risk of missing relevant studies. You can also
review the indexes of books to find references to specific issues that can serve as the focus of your
research. In Table 2, we demonstrate consensus regarding the application of literature search
methods. First, exhaustive coverage means an effort is made to be as comprehensive as possible in
order to ensure that all relevant studies, published and unpublished, are included in the review and,
thus, conclusions are based on this all-inclusive knowledge base. This data was reviewed to identify
agreements and areas of unique guidance between guidance documents. A randomised trial of
observational learning from 2D and 3D models in robotically assisted surgery.
Secondary Sources A secondary source is a source that provides non-original or secondhand data or
information. If you search without quotation marks, the terms are not kept together as a phrase.
Thinking interdisciplinarily about a research problem can be a rewarding exercise in applying new
ideas, theories, or concepts to an old problem. Systematic Review This form consists of an overview
of existing evidence pertinent to a clearly formulated research question, which uses pre-specified and
standardized methods to identify and critically appraise relevant research, and to collect, report, and
analyse data from the studies that are included in the review. This calls for the understanding of both
the range of competencies acquired in surgery training and the kinds of instructional methods that
are effective in adopting them. Develop a search strategy and locate studies This is where a
reference librarian can be particularly beneficial in assisting with the creation and execution of
electronic searches. Templates for SRs This link is to best practice examples from Cochrane on how
to write about your searches in a Cochrane review. As we observe, contemporary surgical education
is high quality and continuously evolves. You may start with writing research questions and
objectives. To conclude, our main objective in this chapter was to demystify the various types of
literature reviews that are central to the continuous development of the eHealth field. The effect on
clinical outcomes was infrequently explored. Integration only occurred at the levels of data
collection. However, sometimes you may need to add additional sections that are necessary for your
study, but do not fit in the organizational strategy of the body. Few studies or sparse data, or both,
may lead to different groupings of interventions, populations or outcomes. Identifying evidence for
public health guidance: a comparison of citation searching with web of science and Google scholar.
To see which publications that have cited these articles, click on Citation Report, which you’ll find
on the right side of the search box. University of Toronto; Writing a Literature Review. Hence, the
idea of having an index of bibliography or citations got transpired. Selection of studies After
retrieving and reviewing a detailed list of abstracts, any studies that tend to satisfy inclusion
requirements will be collected and thoroughly reviewed. Supplementary search methods were more
effective and offered better value than bibliographic database searching: a case study from public
health and environmental enhancement (in Press). The specific goals were to investigate how
outcomes are produced and, most importantly, how variations in outcomes can be explained. One
study had both residents and medical students as participants. Visit Special Collections to use
original texts in print or manuscript. To sum up, the results indicate that multimodal instructional
designs are more commonly applied in studies exploring surgical learning and means to enhance it.
Thirdly, while simulation has proven essential for technical training, many operative interventions
contain elements that cannot be simulated with current systems. The preparation for such
interventions demands a multimodal approach, including preparatory discussions and visualization,
until further methods become available. This is an argument for comprehensive literature searching.
Yuan Y, Hunt RH. Systematic reviews: the good, the bad, and the ugly. Guidance for authors when
choosing between a systematic or scoping review approach. Best practice guidelines for abstract
screening large-evidence systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Systematically retrieving research: a
case study evaluating seven databases.
BMJ (Clinical research ed). 2017;358. Whiting P, Savovic J, Higgins JPT, Caldwell DM, Reeves BC,
Shea B, et al. For each of these information needs, indicate what resources would be the best fit to
answer your question. Formulating questions and locating primary studies for inclusion in systematic
reviews. In: Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Welch VA (editors).
Some examples of secondary sources are: commentaries on speeches critiques of plays, journalism, or
books a journal article that talks about a primary source such as an interpretation of Steinbeck’s The
Grapes of Wrath, or the flower symbolism of Monet’s water garden paintings textbooks (can also be
considered tertiary) biographies encyclopedias Tertiary sources are further removed from the original
material and are a distillation and collection of primary and secondary sources. To identify an article
based on empirical research, look for the following characteristics: The article is published in a peer-
reviewed journal. We included 42 empirical studies involving 2097 medical students and surgeons in
training in this systematic review. In such a case, it might not make sense to attempt to determine
one overall meta effect size from a comparison of the studies. Umbrella reviews generally adhere to
the same principles and rigorous methodological guidelines used in systematic reviews. Examples
include review articles (such as meta-analysis and systematic reviews) and reference works. For
example, a review that examines literature supporting or refuting an argument, assumption, or
philosophical problem related to the research problem will also need to include writing supported by
sources that establish the history of these arguments in the literature. Tests assumptions; may help
counter preconceived ideas and remove unconscious bias. Meta-analysis is the use of statistical
methods to summarize the results of independent studies. Tool selection As shown in figure 1, we
identified 1738 articles after removing duplicates and excluded 1645 articles after subsequently
reviewing titles, abstracts and full-text. In the present context, the notion of rigour refers to the
reliability and validity of the review process described in section 9.2. For one thing, reliability is
related to the reproducibility of the review process and steps, which is facilitated by a
comprehensive documentation of the literature search process, extraction, coding and analysis
performed in the review. The article includes charts, graphs, or statistical analysis. You can find our
full collection of templates here. Hunting for a specific scientific study out of all the gathered
information would be a tedious process. These include information about the main outcomes, the
type and number of studies included, the estimates (both relative and absolute) of the effect or
association, and important comments about the review, all written in a plain-language summary so
that it’s easily interpreted. Med Educ Online. 2021;26:1981198. Download references
Acknowledgements Not applicable. Tabulating study characteristics is generally preferable to lengthy
description in the text, since the structure imposed by a table can make it easier and faster for readers
to scan and identify patterns in the information presented. Table 9.3.b illustrates one such approach.
Front Public Health. 2022;10: 619769. Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Haluck RS,
Krummel TM. They introduce readers to the surrounding literature while also situating your work
within the larger scholarly discussion on that topic. You have the opportunity to work on a research
project through a grant proposal. Ethics declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate,
consent for publication, competing interests. Indistinguishable from Magic: How the Cybersecurity
Market Reached a Trillion. Other Reference Materials Bibliography of American Literature Selective
bibliography limited to the material which constitutes the structure of American literature of the past
one hundred fifty years. Here is an example of a table that summarizes the characteristics of studies
in a review, note this table could be improved by adding a column for the quality score you assigned
to each study, or you could add a column with a value representing the time period in which the
study was carried out if this might be useful for the reader to know. Original research papers (also
called primary research articles) that describe empirical studies and their results are published in
academic journals. The aim of this review is therefore to determine if a shared model of the literature
searching process in systematic reviews can be detected across guidance documents and, if so, how
this process is reported and supported.