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In its pure state it is used for cleaning the spines of books. From the FTIR spectra of the corn wastes
powder and holocellulose, a distinct difference was noticed. References should therefore be avoided,
but if essential, they must be cited in full, without reference to the reference list. Conversion of
Lignocellulosic Corn Agro-Waste into Cellulose Derivative and Its Potential Application as
Pharmaceutical Excipient. August 2,3 2006 EMF Workshop on Climate Change Impacts and
Integrated Assessment John C. Deterioration of paper is caused by many factors such as acid
hydrolysis, oxidative agents, light, air pollution, or the presence of microorganisms. The origin of the
cellulosic material, as well as pulping and papermaking procedures, additives, and storage conditions
play a crucial role. Conversion of Lignocellulosic Corn Agro-Waste into Cellulose Derivative and Its
Potential Application as Pharmaceutical Excipient. Processes. 2020; 8(6):711. Estimation of
molecular weight of prepared carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) with different degrees of substitution
value. Thus, higher DS, as well as molecular weight, were obtained due to the increasing number of -
OH groups substituted by the sodium carboxymethyl group. Feature papers are submitted upon
individual invitation or recommendation by the scientific editors and must receive. Excipients are
being utilized in many ways in the pharmaceutical industries. Rahman, Md. Saifur, Md. Ibrahim H.
Mondal, Mst. Sarmina Yeasmin, M. Abu Sayeed, Md Ashraf Hossain, and Mohammad Boshir
Ahmed. XRD analysis is one of the prime methods of physical research. The thermogravimetric
analyses (TGA) of the samples were carried out using a Shimadzu TGA-50 system (Kyoto 604-8511,
Japan) under a nitrogen atmosphere. X-ray diffractogram of extracted holocellulose and synthesized
CMC (with degree of substitution of 1.83). It forms the primary structural component of plants and
is not digestible by humans. In current years, “biomedical devices” have increased significant
consideration due to the upsurge in medicinal industrial produces for therapeutic care, renewal of
structures, judgment of syndromes, and medication conveyance. The Hausner ratio of the
synthesized CMC showed a good flow property with value at around 1.3 in comparison with
commercial CMC. The full reference should be given in a numerical list at the end of the paper.
Herein, we compared the physicochemical characteristics of synthesized CMC with commercial
CMC (as excipient). Lyle Stephens John Deere Technology Innovation Center. The mainstream of
these trashes are being rejected. The mixture was kept for 1.0 h and diluted by DI water up to 3%
acid solution. According to the figure, 2.3% weight loss was observed in the case of holocellulose.
Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals. The purpose of
this review, which mainly focuses on the most recent decade, is to provide a description of the more
important changes produced by aging and an update of. For example, FTIR spectroscopy was used
to analyze the surface functional groups present in the extracted holocellulose and synthesized CMC
( Figure 5 ). Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology (JFMK). After lightly tapping the
cylinder, the occupied volume V 0 was estimated. Physicochemical characteristics of synthesized
CMC as an excipient.
Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the
field. A Feature. It is used in making packaging materials, toys, tools etc. Reaction mechanism of
carboxymethylation of holocellulose (hemicellulose and cellulose) ( B ). According to the figure,
2.3% weight loss was observed in the case of holocellulose. In this work we optimised the
preparation of the lamination sheets as well as the working procedures, and we were able to establish
that our laboratory-made specimens are chemically stable, easily reversible and permeable to aqueous
solutions. The synthetic route and reaction mechanism of synthesizing CMC from holocellulose is
depicted in Figure 1. Rahman, M.S.; H. Mondal, M.I.; Yeasmin, M.S.; Sayeed, M.A.; Hossain, M.A.;
Ahmed, M.B. Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI. Because a higher
amount of water will increase the thickness of the adsorbed liquid layer, it increases the strength of
liquid bridges. Previous Article in Journal Spray Freeze-Drying as a Solution to Continuous
Manufacturing of Pharmaceutical Products in Bulk. This characteristic makes cellulose ineffective in
most of the industrial uses. For the characterization of cellulose-based materials, SEM is one of the
general techniques for imaging the microstructure and morphology of the materials. The laminated
paper documents were further analysed by means of colorimetry and FTIRspectroscopy before and
after accelerated ageing as well as by determination of the alkali reserve left on the coated paper, in
order to compare our lamination method with other commercially available lamination sheets.
Physicochemical characteristics of synthesized CMC as an excipient. In this method a thin Japanese
paper coated with an acrylic resin is applied on the fragile document by means of a heated press.
Hence, the main objective of this study is to extract CMC from low-cost corn wastes with higher DS
by the utilization of a single-stage size-reduction method for lowering the extraction cost. This was
mainly due to the presence of sodium ions in the residual mass, the degradation is quite tough. Next
Article in Special Issue Potential of Jatropha curcas L. More clearly, from the previous discussion, we
confirmed that CMC had more irregular fractions of the amorphous structure, together with the
sodium carboxymethyl unit. To evaluate the flow properties of the powder, the Carr index and
Hausner ratio have been commonly used. We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best
experience. However, corn wastes namely leave, cob, stalk, and husk are the major biomass matters
that often remain unutilized in the harvested fields. The liquid solution was decanted by using a
vacuum pump and washed with 80% ethanol for several times. The department is a member of the
FDLP Content Partnerships Program and an Affiliated Archive of the National Archives. The
porosity value of the synthesized CMC was similar to the commercial CMC, which reveals the
presence of poly-sized particles. This literature review highlights the waste fruit as a source of
bacterial cellulose production. Schematic diagram of synthesizing of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)
from holocellulose ( A ). Biorefinery Processes Group Department of Chemical and Environmental
Engineering. Significant differences were observed in the wavenumber in between 1800 and 1000
cm ?1. Thus, higher DS, as well as molecular weight, were obtained due to the increasing number of -
OH groups substituted by the sodium carboxymethyl group.
The world’s total corn production was 985,889.6 (1000 MT) from 2012 to 2017. From the figure, it
can be inferred that that holocellulose is more crystalline than CMC. This article reviews what is
known about the various components that make up paper from the perspective of their long-term
stability under typical storage conditions. Literature evidence is considered relative to the
susceptibility of different paper components to embrittlement, acid hydrolysis, microbiological
attack, and discoloration, among others. Exoglucanase. Glucose chains. ? -Glucosidase (cellobiase).
Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications (JLPEA). Corrections should be restricted to
typesetting errors. Degree of substitution of the synthesized CMC depending on varying particle size
of holocellulose. Conversion of Lignocellulosic Corn Agro-Waste into Cellulose Derivative and Its
Potential Application as Pharmaceutical Excipient. It covers the study and exploitation of the
industrial applications of natural polymers in areas such as pulp and paper, textiles, wood, adhesives,
pharmaceuticals and industrial chemistry. The synthesized CMC with DS value of 1.83 can be a
promising pharmaceutical excipient than other CMC bases excipients. The dried residue (i.e., ?-
cellulose) was deducted from the weight of the holocellulose to estimate the amount of
hemicellulose. The liquid solution was decanted by using a vacuum pump and washed with 80%
ethanol for several times. In addition, they have high-potential for myriads applications (e.g.,
pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, textiles, and so on). ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information
(IJGI). In addition, such kind of low-cost material i.e., CMC can be further used to produce tablets
at an industrial scale. For example, FTIR spectroscopy was used to analyze the surface functional
groups present in the extracted holocellulose and synthesized CMC ( Figure 5 ). This was mainly
due to the presence of sodium ions in the residual mass, the degradation is quite tough. From Table, it
can be observed that the ?-cellulose contents (i.e., 41.2%) were dominant among all other
constituents, followed by ?-cellulose and ?-cellulose contents. From the figure, the weight loss of
moisture, volatile compounds, and carbohydrate polymers during the carbonization phase can be
observed. This indicated the presence of more non-volatile fraction in CMC. The synthetic route and
reaction mechanism of synthesizing CMC from holocellulose is depicted in Figure 1. Other than the
cover page, every page of the manuscript, including the title page, references, tables etc. Proofs will
be sent to the corresponding author and should be returned within 48 hours of receipt. Journal of
Functional Morphology and Kinesiology (JFMK). Surface morphology of isolated holocellulose and
synthesized CMC (with DS 1.83). After drying the residue, fatty and waxy matters were calculated
using the following formula. One might postulate that we have reported a higher yield of CMC in
this study. Briefly, 2 g of CMC powder was placed in 100 mL of a beaker, and 40 mL of 95%
ethanol was added, followed by 10 min agitation. Then, 2.5 mL of nitric acid was added and the
solution was boiled in a hotplate. The latest property is of particular importance, since it allows a
subsequent aqueous deacidification even for fragile documents.
Next Article in Special Issue Potential of Jatropha curcas L. Paper should be a substantial original
Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for. On the other hand,
the tap density is a measure of the property of any sample of how well a powder can be packed in a
confined space on recurring tapping. Following this, the dried CMC was cooled in a desiccator until
the ambient temperature was reached, and the final weight was taken. It forms the primary structural
component of plants and is not digestible by humans. Authors are also requested to propose the
names and contact details (including e-mail address) of three potential referees. Rapid
Communications: Short Communication papers for publication on an accelerated schedule. Rahman,
Md. Saifur, Md. Ibrahim H. Mondal, Mst. Sarmina Yeasmin, M. Abu Sayeed, Md Ashraf Hossain,
and Mohammad Boshir Ahmed. Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing (JMMP). You
can download the paper by clicking the button above. All the chemicals such as pharmaceutical
excipient grade CMC (commercial), sodium hydroxide, monochloroacetic acid (MCA), acetic acid,
ammonium oxalate, sulfuric acid, and hydrochloric acid were purchased from Sigma Aldrich,
Bangladesh, and they were in the highest purity. 2.2. Preparation of Sample Defective parts and
foreign materials from the corn wastes were removed, followed by cutting into small pieces and
dried in sunlight for several days to minimize the intrinsic moisture. Conversion of Lignocellulosic
Corn Agro-Waste into Cellulose Derivative and Its Potential Application as Pharmaceutical
Excipient. Processes. 2020; 8(6):711. Non-standard or uncommon abbreviations should be avoided
but, if essential, they should be defined at their first mention in the abstract itself. Subsequently, the
prepared CMC was evaluated successfully to be used as a pharmaceutical excipient. The degree of
substitution (DS) is considered a significant property of CMC particularly for its solubility in water,
and the highest theoretical DS of CMC is considered as 3. The cellulose that makes up a majority of
most paper items is demonstrably stable enough to persist for many hundreds of years on the shelves
of archival collections, though it is susceptible to acid-catalyzed hydrolysis, which can be accelerated
by byproducts of decomposition. It is used in flashlight cases and electrical appliance parts. The
department is a member of the FDLP Content Partnerships Program and an Affiliated Archive of the
National Archives. In order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader. The Hausner ratio of
the synthesized CMC showed a good flow property with value at around 1.3 in comparison with
commercial CMC. The effect of moisture on powder flowability depends on the amount of water and
its distribution. Converted amount of CMC as yield (wt%) via varying particle size of holocellulose.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative
Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( ). All articles published by MDPI are made immediately
available worldwide under an open access license. No special. In certain instances, it might be
necessary to quote other units. Bulk and tap density values of synthesized CMC showed almost
similar behavior with the commercial CMC, as depicted in Table 2. Schematic diagram of
synthesizing of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) from holocellulose ( A ). Hence, the main objective
of this study is to extract CMC from low-cost corn wastes with higher DS by the utilization of a
single-stage size-reduction method for lowering the extraction cost. The amount of lignin, fatty and
waxy matter, and pectic matters were 19.4%, 2.6%, and 3.6%, respectively. However, all types of
holocellulose (i.e., ?, ?, and ?-cellulose) were converted into CMC through carboxymethylation.
Analytical techniques used for the evaluation process were tensile strength and elongation
measurement, UV-spectrophotometer, XRD, and SEM.
Biorefinery Processes Group Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering. Hence, this
study has shown an efficient way of converting corn waste (lignocellulosic biomass) into value-
added material, which can be a great aspect to be used as a pharmaceutical excipient, together with
further applicability in real industrial application such as tablet making and other fields. The amount
of lignin, fatty and waxy matter, and pectic matters were 19.4%, 2.6%, and 3.6%, respectively.
However, all types of holocellulose (i.e., ?, ?, and ?-cellulose) were converted into CMC through
carboxymethylation. All authors have approved the manuscript and agree with its submission to
Cellulose Chemistry and Technology.”. For surface morphology of the dried samples, they were
sputter-coated with gold for 10 min and then analyzed by using a scanning electron microscope
(SEM) (Model-S 3400 N, VP SEM, Hitachi, Japan) using 20 kV accelerating voltage. Editor’s
Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from
around the world. During the test, when the maximum degradation occurs at a certain temperate, it
is considered as an indicator of the stability of the material. Supplementary method for improved
fabrication of “bacterial cellulose” is the usage of permutation of carbon causes. International Journal
of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power (IJTPP). This article is an open access article distributed
under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( ). In this
method a thin Japanese paper coated with an acrylic resin is applied on the fragile document by
means of a heated press. In this literature review, we have highlighted the general waste use in
industries and agriculture, benefits of the wastage amount in the world using for production of
bacterial cellulose, waste of fruits for the production of bacterial cellulose and waste of the dates
used in the production of bacterial cellulose. Hence, it was used as a starting material for CMC
synthesis. The total porosity or void fraction of a powder is the measurement of the void or empty
space between the particles as well as pores within the particles of a material. The thermogravimetric
analyses (TGA) of the samples were carried out using a Shimadzu TGA-50 system (Kyoto 604-8511,
Japan) under a nitrogen atmosphere. The full reference should be given in a numerical list at the end
of the paper. In order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader. The outline of the
mechanism for preparing CMC from holocellulose of corn wastes followed by two consecutive steps
including basification as well as etherification are documented in Figure 1. 2.7. Estimation of Yield
(%) of CMC The yield of CMC was calculated based on a dry weight basis, where the weight of
dried CMC was divided by the weight of holocellulose. Rahman, Md. Saifur, Md. Ibrahim H.
Mondal, Mst. Sarmina Yeasmin, M. Abu Sayeed, Md Ashraf Hossain, and Mohammad Boshir
Ahmed. A wavelength of 898 cm ?1 was found, which was due to 1 and 4-. To evaluate the flow
properties of the powder, the Carr index and Hausner ratio have been commonly used. The porosity
value of the synthesized CMC was similar to the commercial CMC, which reveals the presence of
poly-sized particles. This unit was quite tough to break down at the referred temperature. Therefore,
please add the following statement to your cover letter. Therefore, the processing of matured corn
can produce large amount of waste. Conversion of Lignocellulosic Corn Agro-Waste into Cellulose
Derivative and Its Potential Application as Pharmaceutical Excipient. Journal of Cardiovascular
Development and Disease (JCDD). The Hausner ratio of the synthesized CMC showed a good flow
property with value at around 1.3 in comparison with commercial CMC. Cellulose Chemistry and
Technology also publishes book reviews, conference reports and a calendar of the forthcoming
events. Surface morphology of isolated holocellulose and synthesized CMC (with DS 1.83).
Though less attention has been paid to the archival performance of various minor components of
modern paper products, evidence suggests that at least some of them are subject to likely
breakdown, embrittlement, or decay in the course of pro. The possible solicitation of microbial fiber
is also inadequate by its usage. On the other hand, commercially available microcrystalline cellulose-
based excipients are extracted from hardwoods and also from purified cotton. What is cellulose?.
Cellulose (C 6 H 10 O 5 ) n is a long-chain polysaccharide carbohydrate, of beta-glucose. In this
literature review, we have highlighted the general waste use in industries and agriculture, benefits of
the wastage amount in the world using for production of bacterial cellulose, waste of fruits for the
production of bacterial cellulose and waste of the dates used in the production of bacterial cellulose.
The cellulose that makes up a majority of most paper items is demonstrably stable enough to persist
for many hundreds of years on the shelves of archival collections, though it is susceptible to acid-
catalyzed hydrolysis, which can be accelerated by byproducts of decomposition. Briefly, 2 g of CMC
powder was placed in 100 mL of a beaker, and 40 mL of 95% ethanol was added, followed by 10
min agitation. Then, 2.5 mL of nitric acid was added and the solution was boiled in a hotplate.
During the test, when the maximum degradation occurs at a certain temperate, it is considered as an
indicator of the stability of the material. The latest property is of particular importance, since it
allows a subsequent aqueous deacidification even for fragile documents. International Journal of
Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH). Rahman, M.S.; H. Mondal, M.I.; Yeasmin,
M.S.; Sayeed, M.A.; Hossain, M.A.; Ahmed, M.B. XRD analysis is one of the prime methods of
physical research. Lyle Stephens John Deere Technology Innovation Center. The synthesized CMC
with DS value of 1.83 can be a promising pharmaceutical excipient than other CMC bases excipients.
Because a higher amount of water will increase the thickness of the adsorbed liquid layer, it increases
the strength of liquid bridges. This was mainly due to the presence of sodium ions in the residual
mass, the degradation is quite tough. This unit was quite tough to break down at the referred
temperature. Composition of corn waste residue (Each test was performed at least three times and
average and standard deviation were considered). The liquid solution was decanted by using a
vacuum pump and washed with 80% ethanol for several times. Authors are also requested to propose
the names and contact details (including e-mail address) of three potential referees. Different
characterization tools were employed for structural, morphological, and thermal properties of the
extracted holocellulose and synthesized CMC. Supplementary method for improved fabrication of
“bacterial cellulose” is the usage of permutation of carbon causes. However, the bulk density
rendered an estimate of the ability of a material to flow, which is related to compressibility. CMC is
an anionic derivative that is being largely used in oral, ophthalmic, injectable, and topical
pharmaceutical formulations as an excipient. The effect of moisture on powder flowability depends
on the amount of water and its distribution. Other than the cover page, every page of the manuscript,
including the title page, references, tables etc. On the other hand, wastes from corn contain good
quality cellulosic matters in their cell walls. Feature papers represent the most advanced research with
significant potential for high impact in the field. A Feature. Hence, the main objective of this study is
to extract CMC from low-cost corn wastes with higher DS by the utilization of a single-stage size-
reduction method for lowering the extraction cost. The world’s total corn production was 985,889.6
(1000 MT) from 2012 to 2017.