Electrolysis

Electrolysis is a chemical process in which an electric current is passed through a substance to cause a
chemical change, either decomposition or synthesis, by means of oxidation-reduction reactions. Here's a
summary of the electrolysis process:

1. Electrolyte: Electrolysis requires an electrolyte, which is a substance that conducts electricity

when dissolved in a solvent or in a molten state. Electrolytes typically consist of ions, either
dissolved in solution or in a molten form.

2. Electrodes: Electrolysis involves the use of two electrodes: the anode (positively charged) and
the cathode (negatively charged). These electrodes are usually made of inert materials like
graphite or platinum.

3. Electric Current: When an external electric current is applied to the electrolyte through the
electrodes, ions in the electrolyte migrate towards the electrodes. Positive ions (cations) are
attracted to the cathode, while negative ions (anions) are attracted to the anode.

4. Redox Reactions: At the electrodes, oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions occur. Reduction

takes place at the cathode, where positively charged ions gain electrons and are reduced to
form neutral atoms or molecules. Meanwhile, oxidation occurs at the anode, where negatively
charged ions lose electrons and are oxidized to form neutral atoms or molecules.

5. Products: The products of the electrolysis process depend on the electrolyte and the conditions
of the electrolysis. For example, if water (H2O) is electrolyzed, it can produce hydrogen gas (H2)
at the cathode and oxygen gas (O2) at the anode.

6. Faraday's Laws: The amount of substance produced or consumed during electrolysis is

proportional to the quantity of electricity passed through the electrolyte, as described by
Faraday's laws of electrolysis.

Overall, electrolysis is a versatile technique used in various industrial processes, including metal
extraction, electroplating, and the production of chemicals such as chlorine and hydrogen. It plays a
crucial role in both scientific research and industrial applications.