exercise 10-02 download speed

1 Which speed is equivalent to 256 kbps? Select the correct answer a, B, c or d.

a 32 kB/s B 256 kB/s c 31.25 kB/s d 2048 kB/s

1 256  1000 kbps = 256 000  8B

 32 000  1024 kB

= 31.25 kB, therefore option C.

2 True or false?
a a byte is made up of 8 bits
b a bit is either 0 or 1
c a download speed of 3 Mbps means 3 megabits per second
d a kilobyte is equal to 1000 bytes
e an upload speed of 56 bps means 56 bytes per second
f a kilobit is equal to 1000 bits

2 a True

b True

c True

d False (1024 bytes)

e False (56 bits per second)

f True

3 Silas downloaded 226 megabits in 1 minute, 8 seconds. What was the download speed
in kb/s correct to one decimal place?

3 226 Mb/1 min 8 seconds = 226 × 1000 kb/68 seconds

= 3323.529…kbps

 3323.5 kbps

4 Bree took 45 minutes to upload a 2 GB video. What was the upload speed to the
nearest bps?

4 2 GB = 2 1024 1024 1024 b

= 2 147 483 648  8 b

= 1.717… × 1010 b

1.717...×1010 b 1.717...×1010 b
Therefore speed = = = 6 362 914.513 bps
45×60 s 2700 s
5 A 6 MB music file was downloaded in 8 minutes. What was the download speed in kbps?
6MB
5S=
8 min

6  1024  1024  8  1000 kb

=
8  60 seconds

50 331.648 kb
=
480 seconds

= 104.8576 kbps

≈ 105 kbps
6 If your download speed is 56 600 bits per second, how long correct to two decimal places
would it take to download a 12 kb image?

data
6 Time =
speed

12 kb
=
56 000 bps

12×1000 b
=
56 000 bps

= 0.21 s

7 How many minutes and seconds would it take to download an 8.3 MB file if the
download speed is 125 kbps?
data
7 Time =
speed

8.3 MB
=
125 kbps

(8.3× 1024  1024  8)  1000 kb

=
125 kbps

69 625.4464 kb = 557 s (or 9 minutes and 17 seconds)

=
125 kbps
8 A broadband download speed is 14 000 kbps. How long will it take to download a 4.2 GB
file? Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.
A 42 min B 5 min C 43 min D 2577 min

data
8 Time =
speed

4.2 GB
=
14 000 kbps

(4.2× 1024  1024  1024  8)  1000 kb

=
14 000 kbps

36 077 725.29 kb
=
14 000 kbps

= 2576.98 s

= 42 minutes and 57 seconds

≈ 43 minutes, so Option C

9 Harper took 2 min 21s to upload an 18 Mb JPEG image to a SharePhoto website.

What was the upload speed to the nearest kbps?

data
9 Speed =
time

18 Mb
=
2 mins 21 s

18  1000 kb
=
141 s

= 127.65 kbps

≈ 128 kbps
10 How long does it take to upload a 800 kB picture if the upload speed is 128 kilobits
per second?

data
10 Time =
speed

4 kB
=
128 kbps

(4× 1024  8)  1000 kb

=
128 kbps

32.768 kb
=
128 kbps

= 0.256 s

11 Suri downloaded a 71.5 MB application (app) at a transfer rate of 1.41 MB/s. How many
seconds correct to one decimal place did it take to download?

data
11 Time =
speed
71.5 MB
=
1.41 MBps

= 50.7 s
12 Mia’s internet connection has a download speed of 1200 kilobits per second while
Leckie’s has a download speed of 900 kilobits per second.
a How long does it take each of them to download 0.8 MB correct to two decimal places?
b How many GB can Mia download in 1 minute correct to one significant figure?
c How many kB can Leckie download in 30 seconds correct to the nearest whole
number?

12 a Mia

data
Time =
speed

0.8 MB
=
1200 kbps

(0.8× 1024  1024  8)  1000 kb

=
1200 kbps

6710.8864 kb
=
1200 kbps

= 5.59 s

Leckie

data
Time =
speed

6710.8864 kb
=
900 kbps

= 7.46 s

b 1200kb/s = 1200 × 60 kb/min

= 72 000 kb/min

= 72 000 × 1000 ÷ 8 ÷ 1024 ÷ 1024 ÷ 1024 GB/min

= 0.008 GB/min

c 900kb/s = 1200 × 30 kb/30 sec

= 27 000 × 1000 ÷ 8 ÷ 1024 kB/min

= 3296 kB /30 seconds

13 The table shows the 4 Internet plans offered by one provider.
Upload speed Download speed
GoFast 768 kbps 1 Mbps
DropBear 1.5 Mbps 3 Mbps
ZipIt 4 Mbps 7 Mbps
FreeLoad 10 Mbps 15 Mbps

a How many images of average size 320 kb can you upload on GoFast in 1 hour?
b How long does it take to upload a 4.2 MB file on ZipIt correct to the nearest 0.1 s?
c How long does it take to download a 2.7 MB file on DropBear correct to the
nearest 0.1 s?
d How many whole MP3 files of size 600 kB can you download on FreeLoad in
5 minutes?

data data
13 a Time = b Time =
speed speed

320 kb 4.2 MB
= =
768 kbps 4 Mbps

= 0.416 s for one image (4.2× 1024  1024  8)  1000  1024 Mb

=
4 Mbps
One hour = 60 mins or 60 × 60 s = 3600 s
635.232... Mb
number of images = 3600 ÷ 0.416 = 8640 images =
4 Mbps

≈ 8.8 s

data data
c Time = d Time =
speed speed

2.7 MB 600 kB
= =
3 Mbps 15 Mbps

(2.7× 1024  1024  8)  1000  1024 Mb (600× 1024  8)  1000  1000 Mb

= =
3 Mbps 15 Mbps

22.64... Mb 4.9152 Mb
= =
3 Mbps 15 Mbps

≈ 7.5 s ≈ 0.32768 s

600 kB per 0.32768 seconds

Number of files = (60 × 5) ÷ 0.32768

= 915.527…

= 915 whole files

14 Josh’s normal upload speed is 1.75 Mbps. He took 2 m 12 s to upload 30 MB of music to
his iPod. Was the upload speed slower than normal? Justify your answer.

data
14 Speed =
time

30 MB
=
2 mins 12 s

(30  1024  1024  8)  1000  1000 MB

=
132 s

251.65824 Mb
=
132 s

= 1.906… Mbps

≈ 1.91 Mbps, it was faster

15 Huy downloaded a 1 GB video in 1 h 13 m 20 s. What was the download speed to the

nearest kbps?

data
15 Speed =
time

1 GB
=
1 hr 13 mins 20 s

(1  1024  1024  1024  8)  1000 kb

=
73 min 20 s

8 589 934.592 kb
=
4400 s

= 1952.25… kbps

≈ 1952 kbps
16 Sam downloaded and stored 9.6 MB of songs on her computer. How many seconds does
it take if the download speed is 512 kbps?

data
16 Time =
speed

9.6 MB
=
512 kbps

(9.6× 1024  1024  8)  1000 kb

=
512 kbps

80 530.6368 kb
=
512 kbps

= 157.2864 s ≈ 157 s

18 Reece played video games on his computer, using 150 MB per hour.
a if he played for two and a half hours, how much memory did he use?
b if he can only use 1 GB data per month for games, for how many hours per month
can he play? Answer to the nearest hour.

1
18 a 150 × 2 = 375 MB
2

data
b Time =
speed

1 GB
=
150 MBphr

1 × 1024MB
=
150 MBphr

= 6.826 hr

Rounded to the nearest whole hour = 7 hr

17 Zina took 14 min 35 s to upload a 3.5 GB video to YouTube. What was the upload
speed (correct to two decimal places) in:
a megabytes per second? b megabits per second?

data
17 a Speed =
time

3.5 GB
=
875 s

(3.5  1024 ) MB
=
875 s

3584 MB
=
875 s

= 4.096 MB/s

≈ 4.10 MB/s

data
b Speed =
time

(3.5 × 1024 × 1024 × 1024 × 8 )  1000  1000 Mb

=
875 s

30 064.77... Mb
=
875 s

= 34.3597 Mbps

≈ 34.36 Mbps
 Exercise 10-03 Downloading music and video
1 A 1-hour video uses 420 MB of memory. How many of these videos will fit on a 32 GB
digital tablet?

1 32 GB = 32 × 1024 MB

= 32 768 MB

Therefore, 32 768 ÷ 420 = 78.019… ≈ 78 videos fit

2 Morris has a library of 2000 songs

with an average size of 3 MB.
Can he fit all the songs on his
8 GB USB drive?

2 8 GB = 8 × 1024 MB

= 8192 MB

Total songs = 2000 × 3 = 6000 MB

Therefore the songs will fit, there is 8192 MB of space and he only needs 6000 MB.

3 Ritha has an MP3 player that holds 16 GB of data. How many tunes of average size
3.8 MB can she store on it?

3 16 GB = 16 × 1024 MB

= 16 384 MB

Therefore, 16 384 ÷ 3.8= 4311.578… ≈ 4311 whole tunes

4 Dean was having a party and downloaded 20 songs for a playlist. The sizes are shown.
3.67 MB 2.98 MB 5.02 MB 4.72 MB 3.62 MB
3.70 MB 1.18 MB 4.72 MB 3.18 MB 1.46 MB
2.04 MB 4.24 MB 2.64 MB 2.89 MB 3.76 MB
1.57 MB 3.18 MB 3.06 MB 1.01 MB 4.00 MB
a Find the total storage needed for the playlist.
b Calculate the mean song size correct to two decimal places.
c Find the median song size.
d Calculate the range of song sizes.

e Calculate the total cost of the downloaded songs if a song less than 2 MB is $1.69
and one 2 MB or more is $2.19.
f If one of these songs was randomly selected, what is the chance that it is more than
3.5 MB in size?
g If the random selection mode plays 5 songs from the list, in how many different ways
can it choose 5 songs from the list:
i if any song could not be repeated? ii if any song could be repeated?

4 a 3.67 + 2.98 + … + 4.00 = 62.64 MB

b 62.64 ÷ 20 = 3.132 MB ≈ 3.13 MB

c Average of 10th and 11th songs when in order:

. .
= 3.18 MB

d 5.02 ÷ 1.01 = 4.01 MB

e 4 × $1.69 + 16 × $2.19 = $41.80

number of songs over 3.5
f Probability = total number of songs
= = 0.45 = 45%

g i 20 × 19 × 18 × 17 × 16 = 1 860 480 ways

ii 20 × 20 × 20 × 20 × 20 = 3 200 000 ways

5 A new hard drive can store 2 terabytes of data.
a How many songs with an average size of 4 MB can be stored on this drive?
b If an average song lasts 3 minutes, how many hours of music could you listen to?
c If an average movie needs 5 GB of memory, could you fit 1000 movies on this drive?
Justify your answer.

5 a 2 TB = 2 × 1024 × 1024 MB

= 2 097 152 MB

Therefore: 2 097 152 ÷ 4 = 524 288 songs

b 524 288 × 3 = 1 572 864 min

1 572 864 ÷ 60 = 26 214.4 hours

c 2TB = 2 × 1024 GB = 2048 GB

Therefore 2048 ÷ 5 = 409.6. This means that you can only fit 409 whole movies.

7 If 20 blu-ray discs fill a 1 terabyte hard drive, what is the average size of each blu-ray
disc? Answer to the nearest 0.1 GB.

7 ITB ÷ 20 = 0.05 TB

= 0.05 × 1024 GB

= 51.2 GB

9 A flash drive has a storage capacity of 64 GB. How many songs with an average size of
4 MB will fit on this drive?

9 64 GB = 64 × 1024 MB

= 65 536 MB

Therefore 65 536 ÷ 4 = 16 384 songs

6 A sample of 7000 Australians was surveyed on the reasons they illegally downloaded
music, movies and TV shows. The results are shown in the graphs below.

Why Australians say they choose illegal downloads

Music Movies Television

I want it in mp3 format Going to the cinema I’ll have to wait too long
without copy protection is too expensive to see it on TV

43.2% 43.2% 50.7%

I want to be able to watch

It’s convenient It’s convenient it whenever I want

37.0% 42.4% 41.5%

I want to be able to watch

CDs are too expensive it whenever I want It dosen’t have ads

36.5% 42.4% 38.9%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
Source: CoreData/news.com.au

a How many in the sample download music illegally because it’s convenient?
b Why do you think the percentages for each category add up to more than 100%?
c How many people think it is too expensive to go to the movies?
d List two advantages of watching a movie at a cinema rather than downloading it
illegally.
e What reason was given by 2723 Australians for downloading TV shows illegally?
f What reason was given by more than half of the sample? How could this affect what
we watch on TV in the future?

6 a 37.0% of 7000 = 2590

b Some people are included in more than one category.

c 43.2% of 7000 = 3024

d There is a larger screen and you can see the movie before it is released on DVD.

e × 100% = 38.9%

Therefore there are no ads.

f People have to wait too long to see a TV show.

If they download they don’t need to wait.

People download even though it is illegal.

This could result in sponsors not sponsoring ads on TV meaning that fewer shows may be produced.
8 These ARIA (Australian Recording Industry Amount Australians spent on
Association) figures show how the amount recorded music
Australians spend on recorded music has fallen 600
between 2005 and 2011. (528)
a If the approximate population of Australia 500
was 20.5 million in 2005 and 21.5 million
in 2011, find the average amount spent by 400 (384)

$ (millions)
Australians on recorded music:
300
i in 2005 ii in 2011
b What was the percentage decrease (correct
200
to one decimal place) in sales from 2005 to
2011?
100
c Why do you think there was such a
difference between 2005 and 2011 given 0
that Australia had one million more people 2005 2011
Year
in 2011?

$528 million
8ai = $25.756 … ≈ $25.76
20.5 million

$384 million
ii = $17.860 … ≈ $17.86
21.5 million

b Decrease = 528 million – 384 million – 144 million

144 million
× 100% = 27. 2̇7̇% ≈ 27.3%
528 million

c People are illegally downloading and less people are paying for CDs. More music is being
downloaded on line in general.
10 This column graph shows the Most illegally-downloaded films of 2011
8 most illegally-downloaded 10
films of 2011.
a Which film was 9
downloaded illegally
7 200 000 times? 8

b How many times was Rango

Number of downloads (millions)

7
downloaded illegally?
c What is the average 6
number of downloads for
the 8 movies? 5

d If the cost to filmmakers

4
is $5 per illegal download,
how much money did
3
filmmakers lose in revenue
for The Hangover Part 2? 2

0
Fast and Furious 5

The Hangover Part 2

Thor

Source Code

I Am Number Four

Sucker Punch

127 Hours

Rango
10 a Sucker punch

b About 6 400 000

c (9.2 + 8.8 + 8.3 + 7.9 + 7.6 + 7.2 + 6.9 + 6.4) million ÷ 8 = 7.78 million ≈ 8 million

d 8.8 million × $5 = 5 800 000 × 5 ≈ $44 000 00 0

11 Suppose a legal movie download costs an average of $20 and the wholesaler receives
24%, the distributor 68% and the royalties to artists form the remainder. How much do
the artists receive for each movie download?

11 100 – 24% − 68% = 8%

8% of $20 = $1.60

12 The table shows the age groups of people who illegally download music and videos from
the Internet and their percentages of all illegal downloaders, according to a recent survey.

Age 16–24 25–29 30–39 40–49

% 39 17 26 18

a Draw a sector graph to represent the data.

b If 2350 people from the survey who downloaded illegally were in the 30–39 age group:
i how many people participated in this survey?
ii how many people downloaded illegally in the 25–29 age group?
c In a group of 2000 of the people who illegally download music and videos, how many
would you expect to be in the 16–24 age group?

12 b i 26% = 2350

1% = 2350 ÷ 26

100% = (2350 ÷ 26) × 100

= 9038.461…

≈ 9038

ii

17%of total people

17
=  9038.461...
100
 1536.538...
 1537

c 39% of 2000 ≈ 780 people

13 The sector graph shows the types of music Types of music
downloaded by a sample of 500 students.
Heavy metal
a What was the least downloaded type 9%
of music? Blues
b What percentage of students downloaded 12%
hip hop? Rap
Rock 17%
c What is the sector angle for hip hop?
34%
d How many students in the sample
downloaded rock music? Classical
Hip hop 5%
e Was the most downloaded type of music 23%
preferred by more than one-third of the
sample?

13 a classical

b 23%

c 23% of 360° = 82.8°

d 34% of 500 = 170

e rock
14 This table shows the number and value of different types of music and videos sold in
2010 and 2011.

2011 ARIA Yearly Statistics Net Wholesale Sales of Sound Recordings & Music Videos
2011 2010 Percentage change
Configuration Units Dollar Value Units Dollar Value Units Dollar Value
CD Singles 47 472 151 402 29 174 159 286 62.72% –4.95%
CD Albums 20 539 253 222 698 401 23 521 928 252 747 622 –12.68% –11.89%
Music Video/DVD 1 856 507 17 812 847 2 542 386 25 512 729 –26.98% –30.18%
Digital Track 68 473 070 79 552 930 49 180 480 56 797 421 39.23% 40.06%
Digital Album 4 817 546 46 029 988 3 301 366 31 667 505 45.93% 45.35%

a How many CD albums were sold in 2010?

b What was the dollar value of the digital tracks sold in 2011?
c Which configuration had the largest percentage decrease in units sold from 2010
to 2011?

d Which configuration had the largest percentage increase in dollar value from 2010 to
2011?
e Show how 45.93% was obtained for the increase in sales of digital albums.
f Was more money made through digital sales or through the sales of CDs and DVDs?
Justify your answer.

14 a 23 521 928

b $79 552 930

c music video/DVD

d digital albums

f CDs and DVDs sold %519 082 287 over the two years. Digital sales were $214 047 844.

15 It is claimed that 95% of all music downloaded from the Internet is illegal, and that an
average iPod contains illegally-downloaded songs with a total value of $800. Most people
who download music illegally rarely or never go on to purchase the music legitimately.
Half of them question why they should have to pay for music when they can download it
for free via file-sharing networks. What is your opinion on this issue?

15 Answers will vary, teacher to check students work.

 revision
1 Convert:
a 3.4 kb to b b 5.6 × 1011 b to kB c 68 MB to B

1 a 3.4 × 1000 b = 3400 b

b 5.6 × 1011 ÷ 8 ÷ 1024 = 68 359 375 kB

c 68 × 1024 × 1024 B = 71 303 168 B

2 Tegan said that she could store 5000 songs on her new 16 GB MP3 player. Is this true, if
an average song is 3.5 MB?
2 5000 × 3.5 MB = 17 500 MB

= 17 500 ÷ 1024 GB

= 17.089…GB

≈ 17.09 GB Therefore 16 GB is not enough.

3 How many songs with an average size of 4 MB will fit on a 1 TB external hard drive?

3 1 TB = 1 × 1024 × 1024 MB

= 1 048 576 MB

1 048 576 ÷ 4 = 262 144 songs

4 A 500 MB file was downloaded in 3 m 15 s. What was the download speed, to the
nearest kbps?

500 MB
4 = 3 min 15 s

(500 ×1024 ×1024 ×8)÷1000 kb

=
195 s

4 194 304 kb
= 195 s

= 21 5099.25…kbps ≈ 21 509 kbps

5 If a 3.8 MB file was downloaded at 256 kbps, how long would it take? Answer to the
nearest second.

3.8 MB
5 = 256 kbps

(3.8 ×1024 ×1024 ×8)÷1000 kb

= 256 kbps

31 876.7104 kb
= 256 kbps

= 124.5184…s

= 2 minutes and 4.5184 s

= 2 mins and 4.5 sec

6 This column graph shows the five most illegally-downloaded films of 2010.
a How many illegal downloads of Iron Man 2 were there?
b Which film had Number of illegal downloads (millions)
16.6 million
downloads? Avatar

c If each illegally Kick-Ass

downloaded film
amounts to lost Inception
income of $8.40 to
filmmakers, what Shutter Island

is the total lost

Iron Man 2
revenue for the
film Kick-Ass?
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
d What is the main No. of downloads (millions)

reason people
download films illegally?

6 a 8.9 million

b Avatar

c 11.4 million × $8.40 = $95 760 000 ≈ 9.6 million

d To save money, or to get the film before it is in the cinema.

7 This sector graph shows the types of items illegally downloaded over a month.
a What was the third-most downloaded item? Types of illegal downloads
b Which two items together make up just Music E-books
under half of all illegal downloads? Software 2.9%
0.2%
5.7%
c What percentage of illegal downloads were Games
of games? 6.7%
d If there were 2 million downloads in the
month, how many of them were: Adult only
TV shows items
i movies? 14.5% 35.8%
ii TV shows?
Movies
iii e-books or software? 34.2%

7 a TV shows

b movies and TV shows

c 6.7%

d i 34.2% × 2 million = 684 000

ii 14.5% × 2 million = 290 000

iii 5.9% × 2 million = 118 000

10-02 Download speed
Downloading means receiving a file from the Internet or a larger
computer/server for copying to a smaller computer or device, while
uploading means sending a file from a computer or device to the
Internet or a larger computer/server.
Download speeds are usually measured in bits per second
(bps or b/s) or kilobits per second (kbps or kb/s).
The table shows the download speeds for 7 different types of
Internet connection.
Connection Download speed (or transfer rate)
dial-up 56.6 kbps
satellite 100 kbps
wireless 125 kbps
next G 7200 kbps
broadband 1 14 000 kbps
broadband 2 24 000 kbps
NBN cable 30 000 kbps

The speed formula also works for download speed if we replace ‘distance’ with ‘data’.

suMMary

Speed = distance
time
data
Download speed =
time

It took 2 minutes and 4 seconds to download a 13.2 MB video file. Calculate the
download speed correct to the nearest kbps.

As the file size is in megabytes and the download speed is in kilobits/s, we need to first
convert 13.2 MB to kilobits.
13.2 MB = 13.2 × 1024 × 1024 B converting to bytes first: 1 MB = 1024 × 1024 B
= 13 841 203.2 B
= 13 841 203.2 × 8 b converting to bits: 1 B =8b
= 110 729 625.6 b
= 110 729 625.6 ÷ 1000 kb converting to kilobits: 1 kb = 1000 b
= 110 729.6256 kb
data
Download speed =
time
110 729.6256 kb
= 2 min 4 s = 124 s
124 s
= 892.9808… kb/s
≈ 893 kbps
 Find the time taken (in minutes and seconds to the nearest second) to download:
a a 378 kilobit JPEG image using dial-up at 56 600 bps
b a 4.2 MB song using satellite at 100 kbps
c a 2.5 GB video using NBN cable at 30 000 kpbs

a Data = 378 kb, speed = 56 600 bps

Data = 378 × 1000 b = 378 000 b changing data to bits first

Download speed = data

time
56 600 = 378 000
time
Time = 378 000 to find time, divide by the speed
56 600
= 6.678 44...
≈7s
b Data = 4.2 MB, speed = 100 kbps
Need to change data to kilobits:
Data = 4.2 × 1024 × 1024 B changing data to bytes first
= 4 404 019.2 B
= 4 404 019.2 × 8 b changing to bits
= 35 232 153.6 b
= 35 232.1536 kb changing to kb

Time = 35 232.1536
100
= 352.321 536 s
= 352.321 536 ÷ 60 min changing to min
= 5.872 0256 min
≈ 5 min 52 s Press on the calculator
c Data = 2.5 GB, speed = 30 000 kbps
Need to change data to kilobits:
Data = 2.5 × 1024 × 1024 × 1024 B changing data to bytes first
= 2 684 354 560 B
= 2 684 354 560 × 8 b changing to bits
= 2.147 483 648 × 10 b 10

= 2.147 483 648 × 1010 ÷ 1000 kb changing to kb

= 21 474 836.48 kb
Time = 21 474 836.48
30 000
= 715.827 8827 s
= 715.827 8827 ÷ 60 min
= 11.930 46… min
≈ 11 min 56 s Press on the calculator
10-03 Downloading music and video

Finn downloaded his 10 favourite songs on his MP3 player. They are shown in the table
with their memory size and track time.

Song Size (MB) Time (min:s)

Get on up 3.67 3:59
Do da Waggle 4.72 5:07
Late for my party 4.24 4:35
In my life 3.18 3:25
My name is Buggy 1.01 1:04
Who’s in charge here? 3.06 3:18
Feels like chocolate 1.57 1:41
Push my care button 2.98 3:14
Makes me want to fly 1.18 1:16
Not gonna say goodbye 3.76 4:04

a Which song is the largest in memory size and longest in time?

b Find the average time of the songs.
c Finn uses the random selection mode on his MP3 player to play one of his songs.
What is the probability that the song chosen is under 3 MB in size?
d In how many different ways could all ten songs be played in order, with no song
being repeated?

a Do da Waggle is the largest and longest song. At 4.72 MB and 5 min 7 s

b Sum of times = 28 min 220 s Adding min and s of every song
separately
= 28 × 60 + 220 s Converting to s
= 1900 s
Average time = 1900s
sum of times
10 no. of songs
= 190 s
= 3 min 10 s
c There are 4 songs in the list that are under 3 MB in size.
P(chosen song < 3 MB) = 4 = 2
10 5

d The first song chosen has 10 possible outcomes.

The second song chosen has 9 possible outcomes, if the first song cannot be repeated.
The third song chosen has 8 possible outcomes, if the first and second song cannot
be repeated.
Continuing this way:
Number of ways all ten songs can be played without repetition
= 10 × 9 × 8 × 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1
= 3 628 800
Illegal downloading
An estimated 2.8 million Australians download music illegally each year via file sharing
networks. Each person illegally downloads approximately 30 songs a month, which adds up
to a billion songs per year. Taking music illegally is sometimes referred to as ‘music piracy’
and the worst offenders are aged 14 to 17. When a song, video or movie is downloaded
illegally, its creators are missing out on income for their work.

In 2010, 7000 people were surveyed on the types of illegal downloads they obtained, as
well as how much they would pay for a legal equivalent. The results are shown in the
graphs below.

Types of illegal downloads How much would you pay for a legal equivalent?
$2
100% $1 2.8%
14.7%
90%
80% Nothing
33.6%
70% 50c
60% $10 48.9% $3
4.4% 8.4%
50%
Nothing Music
40% $5 21.6% $2 Nothing
28.3% 18.7% 33.6%
30%
$2 $1
20%
Television

45.6% 39.3%
Movies
Music

10%
0% Movies Television
Source: CoreData/news.com.au
a How many of those surveyed illegally downloaded movies?
b How many of these said they would pay $2 for a legal copy of a movie?

c What percentage of those surveyed said they would not pay for a legal copy of a TV show?
d How many people who downloaded music were prepared to pay something for a
legal copy?

a Number of people illegally downloading movies = 80% × 7000 = 5600

b Number of people who would pay $2 for a movie = 45.6% × 7000 = 3192
c Percentage who would not pay for downloading a TV show = 33.6%
d Percentage of people willing to pay for music
= 48.9% + 14.7% + 2.8% or 100% – 33.6%
= 66.4%
Number of people willing to pay for music = 66.4% × 7000 = 4648
13.4 Digital downloads
The speed of data transfer is measured by the number of bits per second (bps) or the bit
rate. Common units of measurement for the transmission of data are kilobits (Kbps),
megabits (Mbps), gigabits (Gbps) or terabits (Tbps). The prefix is used to convert the
units of measurement. The meaning of the prefixes are kilo (1000), mega (1 000 000), giga
(1 000 000 000) and tera (1 000 000 000 000).

Unit Symbol Approximate value

Bit per second bps 1
Kilobit per second Kbps 1 000
Megabit per second Mbps 1 000 000
Gigabit per second Gbps 1 000 000 000
Terabit per second Tbps 1 000 000 000 000

Converting data transfer rates

1 Learn the order of the prefixes.
tera
2 Use the prefixes to determine the conversion factor. × 1000 ÷ 1000
giga
3 An increase in the order of the prefix represents a
× 1000 mega ÷ 1000
conversion factor of 1000.
× 1000 kilo ÷ 1000
× 1000 unit ÷ 1000

digital transfer rates • Digital documents are transferred in rates that are given in kbs (kilobits per second) or KBs
(kilobytes per second).
• Use your work on rates to calculate the time that it will take to transfer a file, the size of a file or
the transfer speed.

Downloading and uploading data

Most internet connections have different speeds for downloading files to your computer and uploading files to
other computers. The speed of these file transfers is usually quoted in bits per second or kilobits per second, where
1 kilobit = 1000 bits. The actual speed of downloading and uploading files may differ from the speed quoted due
to a variety of factors.
Note: When referring to kilobits, a lower case b is used, and when using bytes, a capital B is used.
This table displays the most common ADSL connection speeds and approximate download times.

Download Upload Time to view a web page Time to download a 4 MB MP3 file
256 Kbps 128 Kbps 1.56 s 2m8s
512 Kbps 128 Kbps 0.78 s 1m4s
1 Mbps 256 Kbps 0.39 s 32 s
2 Mbps 512 Kbps 0.195 s 16 s
8 Mbps 1024 Kbps 0.048 s 4s
16 Mbps 2048 Kbps 0.024 s 2s
 In a class discussion identify the commonly used types of digital storage devices. Do the most
common devices come in a standard range of size? What are these? Convert these sizes to a common set
of units. By having these in common units we are then able to get a better feel for comparison of sizes. It
will also assist later on when we are calculating the number of photos, songs or other documents that can
be held on the device.
Have you noticed when you buy a device it mentions, for example, that it can hold 10 000 songs? Do
you think this is true? What may impact on this; for example, song length, etc?

13F digital transfer rates

Do you ever hear, ‘Hurry up, it’s my turn on the computer’? If you are downloading data or copying files
from one device to another, can you tell someone how much longer it is going to take? Perhaps you just
sit and wait or possibly your computer tells you. Have you noticed that when the computer tells you how
long a particular operation will take that the time prediction can jump around a lot?
Sometimes a file may start out taking 39 minutes to download, but a few seconds later the time
has changed to, say, 3 minutes. Why does this happen? The size of the file being downloaded hasn’t
changed. The answer is that the download rate may be changing. Does this rate only vary when
downloading from the web? What happens to the rate if you are just transferring from one device to
another? Consider copying music from a CD to your iTunes folder on your computer.
The transfer rate may be given as 56 kbs.
Notice the use of the lower case ‘b’. This is because the lower case b represents bits, hence kbs stands
for kilobits per second.
1 kilobit = 1024 bits

Converting digital download times

Complete a 4 Mbps = Kbps b 2 000 000 bps = Mbps

Solution
1 Find the conversion factor. There are a 4 Mbps = 4 × 1000 Kbps
approximately 1000 Kbps in 1 Mbps. = 4000 Kbps
2 To change Mbps to Kbps, multiply
by 1000.
3 Find the conversion factor. There are b 2 000 000 bps
1 000 000 bps in 1 Mbps. = 2 000 000 ÷ 1 000 000 Mbps
4 To change bps to Mbps, divide = 2 Mbps
by 1 000 000.
Charlie is going to download an MP3 file that is 5.2 MB.
a Calculate the number of kilobits (Kb) in 5.2 MB.
b How long would the file take to download if the download speed is 256 Kbps?

Solve Think Apply

a 5.2 MB = 5.2 × 1024 × 1024 bytes Convert MB to KB then to B First convert the file size
= 5 452 595.2 bytes by multiplying by 1024 then to bytes by multiplying by
5 452 595.2 × 8 ÷ 1000 Kb 1024 again. There are 8 bits in 1024 the correct number of
≈ 43 621 Kb a byte and 1000 bits in a Kb. times. Convert bytes to bits
by multiplying by 8 and then
to Kb by dividing by 1000.
b Time = 43 621 ÷ 256 Divide the Kb file size by the Time is found by dividing
≈ 170 s speed to find the time. Convert size by speed.
= 2 min 50 s to minutes and seconds.

It took Tannoush 3 min 5 s to download a 3.9 MB MP3 file.

a Calculate the number of Kb in 3.9 MB.
b Calculate the actual download speed.

Solve Think Apply

a 3.9 MB = 3.9 × 1024 × 1024 bytes Convert MB to KB then to First convert the file size to bytes
= 4 089 446.4 bytes B by multiplying by 1024 by multiplying by 1024 the correct
4 089 446.4 × 8 ÷ 1000 Kb then 1024 again. There are number of times. Convert bytes to
≈ 32 715 Kb 8 bits in a byte and 1000 bits by multiplying by 8 and then
bits in a Kb. to Kb by dividing by 1000.
b 3 min 5 s = 185 s Convert 3 min 5 s to Rate is found by dividing size by
Rate = 32 715 ÷ 185 seconds. Divide the file time.
≈ 177 Kbps size in Kb by the time to
find the rate.

A song is downloading from the Internet at 350 KB/s. The song uses a total of 5.3 MB of memory.
Calculate the amount of time it will take for the song to download.

thInk WrItE

1 Convert 5.3 MB to to KB. 5.3 MB = 5.3 × 1024

= 5427.2 KB
2 Divide by 350 to find the number of seconds Time = 5427.2 ÷ 350
the download will take. = 15.5 sec

Generally upload speeds are much slower than download speeds. Uploading occurs when you send an
email or post something to the Internet.
 Gavin is posting an article to his website. The article is 17 MB and the upload speed is 2500 kbs.
Calculate the length of time that this article will take to upload.

thInk WrItE

1 Convert 17 KB to bytes and then to bits. 17 MB = 17 × 1024 × 1024

= 17 825 792 bits × 8
= 142 606 336 ÷ 1024 kilobits
= 139 264 kilobits
2 Divide the number of bits by the upload rate. Time = 139 264 ÷ 2500
56 sec

1 WE8 A song is downloading from the Internet at 350 KB/s. The song uses a total of 6.2 MB of
memory. Calculate the amount of time it will take for the song to download.

1 Convert 6.2 MB to KB.

6.2  1024  6348.8 KB
Determine time taken.
6343.8  350  18.14 seconds

2 A television program is being downloaded from the Internet. The file size is given as 1 MB and the
download speed is 400 KB/s. Calculate the length of time that it will take to download the program.

2 1 MB  1024 KB
Time taken  1024  400  2.56 seconds

3 Calculate the length of time for each of the following files to download given a download speed of
420 KB/s.
a 2 MB b 7.2 MB c 548 MB d 1.3 GB

3 a 2 MB  2048 KB
Time taken  2048  420  4.88 seconds
b 7.2 MB  7.2  1024  7372.8 KB
Time taken  7372.8  420  17.55 seconds
c 548 MB  548  1024
 561 152 KB
Time taken  561 152  420  1336.1 seconds  22 minutes
16.1 seconds
d 1.3 GB  1.3  1024 MB
 1.3  10242
 1 363 148.8 KB
Time taken  1 363 148.8  420  3245.6 seconds
 54 minutes 5.6 seconds

4 WE9 Tanya is uploading a file to the Internet that uses 45 KB of memory. If Tanya’s upload speed is
320 kbs calculate the time that it will take to upload the file.

4 45 KB  45  1024  8 bits
 368 640 bits
 368 640  1024 kilobits
 360 kilobits
Time taken  360  320
 1.125 seconds

5 Andrew has an Internet connection with a download speed of 900 KB/s. Calculate the size of a file that
takes 3 minutes to download. Give your answer in MB correct to 1 decimal place.

5 3 minutes  180 seconds

File download  180  900  162 000 KB
162 000  1024  158.2 MB
6 Calculate the size of each of the following files given an Internet download speed of 720 KB/s and a
download time of
a 30 sec b 1 min 45 sec c 5 min 7 sec
d 15 min 34 sec e 1 hr 27 min

6 a 720  30  21 600 KB  21 600  1024  21.1 MB

b 1 min 45 sec  105 seconds
720  105  75 600 KB
 75 600  1024
 73.8 MB
c 5 min 7 sec  5  60  7  307 seconds
720  307  221 040 KB
 221 040  1024
 215.9 MB
d 15 min 34 sec  15  60  34  934 seconds
720  934  672 480 KB
 672 480  1024
 656.7 MB
e 1 hour 27 minutes  1  3600  27  60  5220 seconds
720  5220  3 758 400 KB
 3 758 400  1024
 3670.3 MB
 3.58 GB

7 A file that is 2.3 MB takes 23 seconds to download. Calculate the download speed in KB/s.

7 2.3 MB  2.3  1024 KB

 2355.2 KB
Download speed  2355.2  23  102.4 KB/s

8 Calculate the download speed of the following Internet connections given that
a A 3 MB file takes 15 seconds to download
b A 10.4 MB file takes 33 seconds to download
c A 1.2 GB file takes 15 minutes to download
d A 4.2 GB file takes 1 hour to download

8 a 3 MB  3  1024 KB
 3072 KB
Download speed  3072  15  204.8 KB/s
b 10.4 MB  10.4  1024 KB  10 649.6 KB
Download speed  10 649.6  33  322.7 KB/s
c 1.2 GB  1.2  10242 KB  1 258 291.2 KB
15 minutes  900 seconds
Download speed  1 258 291.2  900  1398.1 KB/s
d 4.2 GB  4.2  10242 KB  4 404 019.2 KB
1 hour  602 seconds  3600 seconds
Download speed  4 404 019.2  3600  1223.3 KB/s

9 Jenny has an Internet plan that allows her unlimited downloads at off-peak times. For Jenny this means
that she has unlimited downloads between 12 midnight and 10:00 am. When Jenny gets up at 7:30 am
she decides to download a movie. The file is 3 GB and the download speed is 360 KB/s. Will the
download be completed before Jenny’s unlimited download time expires?

9 3 GB  3  10242 KB  3 145 728 KB

3 145 728  360  8738.1 seconds
8738.1  3600  2.42 hours  2 hours 25 minutes.
Since she has 2 hours and 30 minutes of unlimited time left
(7:3010:00 am) there is just enough time.
 10 Tom is downloading a song and his computer tells him that 2 minutes 30 seconds are remaining. The
download speed is 420 kbs.
a Calculate the amount of file still to be downloaded. (Give your answer in kilobits and KB.)
b Tom’s sister uses another computer and goes onto the Internet. This causes Tom’s download speed
to slow to 300 kbs. How long will it now take for the remainder of the file to download?

10 2 minutes 30 seconds  150 seconds

Download 420 kbs  420 kilobits per second
 150  420  63 000 kilobits download
1 kilobit  1024 bits
63 000 kilobits  63 000  1024 bits
 64 512 000 bits
64 512 000
64 512 000 bits = bytes
8
= 8 064 000 bytes
To change bytes to kilobytes (KB) 1024
8 064 000
8 064 000 bytes  KB
1024
 7875 KB

13 A song is downloading from the Internet at 360 KB/s. The song uses a total of 6.4 MB of memory.
Calculate the amount of time it will take for the song to download.
13 6.4 MB  6.4  1024
 6553.6 KB
6553.6  360  18.2 seconds

14 Calculate the size of a file that takes 4 minutes 30 seconds to download given an Internet download
speed of 720 KB/s.

14 4 min 30 sec  270 seconds

270  720  194 400 KB
 189.8 MB

15 A file that is 3.2 GB takes 1 hour to download. Calculate the average download speed.

15 3.2 GB  3.2  1024 MB

 3.2  10242
 3 355 443.2 KB
1 hour  60 minutes
 3600 seconds.
3 355 443.2  3600  932.1 KB/s