MATHS IN FOCUS 12

MATHEMATICS ADVANCED
WORKED SOLUTIONS
Chapter 6: Integration

Exercise 6.01 Approximating areas under a curve

Question 1

a y=  2
x2 + x

y (1) =(1) + 2 (1) =3

2

y (1.5 ) =(1.5 ) + 2 (1.5 ) =5.25

2

A =×
3 0.5 + 5.25 × 0.5

A = 4.125 units2

b y=  2
x2 + x

y (1.5 ) = (1.5 ) + 2 (1.5 ) =5.25

2

y ( 2 ) =( 2 ) + 2 ( 2 ) =8
2

A =×
8 0.5 + 5.25 × 0.5

A = 6.625 units 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 1

Question 2

2
a y=
x +1

2 2
y ( 2 )= = = 0.67
( 2) + 1 3
2 2
)
y ( 3= = = 0.5
( 3) + 1 4
=
A 0.67 ×1 + 0.5 ×1

A = 1.17  units 2

2
b y=
x +1

2 2
y (1=
) = = 1
(1) + 1 2
2 2
)
y ( 2= = = 0.67
( 2) + 1 3
A = 1×1 + 0.67 ×1

A = 1.67  units 2

2
c y=
x +1

2 2 4
)
y (1.5= = = = 0.8
(1.5) + 1 2.5 5
2 2
y ( 2=
) = = 0.67
( 2) + 1 3
2 2 4
y ( 2.5=
) = = = 0.57
( 2.5) + 1 3.5 7
2 2
y ( 3=
) = = 0.5
( 3) + 1 4
A = 0.8 × 0.5 + 0.67 × 0.5 + 0.57 × 0.5 + 0.5 × 0.5

A = 1.27  units 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 2

 2
d y=
x +1

2 2
y (1=
) = = 1
(1) + 1 2
2 2 4
y (1.5=
) = = = 0.8
(1.5) + 1 2.5 5
2 2
y ( 2=
) = = 0.67
( 2) + 1 3
2 2 4
y ( 2.5 )= = = = 0.57
( 2.5) + 1 3.5 7
A=
1× 0.5 + 0.8 × 0.5 + 0.67 × 0.5 + 0.57 × 0.5

A = 1.52  units 2

Question 3

a f ( x ) = x2

( 2 ) (2=
f= 2
) 4

f (=
3) (3=
2
) 9

1 1
A= ( 4 + 9 ) = ×13 =6.5
2 2

A = 6.5 units 2

b f ( x ) = lnx

f ( 4 ) = ln ( 4 )

f ( 7 ) = ln ( 7 )

3
A=
2
( ln ( 4 ) + ln ( 7 ) ) =
1.5 × ln ( 28 ) =
4.99831

A = 5 units 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 3

c f ( x=
) x3 + 1

f ( 0=
) ( 0) + 1= 1
3

)
f ( 4= ( 4) +1
= 65
3

4
A = (1 + 65 ) =2 × 66 =132
2

A = 132 units 2

d f ( x ) = sinx

π π 2
= =
f   sin  
4 4 2

π π
= =
f   sin   1
2 2

1 π 2 
A=×  + 1
2 4  2 

π 2+2 
A=  
8  2 

π
=A
16
( 2 + 2 units 2 )
e y= 9 − x 2

y (1) = 9 − (1) = 8
2

y ( 2) = 9 − ( 2) = 5
2

1 1
A= (8 + 5) = ×13 = 6.5
2 2

A = 6.5 units 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 4

Question 4

a =
y x3 + 3

y ( 0=
) ( 0) + 3= 3
3

y ( 2=
) ( 2) + 3= 11
3

A = 3 × 2 + 11× 2 =6 + 22 = 28

A = 28 units 2

b =
y x3 + 3

y ( 2=
) ( 2) + 3= 11
3

)
y ( 4= ( 4) + 3= 67
3

A = 67 × 2 + 11× 2 = 134 + 22 = 156

A = 156 units 2

c =
y x3 + 3

y ( 0=
) ( 0) +=
3
3 3

y ( 4=
) ( 4) +=
3
3 67

4
A= ( 67 + 3) =2 × 70 =140
2

A = 140 units 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 5

Question 5

1
a y=
x

1
y (=
1) = 1
(1)
1 1
y (=
7) =
(7) 7
6 1 8 24 3
A =  1 +  =3 × = =3
2 7 7 7 7

3
A = 3  units 2
7

b =
y x2 + 5

y ( 0=
) ( 0) + 5= 5
2

y (1)= (1) + 5= 6
2

1 1
A= ( 5 + 6 ) = ×11= 5.5
2 2

A = 5.5 units 2

c f ( x ) = cosx

f ( 0 ) cos
= = ( 0) 1
π π
= =
f   cos   0.5
3 3

1 π π 3 π
A= × (1 + 0.5 ) = × =
2 3 6 2 4

π
A =  units 2
4

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 6

d y = ex

y (1) = e(1) = e

y ( 4 ) = e( 4 ) = e 4

=
A
3
2
( e + e4 )

=
A
3
2
( e + e4 ) units2
e f ( x ) =x ( x − 4 )( x − 9 )

f ( 2 ) = ( 2 ) ( ( 2 ) − 4 ) ( ( 2 ) − 9 ) = 2 × ( −2 ) × ( −7 ) = 28

f ( 3) = ( 3) ( ( 3) − 4 ) ( ( 3) − 9 ) = 3× ( −1) × ( −6 ) = 18

1 1
A = ( 28 + 18 ) = × 46 =23
2 2

A = 23 units 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 7

Question 6

a y = 1 − x2

y′ = −2 x

y′′ = −2

0 = −2x

x=0

max

concave down

1 − x2 =
0

x2 = 1

x = ±1

x-intercepts

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 8

b Estimate using a triangle with base 2 and height 1.1.

h = 1.1 unit

b = 2 units

1
A =   bh
2

1
A =  2× ×1.1
2

A = 1.1 units

Question 7

a =
y x −1

y ( 2=
) ( 2 ) −=
1 1

y ( 2.5
= ) ( 2.5)=
−1 1.5

y ( 3=
) ( 3) −=1 2

y ( 3.5
= ) ( 3.5)=
−1 2.5

y (=
4) ( 4 ) −=1 3

y (=
4.5 ) ( 4.5=
) −1 3.5

=A 0.5 ( )
3.5 + 3 + 2.5 + 2 + 1.5 + 1

A = 4.4 units 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 9

b y (=
2.5 ) ( 2.5=
) −1 1.5

y ( 3=
) ( 3) −=
1 2

y ( 3.5
= ) ( 3.5=
) −1 2.5

y ( 4=
) ( 4 ) −1= 3

y ( 4.5
= ) ( 4.5) −=
1 3.5

y ( 5=
) ( 5) −=
1 2

(
A= 0.5 2 + 3.5 + 3 + 2.5 + 2 + 1.5 )
A = 4.9 units 2

c =
y x −1

y ( 2=
) ( 2 ) −=
1 1

y ( 5=
) ( 5) −=
1 2

3 3 9 1
A= ( 2 + 1) = × 3 = = 4
2 2 2 2

A = 4.5 units 2

d 4.5 units2 by counting square units.

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 10

Question 8

=y 25 − x 2

r =5

1 2
A= πr
2

1
A ( 5 )= π ( 5)
2

25π
A ( 5) = units 2
2

Question 9

a =
y 9 − x2

r =3

1 2
A= πr
2

1
A ( 3)= π ( 3)
2

9π
A ( 3) = units 2
2

b i =
y 9 − x2

y (1) = 9 − (1) = 8
2

y ( 2) = 9 − ( 2) = 5

=A
1
2
( 8+ 5 )
A = 2.5 units 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 11

 ii =
y 9 − x2

y ( 0 ) = 9 − ( 0 ) =3
2

y (1) = 9 − (1) = 8
2

y ( 2) = 9 − ( 2) = 5
2

(
A = 3+ 8 + 5 )
A = 8.1 units 2

Question 10

a b = 4 – 1.2 = 2.8

h = f (4) = 42 = 16

1
A = × 2.8 × 16 = 22.4 units2
2

b b=3

h = 2.2

1
A = × 3 × 2.2 = 3.3 units2
2

c b=2

h=1

1
A = × 2 × 1 = 1 unit2
2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 12

Question 11

a i y=− x2 + 4x

y ( 0) =
− ( 0) + 4 ( 0) =
2
0

y (1) =
− (1) + 4 (1) =
2
3

y ( 3) =
− ( 3) + 4 ( 3) =
2
3

y ( 4) =
− ( 4) + 4 ( 4) =
2
0

A= ( 0 + 3 + 3 + 0) = 6

A = 6 units 2

ii y=− x2 + 4x

y (1) =
− (1) + 4 (1) =
2
3

y ( 2) =
− ( 2) + 4 ( 2) =
2
4

− ( 3) + 4 ( 3) =
y ( 3) =
2
3

A= ( 4 + 3 + 3 + 4) = 14

A = 14 units 2

b i y = sin x

π π 2
= =
y   sin  
4 4 2

y ( 0 ) sin
= = ( 0) 0

π 2 2 
A=  0 + + + 0 
4 2 2 

π 2
A= units 2
4

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 13

 ii y = sin x

π π 2
= =
y   sin  
4 4 2

π π
= =
y   sin   1
2 2

π 2 2 
A= 1 + + + 1
4 2 2 

A=
π ( 2+2 ) units 2

Question 12

a =
y x2 + 5

y ( 0=
) ( 0) + 5= 5
2

y ( 0.5
= ) ( 0.5) +=
2
5 5.25

y (1)= (1) + 5= 6
2

y (1.5
= ) (1.5) +=
2
5 7.25

y ( 2=
) ( 2) + 5= 9
2

y ( 2.5
= ) ( 2.5) +=
2
5 11.25

y ( 3)= ( 3) + 5= 14
2

y ( 3.5
= ) ( 3.5) +=
2
5 17.25

y ( 4=
) ( 4) +=
2
5 21

y ( 4.5
= ) ( 4.5) +=
2
5 25.25

A = 0.5 ( 5 + 5.25 + 6 + 7.25 + 9 + 11.25 + 14 + 17.25 + 21 + 25.5 )

A = 60.625  units 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 14

b =
y x2 + 5

y ( 0.5
= ) ( 0.5) +=
2
5 5.25

y (1)= (1) + 5= 6
2

y (1.5
= ) (1.5) +=
2
5 7.25

y ( 2=
) ( 2) + 5= 9
2

y ( 2.5
= ) ( 2.5) +=
2
5 11.25

y ( 3)= ( 3) + 5= 14
2

y ( 3.5
= ) ( 3.5) +=
2
5 17.25

y ( 4=
) ( 4) + 5= 21
2

y ( 4.5
= ) ( 4.5) +=
2
5 25.25

y ( 5 )= ( 5) + 5= 30
2

= 0.5 ( 5.25 + 6 + 7.25 + 9 + 11.25 + 14 + 17.25 + 21 + 25.5 + 30 )

A

A = 73.125  units 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 15

Exercise 6.02 Trapezoidal rule

Question 1
2
a ∫1
x 2 dx

( 2 − 1) ( f ( 2 ) + f (1) )
1
=
2

1
= ( 2 − 1)( 4 + 1)
2

= 2.5
2
b ∫0
( x3 + 1) dx

( 2 − 0) ( f ( 2) + f ( 0))
1
=
2

1
= ( 2 − 0 )( 9 + 1)
2

= 10

5 dx
c ∫1 x

( 5 − 1) ( f ( 5) + f (1) )
1
=
2

1
= ( 5 − 1)( 0.2 + 1)
2

= 2.4

2 dx
d ∫1 x+3

( 2 − 1) ( f ( 2 ) + f (1) )
1
=
2

1
= ( 2 − 1)( 0.2 + 0.25 )
2

= 0.225

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 16

Question 2
3
a ∫
1
x 3dx

=
2
2
( f ( 3) + f (1) )
2
= ( 27 + 1)
2

= 28
3
b ∫
1
x 3dx

=
1
2
( f ( 3) + f (1) + 2 f ( 2 ) )
1
= ( 27 + 1 + 16 )
2

= 22

Question 3
3 2.5 3
a ∫ log 
= x dx ∫ log log 
2
x dx + ∫ x dx
2 2.5

=
0.5
2
( f ( 2 ) + f ( 2.5 ) ) +
0.5
2
( f ( 3) + f ( 2.5) )
= 0.39

2 dx 1 dx 2 dx
b ∫=
0x+4 ∫ 0 x+4
+ ∫
1 x+4

=
1
2
( f (1) + f ( 0 ) ) + ( f ( 2 ) + f (1) )
1
2

= 0.41

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 17

Question 4
4 2 3 4
a ∫
1
x dx = ∫ log 
log  x dx + ∫ log log 
x dx + ∫
1
x dx
2 3

=
1
2
( f ( 2 ) + f (1) ) + ( f ( 2 ) + f ( 3) ) + ( f ( 4 ) + f ( 3) )
1
2
1
2

= 1.08

∫ (x − x ) dx
2
2
b
0

∫ (x − x ) dx + ∫ (x − x ) dx + ∫ (x − x ) dx + ∫ (x − x ) dx
0.5 1 1.5 2
= 2 2 2 2
0 0.5 1 1.5

=
0.5
2
( f ( 0 ) + f ( 0.5 ) ) +
0.5
2
( f ( 0.5) + f (1) )
+
0.5
2
( f (1) + f (1.5 ) ) +
0.5
2
( f ( 2 ) + f (1.5) )
= 0.75
1
c ∫
0
x  dx

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

=∫ dx + ∫
x       x dx + ∫ x dx + ∫ x dx + ∫ x dx
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

=
0.2
2
( f ( 0 ) + f ( 0.2 ) ) +
0.2
2
( f ( 0.2 ) + f ( 0.4 ) ) +
0.2
2
( f ( 0.4 ) + f ( 0.6 ) )
+
0.2
2
( f ( 0.6 ) + f ( 0.8 ) ) +
0.2
2
( f ( 0.8) + f (1) )
= 0.65

5 dx
d ∫
1 x2

2 dx 3 dx 4 dx 5 dx
= ∫1 x2
+ ∫2 x2
+ ∫
3 x2
+ ∫4 x2

=
1
2
( f (1) + f ( 2 ) ) + ( f ( 3) + f ( 2 ) ) + ( f ( 3) + f ( 4 ) ) + ( f ( 5 ) + f ( 4 ) )
1
2
1
2
1
2

= 0.94

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 18

 6 dx
e ∫
3 x −1

3.5 dx 4dx 4.5 dx 5 dx 5.5 dx 6 dx

= ∫3 x −1
+ ∫ 3.5 x − 1
+ ∫ 4 x −1
+ ∫ 4.5 x − 1
+∫
5 x −1
+ ∫ 5.5 x − 1

=
0.5
2
( f ( 3) + 2 f ( 3.5) ) + 2 f ( 4 ) + 2 f ( 4.5) + 2 f ( 5) + 2 f ( 5.5) + f ( 6 ))
= 0.92

Question 5

∫ f ( x)
9
a
1

=∫ f ( x ) + f ( x) + f ( x) + ∫ f ( x)
3 5 7 9

1 ∫ 3 ∫ 5 7

2
= ( 3.2 + 2 × 5.9 + 2 × 8.4 + 2 ×11.6 + 20.1)
2

= 75.1

∫ f (t )
4
b
1

=∫ f ( t ) + ∫ f (t ) + ∫ f (t )
2 3 4

1 2 3

1
= (8.9 + 2 × 6.5 + 2 × 4.1 + 2.9 )
2

= 16.5

f ( x)
14
c ∫2

=∫ f ( x ) + ∫ f ( x) + ∫ f ( x) + ∫ f ( x) + ∫ f ( x) + f ( x)
4 6 8 10 12 14

2 4 6 8 10 ∫
12

2
= ( 25.1 + 2 × 37.8 + 2 × 52.3 + 2 × 89.3 + 2 × 67.8 + 2 × 45.4 + 39.9 )
2

= 650.2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 19

Question 6

1
a = ( 3.9 + 2 × 5.4 + 2 × 5.1 + 2 × 4.7 + 2 × 4.4 + 2 × 5.3 + 4.1)
2

= 28.9 m 2

1
b = ( 9.8 + 2 ×11.3 + 2 × 9.1 + 2 × 9.7 + 8.5)
2

= 39.25 m 2

1
c = ( 2.9 + 2 × 2.3 + 2 × 2.1 + 3.2 )
2

= 7.45 km 2

5
d = (18.3 + 2 × 27.6 + 2 × 24.1 + 2 × 26.3 + 22.6 )
2

= 492.25 m 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 20

Exercise 6.03 Definite integrals

Question 1
2
a ∫ 0
4x dx

2
=  2x 2 
0

= 2 ( 2) − 2 ( 0) = 8
2 2

∫ ( 2 x + 1) dx
3
b
1

3
=  x 2 + x 
1

= ((3) + (3)) − ((1) + (1)) =

2 2
10

6
c ∫ −1
3x 2 dx

6
=  x3 
−1

= ( 6 ) − ( −1) = 217
3 3

∫ ( 4t − 7 ) dt
2
d
1

2
=  2t 2 − 7t 
1

= ( 2 ( 2) − 7 ( 2)) − ( 2 (1) − 7 (1))

2 2

= –1

∫ ( 6 y − 5) dy
1
e
−1

1
= 3 y 2 − 5 y 
−1

= (3(1) + 5 (1)) − (3( −1) + 5 ( −1))

2 2

= 10

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 21

 3
f ∫0
6x 2 dx

3
=  2x3 
0

= 2 ( 3) − 2 ( 0 )
3 3

= 54

∫ (x + 1) dx
2
2
g
1

2
 x3 
=  + x
3 1

 ( 2 )3   (1)3 
=  + ( 2)  −  + (1) 
 3   3 
   

1
=3
3
2
h ∫0
4x 3 dx

2
=  x 4 
0

= ( 2) − ( 0)
4 4

= 16
4
i ∫−1
3 x 2 − 2 x dx

4
=  x3 − x 2 
−1

= (( 4) − ( 4) ) − (( −1) − ( −1) )
3 2 3 2

= 50

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 22

Question 2
1
a ∫−1
x 2 dx

1
 x3 
= 
 3  −1

(1) ( −1)
3 3
2
= − =
3 3 3
3
b ∫−2
( x 3 + 1) dx

3
 x4 
=  + x
3  −2

 ( 3)4   ( −2 )4 
=  + ( 3)  −  + ( −2 ) 
 4   4 
   

1
= 21
4
2
c ∫−2
( x 5 ) dx

2
 x5 
= 
 5  −2

 ( 2 )5   ( 2 )5 
=  − 
 5   5 
   

=0

∫ ( x ) dx
4
d
1

4
2 3 
=  x2 
 3 1

2 3
 2 3
=  ( 4 ) 2  −  (1) 2 
3  3 

2
=4
3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 23

 1
∫ (x − 3 x 2 + 4 x) dx
3
e
0

1
 x4 
=  − x3 + 2 x 2 
4 0

 (1)4   ( 0 )4 
=  − (1) + 2 (1)  −  − ( 0) + 2 ( 0) 
3 2 3 2

 4   4 
   

1
=1
4

∫ ( 2 x − 1)
2 2
f dx
1

2
1 3
=  ( 2 x − 1) 
6 1

1 3 1 3
=  ( 2 ( 2 ) − 1)  −  ( 2 (1) − 1) 
6  6 

1
=4
3

∫ (y + y ) dx
1
3
g
−1

1
 y4 y2 
=  + 
4 2  −1

 (1)4 (1)2   ( −1)4 ( −1)2 

= + − + =0
 4 2   4 2 


∫ (2 − x)
4 2
h dx
3

4
 1 3
 − 3 ( 2 − x ) 
=
3

 1 3  1 3
 − ( 2 − ( 4 ) )  −  − ( 2 − ( 3) )  −
=
 3   3 

1
=2
3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 24

 2
i ∫−2
4t 3 dt

4
= t 4 
3

(( 2) ) − (( −2) ) =0
4 4

4 x2
j ∫2 3
dx

4
 x3 
= 
 9 2

 ( 4 )3   ( 2 )3 
=  − 
 9   9 
   

2
=6
9

3 5x 4
k ∫1 x
dx

3
= ∫5x3dx
1

3
 5x4 
= 
 4 1

 5 ( 3)4   5 (1)4 
= −  = 100
 4   4 
   

x 4 − 3x
∫ (x − 3) dx
4 4
∫ = 3
l dx
2 x 2

4
 x4 
=  − 3x 
4 2

 ( 4 )4   ( 2 )4 
= − 3( 4)  −  − 3( 2) 
 4   4 
   

= 54

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 25

m

4 x3 + x 2 + 5 x
∫ ( 4x + x + 5 ) dx
2 2
∫ = 2
dx
1 x 1

2
 x3 x 2 
=  + + 5x 
3 2 1

 ( 2 )3 ( 2 ) 2   (1)3 (1)2 
=  + + 5( 2)  −  + + 5 (1) 
 3 2   3 2 
   

5
= 15
6

x3 − 2 x 2 + 3x
∫ (x − 2 x + 3) dx
5 5
∫ = 2
n dx
3 x 3

5
 x3 
=  − x 2 + 3x 
3 3

 ( 5 )3   ( 3 )3 
=  − ( 5) + 3( 5)  −  − ( 3) + 3 ( 3) 
2 2

 3   3 
   

2
= 22
3

4 x2 + x + 3 4  1 1 1
o ∫3 3x5
=
dx ∫
3  3 + 4 + 5  dx
 3x 3x x 
4
 1 1 1 
=
 − 6 x 2 − 9 x3 − 4 x 4 
3

 1 1 1   1 1 1 
= − − −  −  − − − 
 6 ( 4 ) 2 9 ( 4 )3 4 ( 4 ) 4   6 ( 3 ) 2 9 ( 3 )3 4 ( 3 ) 4 
   

= 0.0126

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 26

Question 3

∫ ( 3t + 7 ) dt
4
2
a
2

4
= t 3 + 7t 
2

= (( 4) + 7 ( 4)) − (( 2) + 7 ( 2)) = 70 m
3 3

∫ (8t − 5) dt
4
b
2

4
=  4t 2 − 5t 
2

= ( 4 ( 4) − 5( 4)) − ( 4 ( 2) − 5( 2)) =
2 2
38 km

∫ ( 4t + 2t + 3) dt
4
3
c
2

4
= t 4 + t 2 + 3t 
2

= (( 4) + ( 4) ) + 3( 4)) − (( 2) + ( 2) ) + 3( 2)) = 258 cm

4 2 4 2

∫ ( t + 3)
4 2
d dt
2

4
1 3
=  ( t + 3) 
3 2

1 3 1 3
=  ( ( 4 ) + 3)  −  ( ( 2 ) + 3) 
3  3 

2
= 72 m
3

∫ ( 5 − 6t + 9t ) dt
4
2
e
2

4
= 5t − 3t 2 + 3t 3 
2

(5 ( 4) − 3( 4) + 3( 4) ) − (5 ( 2) − 3( 2) + 3( 2) )
2 3 2 3

= 142 cm

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 27

Question 4

∫ ( 25 + 4t ) dt
5
3
a
0

5
=  25t + t 4 
0

= ( 25 (5) + (5) ) − ( 25 ( 0) + t ( 0) )
4 4

= 750 L

∫ ( 25 + 4t ) dt
15
3
b
0

15
=  25t + t 4 
0

= ( 25 (15) + (15) ) − ( 25 ( 0) + t ( 0) )
4 4

= 51 000 L

∫ ( 25 + 4t ) dt
30
3
c
0

30
=  25t + t 4 
0

= ( 25 (30) + (30) ) − ( 25 ( 0) + t ( 0) )
4 4

= 810 750 L

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 28

Exercise 6.04 Indefinite integrals

Question 1

x3
a ∫ x=
2
+C
3

3x 6 x6
b ∫ 3x=
5
+ C= +C
6 2

2 x5
c ∫ 2x
= 4
+C
5

m2
d ∫ m +1 = +m+C
2

t3
e ∫ t2 − 7 = − 7t + C
3

h8
f ∫ h7 + 5 = + 5h + C
8

y2
g ∫ y −3 = − 3y + C
2

h ∫ 2 x + 4 = x2 + 4 x + C

b3 b 2
i ∫ b2 + b = + +C
3 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 29

Question 2

x3
a ∫ x2 + 2 x + 5 = + x2 + 5x + C
3

b ∫ 4 x3 − 3x 2 + 8 x − 1 = x 4 − x3 + 4 x 2 − x + C

x5 x 4
c ∫ 6 x5 + x 4 + 2 x3 = x 6 + + +C
5 2

x8 3 x 7
d ∫ x 7 − 3x 6 − 9 = − − 9x + C
8 7

x 4 x3 x 2
e ∫ 2 x3 + x 2 − x − 2 = + − − 2x + C
2 3 2

x6 x4
f ∫ x5 + x3 + 4 = + + 4x + C
6 4

4 x3 5 x 2
g ∫ 4 x2 − 5x − 8 = − − 8x + C
3 2

3x5 x 4 x 2
h ∫ 3x 4 − 2 x3 + x = − + +C
5 2 2

3x 4 5 x3
i ∫ 6 x + 5x − 4 =
3 2
+ − 4x + C
2 3

j ∫ 3x −4 + x −3 + 2 x −2

3 x −3 x −2 2 x −1
= + + +C
−3 −2 −1

x −2
= x −3 − − 2 x −1 + C
2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 30

Question 3

dx
a ∫ 8
= ∫ x −8dx
x

x −7
= +C
−7

1
=
− 7 +C
7x
4
1
3x 3
b ∫ x dx
=3
+C
4

x 6 − 3x5 + 2 x 4
c ∫ dx =
∫ ( x3 − 3 x 2 + 2 x)dx
x3

x4
= − x3 + x 2 + C
4

∫ (1 − 2x ) dx = ∫ (1 − 4 x + 4 x 2 ) dx
2
d

4 x3
=−
x 2x2 + +C
3

e ∫ ( x 2 + 3 x − 10 ) dx
∫ ( x − 2 )( x + 5 ) dx =

x3 3x 2
= + − 10 x + C
3 2

3
f ∫ 2
dx = ∫ 3x −2 dx
x

−3x −1 + C
=

3
=− + C
x

dx
g ∫ 3
= ∫ x −3dx
x

x −2
= +C
−2

1
=
− 2 +C
2x

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 31

 4 x3 − x5 − 3x 2 + 7  4 3 7
h ∫ dx =∫  2 − 1 − 3 + 5  dx =∫ ( 4 x −2 − 1 − 3 x −3 + 7 x −5 ) dx
x x 
5
x x

3 x −2 7 x −4
=−4 x − x + − +C
2 4

4 3 7
=− − x + 2 − 4 + C
x 2x 4x

y 3 y −6
i ∫ ( y 2 − y −7 + 5 ) dy = − + 5y + C
3 6

j ∫ ( t 2 − 4 ) ( t − 1) dt = ∫ ( t 3 − t 2 − 4t + 4 ) dt

t4 t3
= − − 2t 2 + 4t + C
4 3

( )
1
k ∫ x dx = ∫ x 2 dx

2 32
= x +C
3

2 x3
= +C
3

2 −5
l ∫  5  dt = ∫ 2t dt
t 

2t −4
= +C
−4

1
=
− 4 +C
2t

( x ) dx = ∫ x dx
1
m ∫ 3 3

4
3x 3
= +C
4

3 3 x4
= +C
4

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 32

 ( )
1 3
n ∫ x x dx = ∫ x × x dx = ∫ x dx
2 2

5
2x 2
= +C
5

2 x5
= +C
5

  1   12 
o ∫  x 1 +
 
  dx = ∫
x 
( )
x + 1 dx = ∫  x + 1 dx
 
3
2x 2
= + x+C
3

2 x3
= + x+C
3

Question 4

dS
= 180
dn

S = ∫ 180dn

=S 180n + C

360 180 ( 4 ) + C
=

= 720 + C
360

C = −360

=S 180n − 360

S ( 7 ) 180 ( 7 ) − 360
=

S (=
7 ) 900°

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 33

Question 5

R = 3x 2 − 2 x + 1

∫ (3 x 2 − 2 x + 1)dx

= x3 − x 2 + x + C

3 = ( −1) − ( −1) + ( −1) + C

3 2

3 =−3 + C

C =6

= x3 − x 2 + x + 6

Question 6

dx
= 4t + t 2 − t 3
dt

∫ (4t + t 2 − t 3 )dt

t3 t4
= 2t 2 + − +C
3 4

( 0) ( 0)
3 4

2 = 2 ( 0) + − +C
2

3 4

C=2

t3 t4
x = 2t + − + 2
2

3 4

(15) (15)
3 4

x (15 ) = 2 (15 ) + − +2
2

3 4

x (15 ) = −11  079.25  cm  s −1

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 34

Question 7

=
R 500 + 20t

∫ ( 500 + 20t ) dt

= 500t + 10t 2 + C

15 000 = 500 ( 0 ) + 10 ( 0 ) + C
2

C = 15 000

= 500t + 10t 2 + 15 000

= 500 (10 ) + 10 (10 ) + 15 000

2

= 21 000 L

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 35

Exercise 6.05 Chain rule

Question 1

∫ ( 3x − 4 )
2
a dx

( 3x − 4 )
3

= +C
3 ( 3)

( 3x − 4 )
3

= +C
9

∫ ( x + 1)
4
b dx

( x + 1)
5

= +C
5 (1)

( x + 1)
5

= +C
5

∫ ( 5 x − 1)
9
c dx

( 5 x − 1)
10

= +C
10 ( 5 )

( 5 x − 1)
10

= +C
50

∫ (3 y − 2)
7
d dy

(3 y − 2)
8

= +C
8 ( 3)

(3 y − 2)
8

= +C
24

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 36

 ∫ ( 4 + 3x )
4
e dx

( 4 + 3x )
5

= +C
5 ( 3)

( 4 + 3x )
5

= +C
15

∫ ( 7 x + 8)
12
f dx

( 7 x + 8)
13

= +C
13 ( 7 )

( 7 x + 8)
13

= +C
91

∫ (1 − x )
6
g dx

(1 − x )
7

= +C
7 ( −1)

(1 − x )
7

=
− +C
7
1
h ∫ 2 x − 5=
dx ∫ ( 2 x − 5) 2 dx
3

=
( 2 x − 5) 2 + C
3
( 2)
2
3

=
( 2 x − 5) 2 + C
3

( 2 x − 5)
3

= +C
3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 37

 ∫ 2 ( 3x + 1)
−4
i dx

2 ( 3 x + 1)
−3

= +C
−3 ( 3)

2 ( 3 x + 1)
−3

= +C
9

∫ 3( x + 7 )
−2
j dx

3( x + 7 )
−1

= +C
( −1)

−3 ( x + 7 ) + C
−1
=

1 1
∫ 2 ( 4 x − 5)
−3
k ∫ 2 ( 4 x − 5) 3
dx = dx

( 4 x − 5)
−2

= +C
2 × 4 × −2

1
=
− +C
16 ( 4 x − 5 )
2

∫ 4 x + 3 dx = ∫ ( 4 x + 3) 3 dx
3
l

4
= ( 4 x + 3) 3
4
×4
3

3 3 ( 4 x + 3)
4

= +C
16
1

∫ (2 − x)
−
m 2 dx

1
2(2 − x)2
= +C
−1

=−2 2 − x + C

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 38

 3

∫ ( t + 3) dt = ∫ ( t + 3) 2 dt
2
n =

5
2
= ( t + 3) 2 + C
5

( t + 3)
5
2
= +C
5
5

∫ (5x + 2) dt= ∫ ( 5 x + 2 ) 2 dt
5
o =

7
2
( 5 x + 2 )2
= 7 +C
5

(5x + 2)
7
2
= +C
35

Question 2

∫ ( 2 x + 1)
2 4
a dx
1

2
 ( 2 x + 1)5 
=   
 5 × 2 1

2
 ( 2 x + 1)5 
= 
 10 1

( 2 ( 2 ) + 1) − ( 2 (1) + 1)
5 5

=
10 10

= 288.2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 39

 ∫ (3 y − 2)
1 3
b dy
0

1
 ( 3 y − 2 )4 
= 
 3 × 4  0

1
 ( 3 y − 2 )4 
= 
 12  0

( 3 (1) − 2 ) − ( 3 ( 0 ) − 2 )
4 4

=
12 12

1
= −1
4

∫ (1 − x )
2 7
c dx
1

2
 (1 − x )8 
=   
 8 × −1 1

2
 (1 − x )8 
= − 
 8 
1

(1 − ( 2 ) ) + (1 − (1) )
8 8

=
−
8 8

1
= −
8

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 40

 ∫ ( 3 − 2x )
2 5
d dx
0

2
 ( 3 × 2 x )6 
= 
 6 × −2  0

2
 ( 3 × 2 x )6 
= − 
 12 
0

(3 − 2 ( 2)) + (3 − 2 ( 0))
6 6

=
−
12 12

2
= 60
3

1(3 x − 1) 2
e ∫0 6 dx
1
 ( 3 x − 1)3 
= 
 6 × 3 × 3  0

1
 ( 3 x − 1)3 
= 
 54  0

( 3 (1) − 1) − ( 3 ( 0 ) − 1)
3 3

=
54 54

1
=
6

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 41

 ∫ (5 − x )
5 6
f dx
4

5
 ( 5 − x )7 
= 
 −1× 7  4

5
 ( 5 − x )7 
= − 
 7 
4

( 5 − ( 5) ) + ( 5 − ( 4 ) )
7 7

=
−
7 7

( 5 − ( 5) ) + ( 5 − ( 4 ) )
7 7

=
−
7 7

1
=
7
1

∫3 ( x − 2 ) 2 dx
6
g

6
 3

 ( x − 2 )2 
= 
 3 
 2 
 3
6
 3

=  2 ( x − 2 ) 2

 3 
  3
3 3
2 ( ( 6 ) − 2 )2 2 ( ( 3) − 2 )2
= −
3 3

2
=4
3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 42

 −3
5
5 ( 2n +1) dn
2 2
h ∫0
=
( 2n + 1)
3
dn ∫ 0

2
 5 ( 2n + 1)−2 
= 
 −2 × 2  0

2
 5 ( 2n + 1)−2 
= − 
 4  0

5 ( 2 ( 2 ) + 1) 5 ( 2 ( 0 ) + 1)
−2 −2

=
− +
4 4

1
=1
5
3
2
2 (5x − 4)
4 4 −
i ∫ = dx ∫ 2 dx
( − )
1 3 1
5 x 4

4
 1 
 2 (5x − 4) 2 
=
1 
 5× − 
 2 1
4
 1

=  −4 ( 5 x − 4 ) 2
  
 5 
 1
1 1
4 (5( 4) − 4) 4 ( 5 (1) − 4 )
− −
2 2
=
− +
5 5

3
=
5

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 43

Question 3

∫ 4 x3 ( x 4 + 5 ) dx
2
a

u=
x 4 + 5, 4
du =x3 dx

∫ u 2 du

u3
= +C
3

(x + 5)
4 3

= +C
3

∫ 2 x ( x 2 − 3) dx
5
b

u=
x 2 − 3, 2
du =x dx

∫ u 5du

u6
= +C
6

(x − 3)
2 6

= +C
6

∫ 3 x 2 ( x3 + 1) dx
3
c

u=x3 + 1, 3
du =x 2 dx

∫ u 3du

u4
= + C 
4

(x + 1)
3 4

= +C
4

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 44

 ∫ ( 2 x + 3) ( x 2 + 3 x − 2 ) dx
4
d

u = x 2 + 3 x − 2, 2
du = x + 3 dx

∫ u 4 du

u5
= +C
5

(x + 3x − 2 )
2 5

= +C
5

∫ x ( 3 x 2 − 7 ) dx
6
e

u =3 x 2 − 7, du =6 x dx

1
∫ u 6 du
6

u7
=   +C
6× 7

( 3x − 7)
2 7

= +C
42

∫ x 2 ( 4 − 5 x3 ) dx
2
f

u=
4 − 5 x3 , 15
du =
− x 2 dx

1 2
∫ u du
−15

u3
=
− +C
15 × 3

=
−
( 4 − 5x ) 3 3

+C
45

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 45

 ∫ 4 x5 ( 2 x 6 − 3) dx
4
g

u =2 x 6 − 3, 12
du = x5 dx

1
∫ u 4 du
3

u5
= +C
3× 5

( 2x − 3)
6 5

= +C
15

∫ 3 x ( 5 x 2 + 3)
7
h

u =5 x 2 + 3, 10
du = x dx

3 7
∫ u du
10

3u 8
= +C
10 × 8

3 ( 5 x 2 + 3)
8

= +C
80

∫ ( x + 2 ) ( x 2 + 4 x ) dx
5
i

u=
x 2 + 4 x, 2
du =x + 4 dx

1
∫ u 5du
2

u6
= +C
2× 6

(x + 4x)
2 6

= +C
12

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 46

 ∫ ( 3 x 2 − 2 )( 3 x3 − 6 x − 2 ) dx
3
j

du = ( x 2 − 6 ) dx
u = 3 x 3 − 6 x − 2,  9

1
∫ u 3du
3

u4
= +C
3× 4

( 3x − 6x − 2)
3 4

= +C
12

Question 4

∫ x ( 2x + 3) dx
2 2
2
a
0

u =2 x 2 + 3, 4
du = x dx

2 1 2
∫0 4
u du

2
 u3 
= 
 4 × 3 0

 ( 2 x 2 + 3 )3 
2

= 
 12 
 0

( 2 ( 2 ) + 3) − ( 2 ( 0 ) + 3)
2 3 2 3

=
12 12

2
= 108
3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 47

 ∫ x (x − 1) dx
1 5
2 3
b
0

u=x3 − 1, 3
du =x 2 dx

1 5
1
∫03
u du

1
 u6 
= 
3 × 6  0

 ( x3 − 1)6 
1

= 
 18 
 0

1
= −
18

x 4 ( x5 + 2 ) dx
2
∫
3
c
1

u =+ du =x 4 dx
x5 2, 5

2 1 3
∫1 5
u du

2
 u4 
= 
 5 × 4 1

 ( x5 + 2 )4 
2

= 
 20 
 1

(( 2) + 2) − ((1) + 2)
5 4 5 4

=
20 20

= 66 812.75

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 48

 ∫ x (5 − x )
1
3 4 7
d dx
0

u=
5 − x 4 , 4
du =
− x3 dx

1 7
1
∫0 −4
u du

1
 u8 
= 
 −4 × 8  0

 ( 5 − x 4 )8 
1

= − 
 32 
 0

=
−
(5 − (1) ) + (5 − ( 0) )
4 8 4 8

32 32

1
= 10 159
32

3 x ( x 2 + 2 ) dx
4
∫
4
e
2

u =+ du =x dx
x 2 2, 2

4 3 4
∫2 2
u du

4
 3u 5 
= 
 2 × 5 2

 3 ( x 2 + 2 )5 
4

= 
 10 
 2

( ) ( )
5 5
3 ( 4) + 2 3 ( 2) + 2
2 2

= −
10 10

= 564 537.6

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 49

 5 x 2 ( 2 x3 − 7 ) dx
1
∫
3
f
−1

u =2 x3 − 7, 6
du = x 2 dx

5 3
1
∫−1 6
u du

1
 5u 4 
= 
 6 × 4  −1

 5 ( 2 x3 − 7 )4 
1

= 
 24 
  −1

( ) ( )
4 4
5 2 (1) − 7 5 2 ( −1) − 7
3 3

= −
24 24

2
= −1236
3

∫−1 ( x − 1) ( x − 2 x + 3)
0 6
2
g dx

du = ( x − 2 ) dx
u = x 2 − 2 x + 3, 2

0 1 6
∫−1 2
u du

0
 u7 
= 
 2 × 7  −1

 ( x 2 − 2 x + 3 )7 
0

= 
 14 
  −1

(( 0) ) (( −1) )
7 7
− 2 ( 0) + 3 − 2 ( −1) + 3
2 2

= −
14 14

3
= −19 839
14

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 50

 4 ∫ ( x 2 + 2 )( x3 + 6 x − 1) dx
1 2
h
0

du = ( x 2 + 6 ) dx
u = x 3 + 6 x − 1,  3

1 2
1
4∫ u du
03

1
 u3 
= 4 
 3× 3 0

 ( x3 + 6 x − 1)3 
1

= 4 
 9 
 0

 1 1 3 + 6 1 −1 3
( ) ( ) 
3

 ( ) () ( 0) + 6 ( 0) −1
3

= 4   − 
 9 9 
 

4
= 96
9

5∫ x 2 ( x3 −1)( x 6 − 2 x3 −1) dx
2 4

−2

u =x 6 − 2 x3 −1, du =( 6 x5 − 6 x 2 ) dx

(x − x 2 )( x 6 − 2 x3 −1) dx
2
5∫ 5 4

−2
2 1 4
= 5∫ u du
−2 6

2
 u5 
= 5 
 6 × 5  −2

( )
2
 x 6 − 2 x 3 −1 5 
= 5 
 30 
  −2

  2 6 − 2 2 3 −1  −2 6 − 2 −2 3 −1 5 5

 ( ) ( )  ( ) ( )  
= 5  − 
 30 30 
 
= − 474 618 565.3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 51

 Question 5

∫ x (x − 2 ) dx
4
2 3

( x3 2 ) , du =
u =− 3 x 2 dx
1
∫ 3u
4
dx

u5
= +C
3× 5

(x − 2)
3 5

= +C
15

((1) ) +C
5
−2
3

=4
15
1
4= − +C
15
1
C =4
15
(x − 2)
3 5
1
= +4
15 15

(
1  3
x − 2 ) + 61
5
= 
15  

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 52

Question 6

∫ x ( x − 3) dx
2 4

u= x 2 − 3, du =
2 x dx
1 4
∫ 2 u du
u5
= +C
2×5

(x − 3)
2 5

= +C
10

( ( 2 ) − 3) + C
2 5

=0
10
1
=
0 +C
10
1
C= −
10
(x − 3)
2 5
1
= −
10 10
1  2
( ) −1
5
= x − 3
10  

(
1  2
x − 3) −1
5
=
x 
10  

( 3)  [3] − 3 −1
1
( )
5
x=
2

10  
x ( 3) = 777.5 m

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 53

Exercise 6.06 Integration involving exponential functions

Question 1

∫e
4x
dx
=u 4= x, du 4 dx
1
∫ 4 × 4e dx
u

1
= ∫ × eu du
4
1 4x
= e +C
4

∫e
−x
dx

u=
− x, 1
du =
− dx

∫ −1× e dx
u

= ∫ −1× e du
u

−e − x + C
=

∫e
5x
dx

=u 5=
x, 5
du dx

1
∫ 5 × 5e dx
u

1
= ∫ 5 × e du
u

1 5x
= e +C
5

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 54

 ∫e
−2 x
d dx

u=
−2 x, 2
du =
− dx

1
∫ −2 × −2e dx
u

1
=∫ − × eu du
2

1
− e −2 x + C
=
2

∫e
4 x +1
e dx

u=4 x + 1, 4
du = dx

1
∫ 4 × 4e dx
u

1
= ∫ 4 × e du
u

1 4 x+1
= e +C
4

∫ −3e
5x
f dx

=u 5=
x, 5
du dx

1
∫ −3 × 5 × 5e dx
u

−3 u
= ∫ 5
× e du

3
=
− e5 x + C
5

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 55

 ∫e
2t
g dt

=u 2=
t , 2
du dt

1
∫ 2 × 2e dt
u

1
= ∫ 2 × e du
u

1 2t
= e +C
2

∫e − 2 dx
7x
h

=u 7=
x, 7
du dx

1
∫ 7 × 7e dx + ∫ −2 dx
u

1
= ∫ 7 × e du + ∫ −2 dx
u

1 7x
= e − 2x + C
7

∫e
x −3
i + x dx

u=
x − 3, 1
du =dx

∫ e dx + ∫ x dx
u

= ∫ e du + ∫ x dx
u

x2
= e x −3 + +C
2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 56

Question 2
1
∫e
5x
a dx
0

=u 5=
x, 5
du dx

1 u1
∫
05
e du

1
1 
=  e5 x 
 5 0

1 5(1) 1 5( 0)
= e − e
5 5

=
5
( e − 1)
1 5

2
b ∫
0
−e − x dx

u=
− x, 1
du =
− dx

2
∫
0
eu du

2
= e − x 
0

= e −2 − e −0

= e −2 − 1

1
= −1
e2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 57

 4
c ∫
1
2e3 x+4 dx

u=
3 x + 4, 3
du =dx

4 1
∫
1
2 × eu du
3
4
2 
=  e3 x + 4 
3 1

2 3( 4)+4 2 3(1)+4
= e − e
3 3

=
3
(e − e )
2 16 7

2e7 9
=
3
( e − 1)

∫ ( 3x − e 2 x ) dx
3
2
d
2

=u 2=
x, 2
du dx

3 3 1
∫2
3 x 2 dx + ∫ − eu du
2 2
3
 1 
=  x3 − e2 x 
 2 2

 3 1   3 1 
=  ( 3) − e 2(3)  −  ( 2 ) − e 2( 2) 
 2   2 

1 1
= 27 − e6 − 8 + e 4
2 2

e4 2
=−
19
2
( e − 1)

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 58

 ∫ (e + 1) dx
2
2x
e
0

=u 2=
x, du 2 dx

2 1 u 2
∫0 2
e du + ∫ 1 dx
0

2
1 
=  e2 x + x 
2 0

1  1 
=  e 2( 2) + 2  −  e 2( 0) + ( 0 ) 
2  2 

1 4 1
= e +2−
2 2

1 1
= 1 + e4
2 2

∫ (e − x ) dx
2
x
f
1

=u x=
, du dx

2 2
∫
1
eu du − ∫ x dx
1

2
 x2 
= e x − 
 2 1

 ( 2) ( 2 )2   (1) (1)2 
= e −  −e − 
 2   2 
   

1
= e2 − 2 − e +
2

1
= e2 − e − 1
2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 59

 ∫ (e − e − x ) dx
3
2x
g
0

=u 2=
x, 2
du dx

v=
− x, dv =
−dx

3 1 u 3
∫ 0 2
e du + ∫ ev dv
0

3
1 
=  e2 x + e− x 
2 0

1  1
=  e 2(3) + e −(3)  − ( e 2( 0) + e −( 0)
2  2

1 6 −3 1
= e + e − −1
2 2

1 6 −3 1
= e + e −1
2 2

Question 3

∫ ( e ) dx
3
−x
a
1

u=
− x,  du =
−dx

3
∫ 1
−eu du

3
=  −e − x 
1

= −e ( −( 3 )
) − ( −e ( ) )
−1

= 0.32

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 60

 ∫ ( 2e ) dy
2
3y
b
0

=u 3=
y, du 3 dy

2 1
∫
0
2 × eu du
3
2
2 
=  e3 y 
 3 0

2  2 
=  e3( 2)  −  e3( 0) 
3  3 

= 268.29

∫ (e + 2 x − 3) dx
6
x +5
c
5

u=
x + 5, du =
dx

6 6 6
∫
5
eu du + ∫ 2 x dx + ∫ −3 dx
5 5

6
= e x+5 + x 2 − 3 x 
5

= (e ( 6 )+5
+ ( 6 ) − 3 ( 6 ) − e(
5
) ( 5 )+5
+ ( 5) − 3( 5)
5
)
= 37855.68

∫ (e − t ) dt
1
3t + 4
d
0

u =+ du =dt
3t 4, 3

1 1 u 1
∫
0 3
e du + ∫ −t dt
0

1
1 t2 
=  e 3t + 4 − 
3 2 0

 1 3(1)+4 (1)2   1 3( 0)+4 ( 0 )2 

=  e − − e − 
3 2  3 2 
   

= 346.85

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 61

 ∫ (e + e 2 x ) dx
2
4x
e
1

=u 4=
x, 4
du dx

=v 2=
x, 2
dv dx

2 1 u 21
∫1 4
e du + ∫ ev dv
1 2

2
1 1 
=  e4 x + e2 x 
4 2 1

1 1  1 1 
=  e 4( 2) + e 2( 2)  −  e 4(1) + e 2(1) 
4 2  4 2 

= 755.19

Question 4

∫ 5 dx
x
a

5 = eln5

5 x = e xlnx

∫e
x ln x
dx

1 xln5
= e +C
ln5

1 x
= 5 +C
ln5

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 62

 ∫7
3x
b dx

7 = eln 7

73 x = e3 xln 7

∫e
3 x ln 7
dx

1 3 xln 7
= e +C
3ln7

1 3x
= 7 +C
3ln7

∫3
2 x −1
c dx

3 = eln3

32 x−1 = e(
2 x −1)ln3

( 3 x −1) ln 3
∫e dx

1 ( 2 x−1)ln3
= e +C
2ln3

1 2 x−1
= 3 +C
2ln3

Question 5

a
dx
(x e )
dy 2 x

= 2 xe x + x 2e x

= xe x ( 2 + x )

b ∫ x ( 2 + x ) e x dx

= x 2e x + C

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 63

 Question 6

f ′ ( x ) = x 2e 2 x  
3

∫x e
2 2 x3
dx

=u 2=
x3 , 6
du x 2 dx

1
= ∫ eu du
6

1 2 x3
= e +C
6

1 2( 0)3
=0 e +C
6

1
0= +C
6

1
C= −
6

1 2 x3 1
( x)
f= e −
6 6

f ( x)
=
6
(
1 2 x3
e −1 )

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 64

Question 7

=
v 2e t − 1

∫ ( 2e − 1) dt
t

= 2 ∫ et dt − ∫ dt

x= 2et − t + C

10= 2e0 − 0 + C

10= 2 + C

C =8

x= 2et − t + 8

x ( 3)= 2e3 − 3 + 8

x=
(3) ( 2e 3
+ 5) m

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 65

Exercise 6.07 Integration involving logarithmic functions

Question 1

2
a ∫ 2 x + 5 dx
u=2 x + 5, du =2 dx

du
∫ u

= ln u + C

= ln 2 x + 5 + C

4x
b ∫ 2x 2
+1
dx

u =2 x 2 + 1, 4
du = x dx

du
∫ u

=  ln u + C

= ln 2 x 2 + 1 + C

5x4
c ∫ x5 − 2 dx
u=x5 − 2, 5
du =x 4 dx

du
∫ u

=  ln u + C

= ln x 5 − 2 + C

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 66

 1
d ∫ 2 x dx
=u 2=
x, 2
du dx

1 du
∫2 u
 

1
= ln u + C
2

1
= ln 2 x + C
2

2
e ∫ x dx
=u x=
, du dx

du
2∫
u

= 2ln u + C

= 2ln x + C

5
f ∫ 3x dx
=u x=
, du dx

5 du
3∫ u

5
= ln u + C
3

5
= ln x + C
3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 67

 2x − 3
g ∫x 2
− 3x
dx

u =− ( x − 3) dx
du =
x 2 3 x, 2

du
∫ u

= ln u + C

= ln x 2 − 3 x + C

x
h ∫x 2
+2
dx

u=x 2 + 2, 2
du =x dx

1 du
∫2 u
 

1
= ln u + C
2

1
= ln x 2 + 2 + C
2

3x
i ∫x 2
+7
dx

u =+ du =x dx
x 2 7, 2

1 du
3∫ 
2 u

3
= ln u + C
2

3
= ln x 2 + 7 + C
2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 68

 x +1
j  ∫ dx
x + 2x − 5
2

= = ( x + 2 ) dx
u x 2 + 2 x − 5, 2
du

1 du
∫2 u
 

1
= ln u + C
2

1
= ln x 2 + 2 x − 5 + C
2

Question 2

4
a ∫ 4 x − 1 dx
u=4 x − 1, 4
du =dx

du
∫ u

= ln u + C

= ln 4 x − 1 + C

dx
b ∫ x+3
u=
x + 3,  du =
dx

du
∫ u

= ln u + C

= ln x + 3 + C

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 69

 x2
c ∫ 2 x3 − 7 dx
u =2 x3 − 7, 6
du = x 2 dx

1 du
∫6 u

1
= ln u + C
6

1
= ln 2 x3 − 7 + C
6

x5
d ∫ 2 x6 + 5 dx
u =2 x 6 + 5, 12
du = x5 dx

1 du
∫ 12u

1
= ln u + C
12

1
= ln 2 x 6 + 5 + C
12

x+3
e ∫x 2
+ 6x + 2
dx

du = ( x + 6 ) dx
u = x 2 + 6 x + 2, 2

1 du
∫2 u

1
= ln u + C
2

1
= ln x 2 + 6 x + 2 + C
2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 70

Question 3

3 2
a ∫1 2x + 5
dx

u=
2 x + 5, 2
du =dx

3 du
∫1 u
3
=
ln u 1  

3
=ln 2 x + 5 1

= ln 2 ( 3) + 5 − ln 2 (1) + 5

= 0.5

5 dx
b ∫2 x +1

u=
x + 1, du =
dx

5 du
∫2 u
5
=
ln u  2

5
=ln x + 1  2

= ln ( 5 ) + 1 − ln ( 2 ) + 1

= 0.7

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 71

 7 x2
c ∫1 x3 + 2

=
u x=
3
= x 2 dx
2, 3
du

7 1 du
∫1 3 u
7
1 
=  ln u 
3 1

7
1 
=  ln x 3 + 2 
3 1

1 1
= ln ( 7 ) + 2 − ln (1) + 2
3 3

3 3

= 1.6

3 4x +1
d ∫0 2x2 + x + 1
dx

du= ( x + 1) dx
u= 2 x 2 + x + 1, 4

3 du
∫0 u
3
=
ln u  0  
3
= ln 2 x 2 + x + 1 
0

= ln 2 ( 3) + ( 3) + 1 − ln 2 ( 0 ) + ( 0 ) + 1
2 2

= 3.1

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 72

 4 x − 1 
e ∫
3 x − 2x
2
dx

u=
x 2 − 2 x, 2 ( x 2 ) dx
du =−

4 1 du
∫
3 2 u
4
1 
=  ln u 
2 3

4
1 
=  ln x 2 − 2 x 
 2 3

1 1
= ln ( 4 ) − 2 ( 4 ) − ln ( 3) − 2 ( 3)
2 2

2 2

= 0.5

Question 4

1 2
a =
RHS +
x +3 x −3

1( x − 3 ) 2 ( x + 3)
= +
( x + 3)( x − 3) ( x − 3)( x + 3)
x − 3 2x + 6
= +
x2 − 9 x2 − 9

3x + 3
=
x2 − 9

= LHS

3 x + 3 1 3
∴ = +
x −9 x +3 x −3
2

3x + 3
b ∫x 2
−9
dx

1 2
= ∫ x + 3 + x − 3 dx
= ln x + 3 + 2ln x − 3 + C

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 73

Question 5

5
a RHS = 1 −
x −1

x −1 5
= −
x −1 x −1

x − 6 
=
x −1

= LHS

x − 6 5
∴ =
1−
x −1 x −1

x − 6 
b ∫ x − 1 dx
5
∫1 − x − 1 dx
= x − 5ln x − 1 + C

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 74

 Question 6

x2
∫ 3x3 − 1 dx
u =3 x3 − 1, 9
du = x 2 dx

1 du
=∫
9 u

1
= ln u + C
9

1
= ln 3 x 3 − 1 + C
9

1
= ln3 (1) − 1 + C
3
0
9

ln2
=
0 +C
9

ln2
C= −
9

1 ln2
= ln 3 x3 − 1 −
9 9

=
1
9
(
ln 3 x3 − 1 − ln2   )
1 3x3 − 1
f ( x ) = ln
9 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 75

 Question 7

5t
∫t 2
+4
dt

u=
t 2 + 4, 2
du =t dt

1 du
5 ∫
2 u

5
= ln u + C
2

5
=  ln t 2 + 4 + C
2

5
= ln ( 0 ) + 4 + C
2
4
2

5
=4 ln 4 + C
2

5
C= 4 − ln 4
2

5 5
=x ln t 2 + 4 + 4 − ln 4
2 2

5 5
( 5)
x= ln 52 + 4 + 4 − ln 4
2 2

= 8.95 m

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 76

 Question 8

x2
∫ 3x3 + 1 dx
u =3 x3 + 1, 9
du = x 2 dx

1 du
∫9 u
=   

1
= ln u + C
9

1
= ln 3 x 3 + 1 + C
9

1
= ln 3 ( 0 ) + 1 + C
3
3
9

1
=3 ln 1 + C
9

1
C= 3 − ln 1
9

1 1
= ln 3 ( 8 ) + 1 + 3 − ln 1
3

9 9

=4

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 77

Exercise 6.08 Integration involving trigonometric
functions

Question 1

a ∫ cos
= x sin x + C

b ∫ sin x =
− cos x + C

∫ sec=x tan x + C
2
c

sin x
d ∫ 4

1 180
=− × cos x° + C
4 π

45cos x°
=
− + C 
π

e ∫ sin 3x dx
=u 3=
x, 3
du dx

1
= ∫ sin u du
3

1
=
− cos3 x + C
3

f ∫ −sin 7x dx
=u 7=
x, 7
du dx

1
∫ − 7 sin u du
1
= cos 7 x + C
7

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 78

 ∫ sec
2
g 5x dx

=u 5=
x, 5
du dx

1
∫ 5 sec
2
u du

1
= tan 5 x + C
5

h ∫ cos ( x + 1) dx
( x + 1) ,  du =
u= dx

∫ cosu du
= sin ( x + 1) + C

i ∫ sin ( 2 x − 3) dx
( 2 x − 3) , 2
u= du =dx

1
∫ 2 sin u du
1
=− cos ( 2 x − 3) + C
2

j ∫ cos ( 2 x − 1) dx
u=( 2 x − 1) , du =2 dx

1
∫ 2 cos u du
1
= sin ( 2 x − 1) + C
2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 79

k ∫ sin ( π − x ) dx
u = (π − x), 1
du = − dx

∫ −sin u du .
= cos ( π − x ) + C

=
−cos x + C

l ∫ cos ( π + x ) dx
u= ( π + x ) , du = dx

= ∫ cosu du

= sin ( π + x ) + C

−sin x + C

∫ 2sec
2
m 7x dx

=u 7=
x, 7
du dx

1
= 2 ∫ sec 2 u du
7

2
= tan 7 x + C
7

x
n ∫ 4sin  2  dx
x 1
=u = , du   dx
2 2

= 4 ∫ 2sin u du

x
=
−8cos   + C
2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 80

 x
∫ 3sec
2
o   dx
3

x 1
=u = ,  du   dx
3 3

= 3∫ 3sec 2 u du

x
= 9 tan   + C
3

Question 2
π
a ∫
0
2
cos x dx

π
= [sinx ]02

π
= sin   − sin ( 0 )
2

=1
π
b ∫ π
6
3
sec 2 x dx

π
= [ tanx ] π3
6

π π
= tan   − tan  
3 6

1
= 3−
3

2 3
=
3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 81

 π
c ∫ π
2
2sin u du

π
  x 
=  −2cos   
  2  π
2

π π
=
−2cos   + 2cos  
2 4

2
= 0 + 2×
2

= 2
π
d ∫
0
2
cos3x dx

=u 3=
x,  
du 3 dx

π
1
∫
0
2
3
cos u du

π
1 2
=  sin3 x 
3 0

1  π 1
= sin  3 ×  − sin ( 3 × 0 )
3  2 3

1
=  −
3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 82

 1
e ∫2
sin ( π x ) dx
0

u=
π x,  du =
π dx

1
1
∫
0
2
π
sin u du

1
 1 2
=
 − π cosπx 
0

1  1 1
= − cos  π×  + cos ( π× 0 )
π  2 π

1
=
π
π
f ∫8
sec 2 ( 2x ) dx
0

=u 2=
x, 2
du dx

π
1 2
∫
0
8
2
sec u du

π
1 8
=  tan2 x 
2 0

1  π 1
= tan  2 ×  − tan ( 2 × 0 )
2  8 2

1
=
2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 83

 π
g ∫12
3cos ( 2x ) dx
0

=u 2=
x, 2
du dx

π
1
3∫ 12 cos u du
0 2

π
3  12
=  sin2 x 
2 0

3  π 3
= sin  2 ×  − sin ( 2 × 0 )
2  12  2

3
=
4
π
h ∫10
−sin ( 5x ) dx
0

=u 5=
x, 5
du dx

π
1
−∫ 10
sin u du
0 5

1  π 1
= cos  5 ×  − cos ( 2 × 0 )
5  10  5

1
= −
5

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 84

Question 3

 π π 1  3 
a ∫  cos x cos
3
− sin x sin 
3
dx ∫ 2
= cos x −  
 2  sin x  dx  
   

1  3
= sin x +   cos x + C
2  2 

sin x + 3 cos x
= +C
2

or

 π π  π
∫  cos x cos 3 − sin x sin 3  dx =
∫ cos  x + 3  dx [EXT1]

 π
= sin  x +  + C
 3

π π
= sin x cos + cos x sin + C 
3 3

1  3
=sin x   + cos x   + C
2  2 

sin x + 3 cos x
= +C
2

b x ) dx ∫ ( 0cos x − ( −1) sin x ) dx

∫ ( sin π cos x − cos π sin=
= ∫ sin x dx

=
−cos x + C

or

∫ ( sin π cos x − cos π sin x ) dx =

∫ sin ( π − x ) dx [EXT1]

= ∫ sin x dx

=
−cos x + C

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 85

 Question 4

∫ cos 4x dx
=u 4=
x, 4
du dx

1
= ∫ cos 4 x dx
4

1
= sin4 x + C
4

π 1
= sin4 ( π ) + C
4 4

π
C=
4

1 π
=y sin4 x +
4 4

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 86

 Question 5

 2πt 
a ∫12π cos  3 
 dt

2πt 2π
=u = ,  du dx
3 3

3
= 12π∫ cos ( u ) du
2π

 2πt 
= 18sin  +C
 3 

 2π ( 0 ) 
=2 18sin  +C
 3 

2=C

C=2

 2πt 
=x 18sin   + 2 cm
 3 

 2πt 
b =
i x 18sin  +2
 3 

 2π (1) 
=x (1) 18sin  +2
 3 

3
x (1) =18 × +2
2

(1) 9 3 + 2 cm
x=

 2πt 
=
ii x 18sin  +2
 3 

 2π ( 5 ) 
x (1)= x= 18sin  +2
 3 

3
x (1)= 18 × − +2
2

x (1) =
−9 3 + 2 cm

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 87

Question 6

 πt 
a R = 4π sin  
6

 πt 
∫ 4π sin  6  dt
πt π
=u = ,  du dx
6 6

6
= 4π∫ sin ( u ) du
π

 πt 
=
−24cos   + C
6

 π ( 0) 
2=
−24cos  +C
 6 

2=−24 + C

C = 26

 πt 
=
−24cos   + 26
6

 πt 
b =
−24cos   + 26
6

 π ( 2) 
=
−24cos   + 26
 6 

1
=−24 × + 26 =14 m
2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 88

  πt 
c =
−24cos   + 26
6

amplitude  is 24

minimum =−24 + 26 =2 m

maximum = 24 + 26 = 50 m

centre =0 + 26 =26 m

d Period of cosine curve

π
2π ÷ =12 hours
6

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 89

 Exercise 6.09 Areas enclosed by the x-axis

Question 1

y = 1 − x2

0 = 1 − x2

x2 = 1

x = ±1

∫ (1 − x ) dx
1
2
−1

1
 x3 
= x − 
 3  −1

 (1)   ( −1) 
3 3

=  (1) −  −  ( −1) − 
 3   3 
   

2 2
= +
3 3

1
=1 units 2
3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 90

 Question 2

=
𝑦𝑦 x 2 − 9

=
0 x2 − 9

x2 = 9

x = ±3

∫ (x − 9 ) dx
3
2
−3

3
 x3 
=  − 9x
3  −3

 ( 3 )3   ( −3)3 
=  − 9 ( 3)  −  − 9 ( −3) 
 3   3 
   

= −36

= 36 units 2

Question 3

y = x2 + 5x + 4

0=( x + 4 )( x + 1)
x =−4, −1

∫ (x + 5 x + 4 ) dx
−1
2
−4

−1
 x3 5 x 2 
= + + 4x
3 2  −4

 ( −1)3 5 ( −1)2   ( −4 )3 5 ( −4 )2 
=  + + 4 ( −1)  −  + + 4 ( −4 ) 
 3 2   3 2 
   

= −4.5

= 4.5 units 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 91

 Question 4

y = x2 − 2x − 3

0=( x − 3)( x + 1)
x = −1,3

∫ (x − 2 x − 3) dx
3
2
−1

3
 x3 
=  − x 2 − 3x 
3 1

 ( 3 )3   ( −1)3 
=  − 3 ( 2 ) − 3 ( 3)  −  − ( −1) − 3 ( −1) 
2 2

 3   3 
   

2
= −10  
3

2
= 10 units 2  
3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 92

Question 5

y=− x 2 + 9 x − 20

0 = x 2 − 9 x + 20

0=( x − 4 )( x − 5)
x = 4, 5

∫ (−x + 9 x − 20 ) dx
5
2
4

5
 x3 9 x 2 
=−
 3 + 2 − 20 x 
 4

 ( 5 )3 9 ( 5 ) 2   ( 4 )3 9 ( 4 ) 2 
= − + − 20 ( 5 )  −  − + − 20 ( 4 ) 
 3 2   3 2 
   

1
= units 2
6

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 93

 Question 6

y=
−2 x 2 − 5 x + 3

0 = 2 x2 + 5x − 3

0 =( 2 x − 1)( x + 3)

1
x = −3,
2
1

∫ ( −2 x − 5 x + 3) dx
2 2
−3

1
 2 x3 5 x 2 2
= −
 3 − + 3 x 
 2 3

  1 3 1
2

 2  5  
 1    2 ( −3) 5 ( −3) 
3 2

= −  2
−  2
+ 3  −  − − + 3 ( −3) 
 3 2  2    3 2 

 
 

= 14.3 units 2

Question 7

y = x3

2
∫0
x3dx

2
 x4 
= 
 4 0

 ( 2 )4   ( 0 )4 
=  − 
 4   4 
   

= 4 units 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 94

 Question 8

y = x4

1
∫−1
x 4 dx

1
 x5 
= 
 5  −1

 (1)5   ( −1)5 
=  − 
 5   5 
   

= 0.4 units 2

Question 9

y = x3

2
∫−2
x 3dx

0 0
 x4   x4 
=   + 
 4  −2  4  −2

( 0) ( −2 ) ( 2) ( 0)
4 4 4 4

= − + −
4 4 4 4

= 8 units 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 95

 Question 10

y = x3

2
∫−3
x3dx

0 2
 x4   x4 
=   + 
 4  −3  4  0

( 0) ( −3) ( 2) ( 0)
4 4 4 4

= − + −
4 4 4 4

= 24.25 units 2

Question 11

y = 2e 2 x

2
∫1
2e 2 x dx

2
= e 2 x 
1

= e 2( 2) − e 2(1)

= e 2 ( e 2 − 1) units 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 96

 Question 12

y = e 4 x −3

1
∫e
4 x −3
dx
0

1
1 
=  e 4 x −3 
4 0

1 4(1)−3 1 4( 0)−3
= e − e
4 4

=
1
4
( e − e−3 ) units2

Question 13

y= x + e − x

2
∫0
x + e − x dx

2
 x2 
=  − e− x 
2 0

 ( 2 )2 −( 2 )
  ( 0 )2 
−e ( )
−0
=  −e −
 2   2 
   

= 2.86 units 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 97

 Question 14

y = e5x

1
∫e
5x
dx
0

1
 e5 x 
= 
 5 0

 e5(1)   e5(10) 
=   −  
 5   5 

= 29.5 units 2

Question 15

y = sinx

2π
∫0
sin x dx

= [ −cosx ]0 + [ −cosx ]π
π 2π

= − cos ( π ) + cos ( 0 ) + − cos ( 2π ) + cos ( π )

= 4 units 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 98

 Question 16

y = cos3 x

∫
12
0
cos3x dx

1  π 1
= sin3   − sin3 ( 0 )
3  12  3

1 2
= ×
3 2

2
= units 2
6

Question 17

x
y = sec 2
4
π
x
∫ π
4
2
sec 2 dx
4

π
 x2
=  4tan   
 4π
4

π π
= 4tan 2 − 4tan 4
4 4

= 0.86 units 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 99

 Question 18

y = 3x 2

1
∫−1
3x 2 dx

1
=  x3 
−1

= (1) − ( −1)
3 3

= 2 units 2

Question 19

=
y x2 + 1

∫ (x + 1) dx
2
2
−2

2
 x3 
=  + x
3  −2

 ( 2 )3   ( −2 )3 
=  + ( 2)  −  + ( −2 ) 
   
 3   3 

1
= 9 units 2  
3

Question 20

y = x2

∫ ( x ) dx
2
2
−3

2
 x3 
= 
 3  −3

2
= 11 units 2
3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 100

 Question 21

=
0 x2 + x

0 x ( x + 1)
=

x = −1, 0

∫ (x + x ) dx
0
2
−1

0
 x3 x 2 
=  + 
 3 2  −1

 ( 0 )3 ( 0 )2   ( −1)3 ( −1)2 
= + − + 
 3 2   3 2 
  

1
= −
6

1
= units 2
6

Question 22

1
y=
x2

3  1 
∫  x
1 2 

dx

3
 1
= − 
 x 1

 1   1
= − −− 
 3   1

2
= units 2
3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 101

Question 23

2
y=
( x − 3)
2

 2 
1
∫0  ( x − 3)2  dx
 
1
 2 
= −
 x − 3  0

 2   2 
=
 −  −  
 (1) − 3   ( 0 ) − 3 

1
= units 2
3

Question 24

1
y=
x

3 1
∫2   dx
x
= [ ln x ]2
3

= ( ln ( 3) ) − ( ln ( 2 ) )
= ln1.5 units 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 102

 Question 25

1
y=
x −1

7  1 
∫
4   dx
 x −1 

= ln ( x − 1)  4
7

= ( ln ( 7 − 1) ) − ( ln ( 4 − 1) )
= ln 6 − ln 3

= ln 2 units 2 .

Question 26

x
y=
x +1
2

 x 
4
∫
2  x2 + 1 
 
dx

u=x 2 + 1, du =2 x dx

4  1 du 
∫2 
2 u 


4
1 
=  ln u 
2 2

4
1 
=  ln ( x 2 + 1) 
2 2

=
1
2
( 1
) (
ln ( 4 ) + 1 − ln ( 2 ) + 1
2

2
2
)
= 0.61 units 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 103

 Question 27

y= x

1
4
∫0
x 2 dx

4
2 3 
=  x2 
 3 0
3 3
2 2
= ( )
4 2 − ( )2
0
3 3

1
=5 units 2
3

Question 28

=
y x+2

=
0 x+2

0= x + 2

x = −2
1

∫−2 ( x + 2 ) 2 dx
7

7
2 3

=  ( x + 2) 2 
3  −2
3 3
=
2
3
(( ) ) 3 (( ) ) 2
7 + 2 2 −
2
−2 + 2

= 18 units 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 104

 Question 29

y = ln x

0 = ln x

e0 = x

x =1
5
∫1
ln x dx

1
≈ ln (1) + 2ln ( 2 ) + 2ln ( 3) + 2ln ( 4 ) + ln ( 5 ) 
2

= 3.98 units 2

Question 30

y = x3

a
∫−a
x 3 dx

0 a
 x4   x4 
=   + 
 4 −a  4 0

( 0) (a) (a) ( 0)
4 4 4 4

= − + −
4 4 4 4

a4 a4
= +
4 4

a4
= units 2
2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 105

Exercise 6.10 Areas enclosed by the y-axis

Question 1

x = y2

4
∫
0
y 2 dy

4
 y3 
= 
 3 0

( 4) ( 0)
3 3

= −
3 3

1
= 21 units 2
3

Question 2

x = y3

3
∫
1
y 3dy

3
 y4 
= 
 4 1

( 3) (1)
4 4

= −
4 4

= 20 units 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 106

 Question 3

y = x2

x= y

4
∫
1
y dy

1
4
=  ∫ y 2 dy
1

4
 2 32 
= y 
 3 1

3
2 2 3
= ( 4 ) 2 − (1) 2
3 3

2
= 4 units 2
3

Question 4

y= x − 1

x= y + 1

∫ ( y + 1) dy
1

1
 y2 
=  + y
2 0

 (1)2   ( 0 )2 
=  + (1)  −  + ( 0) 
 2   2 
   

1
=1 units 2
2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 107

 Question 5

=
y 2x +1

2 x= y − 1

y −1
x=
2

4  y −1 
∫3 
 2 
 dy

4
 y2 1 
=  − y
 4 2 3

 ( 4 )2 1   ( 3)2 1 
=  − ( 4)  −  − ( 3) 
 4 2   4 2 
  

1
= 1 units 2
4

Question 6

y= x

x = y2

∫ ( y ) dy
2
2
1

2
 y3 
= 
 3 1

 ( 2 )3   (1)3 
=  − 
 3   3 
   

1
=2 units 2
3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 108

 Question 7

x = y2 − 2 y − 3

0 = y2 − 2 y − 3

0=( y + 1)( y − 3)
y = −1, 3

∫ (y − 2 y − 3) dy
3
2
−1

3
 y3 
=  − y2 − 3y
3  −1

 ( 3)2   ( −1)3 
=  − ( 3) − 3 ( 3)  −  − ( −1) − 3 ( −1) 
2 2

 3   3 
   

2
= 10 units 2
3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 109

 Question 8

x=− y2 − 5 y − 6

0=− y2 − 5 y − 6

0 = y2 + 5 y + 6

y=( y + 2 )( y + 3)
y=−2, − 3

∫ (− y − 5 y − 6 ) dy
−2
2
−3

−2
 y3 5 y 2 
=−
 3 − 2 − 6 y
  −3

 ( −2 )3 5 ( −2 )2   ( −3)3 5 ( −3)2 
=  − − 6 ( −2 )  −  − − − 6 ( −3) 
 3 2   3 2 
   

1
= units 2
6

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 110

 Question 9

=y 3x − 5

3x − 5 =y2

y2 + 5
3x =
3

3  y2 + 5 
∫2  3  dy
3
 y3 5 y 
=  + 
9 3 2

 ( 3 )3 5 ( 3 )   ( 2 )3 5 ( 2 ) 
=  + − + 
 9 3   9 3 
   

7
=3 units 2
9

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 111

 Question 10

1
y=
x2

1
x2 =
y

1
x=
y

1
−
x= y 2

4  − 12 
∫1
 y  dy
 
4
 12 
= 2 y 
 1

1 4
= 2y 2

 1
  1

=  2 ( 4 ) 2  −  2 (1) 2 
   

= 2 units 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 112

 Question 11

y = x3

x= 3 y

1
x = y3

8  13 
∫1  y  dy
8
 3 43 
= y   
 4 1

3 4 3 4
=  ( 8 ) 3  −  (1) 3 
4  4 

1
= 11 units 2
4

Question 12

=
y x3 − 2

x3= y + 2

=
x 3 y+2

1
=
x ( y + 2)3

 1

( )
25
∫−1  y + 2 3 dy


25
3 4

=  ( y + 2) 3 
4  −1

3 4
 3 4

=  ( 25 + 2 ) 3  −  ( −1 + 2 ) 3 
4  4 

= 60 units 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 113

 Question 13

y = 1− x

x= 1− y

∫ (1 − y ) dy
4

4
 y2 
= y − 
 2 1

 ( 4)   (1) 
2 2

=  ( 4) −  −  (1) − 
 2   2 
   

= 4.5 units 2

Question 14

=x y ( y − 2)

x = 0, 2

∫ (y − 2 y ) dy
2
2
0

2
 y3 
=  − y2 
3 0

 ( 2 )3   ( 0 )3 
=  − ( 2)  −  − ( 0) 
2 2

 3   3 
   

1
= 1 units 2
3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 114

 Question 15

=
y x4 + 1

x 4= y − 1

=
x 4 y −1

1
=
x ( y − 1) 4
1

∫ ( y − 1)
3
4 dy
1

3
4 5

=  ( y − 1) 4 
5 1

4 5
 4 5

=  ( ( 3) − 1) 4  −  ( (1) − 1) 4 
5  5 

= 1.9 units 2

Question 16

y = lnx

e y = elnx

x = ey
4
∫2
e y dy

4
= e y 
2

= (e ) − (e )
4 2

= 47.2 units 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 115

Exercise 6.11 Sums and differences of areas

Question 1

1 = x2

x = ±1

A1 = 1× (1 − −1) = 2

1
A2 = ∫ x 2 dx
−1

1
 x3 
= 
 3  −1

(1) ( −1)
3 3

= −
3 3

2
A2 =
3

2 1
A1 − A2 = 2 − = 1 units 2
3 3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 116

 Question 2

=
2 x2 + 1

x2 = 1

x = ±1

A1 = 2 × (1 − −1)= 4

1
=
A2 ∫−1
x 2 + 1 dx

1
 x3 
=  + x
3 1

 (1)3   ( −1)3 
=  + (1)  −  + ( −1) 
 3   3 
   

2
A2 = 2
3

2 1
A1 − A2 = 4 − 2 = 1 units 2
3 3

Question 3

x = x2

x = 0, 1

1 1
∫0
x dx − ∫
0
x 2 dx

1 1
 x 2   x3 
=   − 
 2 0  3 0

 (1)2 ( 0 )2   (1)3 ( 0 )3 
=  − − − 
 2 2   3 3 
   

1
= units 2
6

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 117

 Question 4

5= 9 − x 2

x2 = 4

x = ±2
2 2
∫−2
9 − x 2 dx − ∫
−2
5 dx

2
 x3 
=9 x −  − [5 x ]−2
2

 3  −2

 ( 2)   ( −2 ) 
3 3

=  9 ( 2) −  −  9 ( −2 ) −  − ( 5 ( 2 ) − 5 ( −2 ) )
 3   3 
   

2
= 10 units 2
3

Question 5

x+6=x2

0 = x2 − x − 6

0=( x − 3)( x + 2 )
x = −2, 3

∫−2 ( x + 6 ) dx − ∫−2 x dx
3 3
2

3 3
 x2   x3 
= + 6 x  −  
2  −2  3  −2

 ( 3)2   ( −2 )2   ( 3)3   ( −2 )3 
=  + 6 ( 3)  −  + 6 ( −2 )  −  − 
 2   2   3   3 
       

5
= 20 units 2
6

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 118

 Question 6

4x = x3

4 = x2

x = ±2

∫ (x − 4 x ) dx
2
3
−2

0 2
 x4   x4 
=  − 2x2  +  − 2x2 
4  −2  4 0

 ( 0 )4   ( 0 )4 
=  − 2 ( 0)  −  − 2 ( 0) 
2 2

   
 4   4 

= 8 units 2

Question 7

( x + 1) =
2
0

x + 1 =0

x = −1

( x − 1) =
2
0

x − 1 =0

x =1

∫−1 ( x + 1) dx + ∫ ( x − 1) dx
0 2 1 2
0

0 1
 ( x + 1)3   ( x − 1)3 
=   + 
 3  −1  3  0

 ( ( 0 ) + 1)3   ( ( −1) + 1)3   ( (1) − 1)3   ( ( 0 ) + 1)3 

=  −  + − 
 3   3   3   3 
       

2
= units 2
3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 119

Question 8

x2 =−6 x + 16

0 = x 2 + 6 x − 16

0=( x + 8)( x − 2 )
x = −8, 2

∫ ( −6 x + 16 ) − ( x ) dx
2
2
−8

2
 x3 
2
= −3 x + 16 x  −  
2
−8
 3  −8

= ( −3( 2) + 16 ( 2)) − ( −3( −8) + 16 ( −8))

2 2

 ( 2 )3   ( −8 )3 
− − 
 3   3 
   

2
= 166 units 2
3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 120

 Question 9

x3 =−3 x + 4

x =1

x3 = 0

x=0

−3 x + 4 =0

4
x=
3
4
x dx + ∫ ( −3 x + 4 ) dx
1
∫
3 3
0 1

4
1
 x 4   −3 x 2 3
=   + + 4x
 4 0  2 1

  4 2 
 (1)4   ( 0 )4   −3  3  
 4    −3 (1)
2

=  − +  + 4  −  + 4 (1) 
      3    2 
 4   4   2
 
 

5
= units 2
12

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 121

 Question 10

( x − 2) =( x − 4 )
2 2

x=3

( x − 2) =
2
0

x=2

( x − 4) =
2
0

x=4

∫ ( x − 2) dx + ∫ ( x − 4 ) dx
3 2 4 2
2 3

3 4
 ( x − 2 )3   ( x − 4 )3 
=   + 
 3  2  3  3

 ( ( 3 ) − 2 )3   ( ( 2 ) − 2 )3  ( ( 4 ) − 4 )  ( ( 3) − 4 ) 
3 3

=  − +( − 
 3   3  3  3 
     

2
= units 2
3

Question 11

x 2 = x3

x = 0, 1

∫ (x − x3 ) dx
1
2
0

1
 x3 x 4 
=  − 
 3 4 0

 (1)3 (1)4   ( 0 )3 ( 0 )4 
=  − − − 
 3 4   3 4 
   

1
= units 2
12

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 122

 Question 12

y2 = x
y= x
x = x2
x = 0, 1
1  12 2 
∫0  x − x  dx
1
 2 3 x3 
=  x2 − 
3 3 0
 2 3 (1)3   2 3
( 0) 
3

=  (1) 2 −  −  ( 0) 2 − 
 3 3   3 3 
1
= units 2
3

Question 13

2x + 1 = x2 + 2 x − 8

=
0 x2 − 9

x2 = 9

x = ±3

∫ ( 9 − x ) dx
3
2
−3

3
 x3 
= 9 x − 
 3  −3

 ( 3)   ( −3) 
3 3

=  9 ( 3) −  −  9 ( −3) − 
 9   3 
   

= 36 units 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 123

 Question 14

1 − x2 = x2 −1

2 x2 = 2

x2 = 1

x = ±1

∫−1 (1 − x ) − ( x + 1) dx = ∫ ( 2 − 2 x ) dx

1 1
2 2 2
−1

1
 2 x3 
= 2 x −
 3  −1

 2 (1)   2 ( −1) 
3 3

=  2 (1) −  −  2 ( −1) − 
 3   3 
   

2
=2 units 2
3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 124

 Question 15

x− y+2−0

y= x + 2

4 − x 2 =x + 2

4 − x2 = ( x + 2)
2

4 − x2 = x2 + 4 x + 4

=
0 2x2 + 4 x

=
0 x2 + 2 x

0 x ( x + 2)
=

x = −2, 0

1 1
4 − x 2 dx = πr 2 = π ( 2 ) = π
0
A1 = ∫
2
−2 4 4

∫ ( x − ) dx
0
=
A2  2
−2

0
 x2 
=  − 2x
2  −2

 ( 0 )2   ( −2 )2 
=  − 2 ( 0)  −  − 2 ( −2 ) 
 2   2 
   

=2

A1 − A2 = π − 2 units 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 125

 Question 16

1
=x
x

x2 = 1

x = ±1

1 2 1
∫0
x dx + ∫
1 x
dx

1
 x2 
=   + [ lnx ]1
2

 2 0

 (1)2   ( 0 )2 
=  −  + ( ln2 ) − ( ln2 )
 2   2 
   

1
= + ln 2 units 2
2

Question 17

sinx = cosx

π 5π
x= ,
4 4

∫ ( sin x − cos x ) dx
4
π
4

[ −cosx − sinx ]π
5π
=
4

5π 5π π π
= (− cos − sin ) (
− − cos − sin ) 
4 4 4 4

= 2 2 units 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 126

 Question 18

y = e2 x

∫ (e −1) dx
2
2x
0
2
 e2 x 
=  − x
 2 0
 e 2( 2)   e 2( 0) 
=  − 2  −  − 0 
 2   2 
e4 1
= −2−
2 2
4
e 5
= −
2 2
= ( e 4 − 5 ) units 2
1
2

Question 19
5π
 1
∫ π
6
6
 sin x −  dx
 2

1 5π
=
[− cos x − x]  π6
2 6

  5π  1  5π     π  1  π 
=  − cos   −    −  − cos   −   
  6  2  6    6  2  6 

π
= 3−
3

3 3−π
= units 2
3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 127

Test yourself 6

Question 1

1
∫ sin ( 6x ) dx − cos ( 6 x ) + C
=
6

Question 2

∫ (−x − 3 x + 4 ) dx − ∫ (x + 2 x − 3) dx
1 1
2 2
−3.5 −3.5

Question 3

4 3x
∫ 4e = e +C
3x
dx
3

Question 4

x
∫x 2
+3
dx

u=
x 2 + 3, 2
du =x dx

1 du
∫2 u

1
= lnu + C
2

ln ( x 2 + 3) + C
1
=
2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 128

Question 5

2 dx
a ∫
1 x2

0.5  1 1 1
=  2 + 2× 2 + 2 
2 1 1.5 2 

= 0.535

2 dx
b ∫
1 x2
2
 1
= − 
 x 1

 1   1
= − −− 
 2   1

= 0.5

Question 6

3x 2
a ∫ 3x + 1 dx = 2
+ x + C 

5x2 − x
b ∫ x = dx ∫ 5 x − 1 dx
5x2
= − x+C
2
1
c ∫ x dx = ∫ x 2 dx

2 32
= x +C
3

2 x3
= +C
3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 129

 ∫ ( 2 x + 5)
7
d dx

u=2 x + 5, du =2 dx

1
= ∫ u 7 du
2

1 1
= × ( 2 x + 5) + C
8

2 8

( 2 x + 5)
8

= +C
16

∫ x ( 3 x − 2 ) dx
3 4 4
e

u=3 x 4 − 2, 12
du = x3 dx

1 4
=∫ u du
12

= × ( 3x 4 − 2 ) + C
1 1 5

12 5

( 3x − 2)
4 5

= +C
60

Question 7

3x
∫ 3= ln3 + C
x

Question 8
3
a ∫1
x3

= ( 0.5 ×13 ) + ( 0.5 ×1.53 ) + ( 0.5 × 23 ) + ( 0.5 × 2.53 )

= 14 units 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 130

 3
b ∫1
x3

= ( 0.5 ×1.53 ) + ( 0.5 × 23 ) + ( 0.5 × 2.5 ) + ( 0.5 × 33 )

3

= 27 units 2

3
c ∫1
x3

(1 + 3 )
2 3 3
2

= 28 units 2

Question 9

∫ (x − 1) dx
2
3
a
0

2
 x4 
=  − x
4 0

 24   04 
=  − 2 −  − 0
 4   4 

=2

∫ ( x ) dx
1
5
b
−1

1
 x6 
= 
 6  −1

 (1)6   ( −1)6 
=  − 
 6   6 
   

=0

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 131

 ∫ ( 3x − 1)
1 4
c dx
0

u=
3 x − 1, 3
du =dx

1 1 4
∫0 3
u du

1
 u5 
= 
15  0
1
 ( 3 x − 1)5 
= 
 15  0

 ( 3 (1) − 1)5   ( 3 ( 0 ) − 1)5 

=  − 
 15   15 
   

1
=2
5

∫ x (x − 5 ) dx
1
2 3
d
0

u=
x3 − 5, du =
3 x 2 dx

1 2
1
∫03
u du

1
 u3 
= 
 9 0

 ( x 3 − 5 )3 
1

= 
 9 
 0

 1 3 −5
( )  −  (( 0) − 5) 
3 3

 ( )
3

=    
 9   9 
   

7
=6
9

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 132

 3 x ( x 2 + 1) dx
2
∫
3
e
−1

u=x 2 + 1, 2
du =x dx

1 1 3
3∫ u du
0 2

2
 3u 4 
= 
 8  −1

 3 ( x 2 + 1)4 
2

= 
 8 
  −1

 3 2 2 +1
( ) ( )
  3 −1 2 + 1 
4 4

 ( )   ( ) 
=  − 
 8   8 
   

3
= 228
8

Question 10

y = lnx

x = ey
3
∫1
e y dy

3
= e y 
1

= (e ) − (e )
3 1

= e ( e 2 − 1) units 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 133

 Question 11
2
∫−1
x 2 dx

2
 x3 
= 
 3  −1

 ( 2 )3   ( −1)3 
=  − 
 3   3 
   

= 3 units 2

Question 12

∫ sin x° dx
180
=− cos x°+ C
π

Question 13

x 2= 2 − x 2

2x2 = 2

x2 = 1

x ±1

∫ ( 2 − 2x ) dx
1
2
−1

1
 2 x3 
= 2 x −
 3  −1

 2 (1)   2 ( −1) 
3 3

=  2 (1) −   ( )
− 2 −1 − 
 3   3 


2
=2 units 2
3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 134

Question 14

1 4x
∫e = e +C
4x
a dx
4

x
b ∫x 2
−9
dx

u=
x 2 − 9, du =
2 x dx

1 du
∫2 u

1
= ln u + C
2

1
= ln x 2 − 9 + C
2

∫e −e − x + C
−x
c dx =

1
d ∫ x + 4 dx= ln x + 4 + C

∫ ( x − 3) ( x − 6 x + 1) dx
2 8
e

du = ( x − 6 ) dx
u = x 2 − 6 x + 1, 2

1
∫ 2u
8
du

1 u9
=    +C
2 9

(x − 6 x + 1)
2 9

= +C
18

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 135

Question 15

3x 4 − 2 x3 + x 2 − 1 2  2 1 
∫
2
∫
1 x2
=dx
1  3 x − 2 x + 1 − 2  dx
 x 

2
 1
= x 3 − x 2 =x + 
 x 1

 3 1   3 1 
= ( 2 ) − ( 2 ) + ( 2 ) +  − (1) − (1) + (1) + 
2 2

 ( 2)   (1) 
1
=4 units 2
2

Question 16

x2 + y 2 =
9

r =3

1
A= × πr 2
4

1
= × π ( 3)
2

9π
= units 2
4

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 136

 Question 17

y = x3

x= 3 y

1
x = y3

1
1
∫0
y 3 dy

1
 3 43 
= y   
 4 0

3 4  3 4 
=  (1) 3  −  ( 0 ) 3 
4  4 

3
= units 2
4

Question 18

∫ ( 7 x + 3)
11
dx

u=
7 x + 3, 7
du =dx

1
∫7u
11
du

1 u12
=× +C
7 12

( 7 x + 3)
12

=
84

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 137

 Question 19

Graph of y = x2 – x – 2 = (x – 2)(x + 1) is a parabola, concave up with x-intercepts

at –1 and 2, so for between the limits of this integral x = 1 and x = 3,
the function is negative between x = 1 and x = 2.
2 3
Area = ∫
1
x 2 − x − 2 dx + ∫ x 2 − x − 2 dx
2

2 3
 x3 x 2   x3 x 2 
=  − − 2x +  − − 2x
3 2 1  3 2 2
10  13   3   10 
=− − − + − − −
3  6   2   3 
7 11
=− +
6 6
18
=
6
= 3 units 2

Question 20
5
∫2
e 2 x dx

5
1 
=  e2 x 
 2 2

1  1 
=  e 2( 5)  −  e 2( 2) 
2  2 

1 10 1 4
= e − e
2 2

e4 6
2
(
e − 1 units 2 )

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 138

Question 21

∫ ln ( x − 1) dx
5
2
3

ln ( 32 − 1) + ln ( 52 − 1) + 2ln ( 3.52 − 1) + 2ln ( 42 − 1) + ln ( 4.52 − 1) 

0.5
=
2  

= 5.36 units 2

Question 22

∫ ( 3t − 6t + 5 ) dt
4
2
0

4
= t 3 − 3t 2 + 5t 
0

= ( 4 ) − 3 ( 4 ) + 5 ( 4 )  − ( 0 ) − 3 ( 0 ) + 5 ( 0 ) 
3 2 3 2
   

= 36

Question 23

1
a ∫ sin 2x dx =
− cos 2 x + C
2

b ∫ 3cos =
x dx 3sin x + C

1
∫ sec = tan 5 x + C 
2
c 5x dx
5

d ∫1 + sin x dx =
x − cos x + C

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 139

 Question 24

y = x 2 + 2 x − 15

0 = x 2 + 2 x − 15

0=( x + 5)( x − 3)
x = −5, 3

∫ (x + 2 x − 15 ) dx
3
2
−5

3
 x3 
=  + x 2 − 15 x 
3  −5

 ( 3 )3   ( −5 )3 
=  + ( 3) − 15 ( 3)  −  + ( −5 ) 62 − 15 ( −5 ) 
2

 3   3 
   

1
= 85 units 2
3

Question 25

a R = −16e −0.4t

∫ −16e
−0.4 t
dt

−16 −0.4t
= e +C
−0.4

= 40e −0.4t + C

215 40e −0.4( 0) + C

=

= 40 + C
215

C = 175

=T 40e −0.4t + 175

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 140

b i T ( 5 ) 40e −0.4(5) + 175
=

T ( 5=
) 180°

ii T ( 30 ) 40e −0.4(30) + 175

=

) 175°
T ( 30=

Question 26
π
a ∫ 0
4
cos x dx

π
= [sinx ]04

π
= (sin ) − (sin 0)
4

1
= units 2
2
π
b ∫ π
6
3
sec 2 x dx

π
= [tan x] 3
π
6

π π
= (tan ) − (tan )
3 6

1
= 3−
3

2 3
= units 2
3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 141

Question 27

∫ 5 ( 2 x − 1)
4
a dx

u=2 x − 1, du =2 dx

1
5∫ u 4 du
2

5 u5
= × +C
2 5

( 2 x − 1)
5

= +C
2

3x5
b ∫ 4 dx
3 x6
= × +C
4 6

x6
= +C
8

Question 28
π

∫ π
4
2
sin x dx

π
= [− cos x] π2
4

π π
= (− cos ) − (− cos )
2 4

1
= units 2
2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 142

Question 29

∫ x (x − 2 ) dx
2 3 5
a

u=
x3 − 2, du =
3 x 2 dx

1
∫ 3u
5
du

1  u 6
= +C
3 6

(x − 2)
3 6

=
  +C
18

∫ x (5x + 2 ) dx
2 4
b

u =5 x 2 + 2, du =10 x dx

1
∫ 10 u
4
du

1 u5
= +C
10 5

(5x + 2)
2 5

= +C
50

∫ 5x ( 2 x − 1) dx
3 4 2
c

u =2 x 4 − 1, 8
du = x3 dx

1
5∫ u 2 du
8

5 u3
= × +C
8 3

5 ( 2 x 4 − 1)
3

= +C
24

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 143

 ∫ ( x + 2 ) ( x + 4 x − 3)
2 3
d dx

u = x 2 + 4 x − 3, du = ( 2 x + 4 ) dx

1
∫ 2 u du
3

1 u4
= × +C
2 4

(x + 4 x − 3)
2 4

= +C
8

Question 30
π 3π
π π
∫ cos 2x dx =∫ cos 2 x dx + ∫ cos 2 x dx + ∫3π xcos 2 x dx
4
π
4
0 0
4 4

π 3π
π
1 4 1  4 1 
= sin 2 x  +  sin 2 x  +  sin 2 x 
2 0  2 π 2  3π
4 4

1  π   1  1  3π    1  π 
=  sin 2    −  sin 2 ( 0 )  +  sin
 2    −  sin 2   
2  4   2  2  4   2  4 

1  1  3π  
+  sin 2 ( π )  −  sin 2     
2  2  4 

= 2 units 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 144

Question 31

a =
y x−2

=
0 x−2

x−2=0

x=2

1
A = bh
2

A=
1
2
× 2× ( 4−2 )
A = 2 units 2

b =
y x−2

=
0 x−2

x−2=0

x=2

( ) (
A = 1× 2 − 2 + 1× 3 − 2 )
A = 1 unit 2

c =
y x−2

=
0 x−2

x−2=0

x=2

( ) (
A = 1× 3 − 2 + 1× 4 − 2 )
A= (1 + 2 ) units 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 145

 Question 32

∫ 3x ( 2 x − 1) dx
2 4
a

u =2 x 2 − 1, 4
du = x dx

1
3∫ u 4 du
4

3 u5
= × +C
4 5

3 ( 2 x 2 − 1)
5

= +C
20
5
3  2 (1) − 1
2

=3   +C
20

3
=
3 +C
20

57
C=
20

3 ( 2 x 2 − 1)
5
57
=f ( x) +
20 20

f ( x)
=
1
20 (
3 ( 2 x 2 − 1) + 57
5
)
∫ sec
2
b 2x dx

1
= tan 2 x + C
2

3 1 π
= tan 2   + C
2 2 6

3 3
= +C
2 2

C =0

1
f ( x) = tan 2 x
2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 146

 ∫e
5x
c dx

1 5x
= e +C
5

1 1
= +C
5 5

C =0

1
f ( x ) = e5 x
5

∫ x (x − 15 ) dx
3 4 3
d

u=
x 4 − 15, 4
du =x3 dx

1
∫ 4u
3
du

1 u4
= × +C
4 4

(x − 15 )
4 4

= +C
16

(2 − 15 )
4 4

=0 +C
16

1
=
0 +C
16

1
C= −
16

(x − 15 )
4 4
1
f ( x)
= −
16 16

f ( x=
)
1
16
( (
x 4 − 15 ) − 1  
4
)

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 147

 3x3
e ∫ x 4 + 1 dx
u=x 4 + 1, 4
du =x3 dx

1
3∫ du
4u

3
= ln u + C
4

ln ( x 4 + 1) + C
3
=
4

=2
3
4
( 4
)
ln ( 0 ) + 1 + C

2=C

ln ( x 4 + 1) + 2
3
( x)
f=
4

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 148

Question 33

t2
a ∫ t3 + 9
dt

u=
t 3 + 9, 3
du =t 2 dt

1
∫ 1
du
2
3u

1 − 12
∫ 3 u du
1
1
=× 2u 2 + C
3

2 3
=
x t +9 +C
3

2
=
−2 ( 0) +9 +C
3

−2 = 2 + C

C = −4

2 3
=
x t +9 −4
3

2 3
b =
x t +9 −4
3

2
( 5)
x= ( 5) +9 −4
3

x ( 5 ) = 3.7 m

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 149

 2 3
c =
x t +9 −4
3

2 3
=
10 t +9 −4
3

2 3
=
14 t +9
3

=
21 t3 + 9

441= t 3 + 9

t 3 = 432

t = 7.6 s

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 150

Challenge exercise 6

Question 1

a ) x3 + x
f ( x=

Show − f ( x ) =f ( − x )

− f ( x) =− x3 − x

f ( − x ) =( − x ) + ( − x ) =− x 3− x
3

∴− f ( x=
) f (−x)

∫ (x + x ) dx
2
3
b
−2

2
 x4 x2 
=  + 
 4 2  −2

 ( 2 )4 ( 2 )2   ( −2 )4 ( −2 )2 
=  + − + 
 4 2   4 2 
   

=0

c f ( x=
) x3 + x

∫ (x + x ) dx
2
3
−2

∫ (x + x ) dx + ∫ ( x 3 + x ) dx
0 2
= 3
−2 0

0 2
 x4 x2   x4 x2 
=  +  + + 
 4 2  −2  4 2  0

 ( 0 )4 ( 0 )2   ( −2 )4 ( −2 )2   ( 2 )4 ( 2 )2   ( 0 )4 ( 0 )2 
=  + − + + + − + 
 4 2   4 2   4 2   4 2 


= 12 units 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 151

 Question 2

sec 2 x
a RHS =
tan x

1
2
= cos x
sin x
cos x

1
2
= cos x
sin x
cos x

1 cos x
= 2
×
cos x sin x

1 1
= ×
cos x sin x

= sec x cosec x

= LHS
π π
sec 2 x
b = ∫π3 cosec x sec x dx = ∫ π
3
dx
4 4 tan x

= =
u tan x, sec
du 2
x dx

π
du
∫ π
4
3
u
.

π
= [ ln u ] 3
π
4

π
= ln ( tan x )  3
π
4

   π      π  
=  ln  tan     −  ln  tan  4   
   3       

= ln 3 − 0

ln 3
=
2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 152

 Question 3

( x − 1) =5 − x 2
2

x2 − 2x + 1 = 5 − x2

2x2 − 2x − 4 =0

x2 − x − 2 =0

( x − 2 )( x + 1) =
0

x = −1, 2

∫ (5 − x − x 2 + 2 x − 1) dx
2
2
−1

∫ ( 4 − 2x + 2 x ) dx
2
= 2
−1

2
 2 x3 
=−
 3 + x + 4x
2

  −1

 2 ( 2 )3   2 ( −1)3 
= − + ( 2 ) + 4 ( 2 ) − − + ( −1) + 4 ( −1) 
2 2

 3   3 

= 9 units 2

Question 4
π

∫8
π
12
sec 2 2x dx

π
1 8
=  tan 2 x 
2 π
12

1  π   1  π 
=  tan  2 ×   −  tan  2 ×  
2  8   2  12  

1 3 3− 3
= − = units 2
2 6 6

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 153

Question 5

1 x
∫ dx
( 3x − 4)
0 2 2

u=3 x 2 − 4, 6
du = x dx

1 du
1
∫
0 6 u2

1
 1
= − 
 6u  0
1
 1 
= − 
 6 ( 3 x − 4 )  0
2

 1   1


= −  − − 
 6 3 (12 ) − 4
 ( ) (
  6 3 ( 0 )2 − 4
  ) 


1
=
8

Question 6

3
y=
x − 2 

3
x−2=
y

3
x= +2
y

3 3 
∫
1  + 2  dy
y 

0.5  3  3   3  3   3 
=   + 2 +  + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 
2  1  3   1.5  2   2.5 

= 7.35 units 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 154

Question 7

a y = x(x – 1)(x + 2)

x = –2, 0, 1

b y = x ( x − 1)( x + 2 )

y = x3 + x 2 − 2 x

∫ (x + x 2 − 2 x ) dx + ∫ ( x 3 + x 2 − 2 x ) dx
0 1
3
−2 0

0 1
 x 4 x3 2  x 4 x3 
=  + − x  +  + − x2 
4 3  −2  4 3 0

 ( 0 ) 4 ( 0 )3   ( −2 )4 ( −2 )3 
=  + − ( 0)  −  + − ( −2 ) 
2 2

 4 3   4 3 

 (1)4 (1)3   ( 0 ) 4 ( 0 )3 
+ − (1)  −  + − ( 0) 
2 2
+
 4 3   4 3 

1
=3 units 2
12

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 155

 Question 8

x 2= 4 − x

x2 + x − 4 =0

x = −2.56, 1.56

∫ ( 4 − x − x ) dx
1.56
2
−2.56

1.56 
 x 2 x3 
= 4 x − − 
 2 3  −2.56

 (1.56 ) (1.56 )   ( −2.56 ) ( 2.56 ) 

2 3 2 3

=  4 (1.56 ) − −  −  4 ( −2.56 ) − − 
 2 3   2 3 

= 11.68 units 2

Question 9

a =y x x+3

x
y′ = x+3 +
2 x+3

3( x + 2)
y′ =
2 x+3

2 x+2
3 ∫ x+3
b dx

2x x + 3
= +C
3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 156

 Question 10

a
d 2
dx
( x ln x )
1
= x 2 × + 2 x ln x
x

= x + 2 x ln x

= x (1 + 2ln [ x ])

2 ∫ (1 + 2ln [ x ])
3
b
1

3
= 2  x 2 ln x 
1

= 2 ( 3) ln ( 3) − (1) ln (1)
2 2

= 18ln 3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 157

 Question 11

x = x3

x = x6

=0 x ( x 5 − 1)

x = 0, 1

1  12 3
∫0  x − x  dx
1
 32 
 2x x4 
= −
 3 4
  0

 3
4  
3
4 

=  2 (1) 2
−
(1 )  −  2 ( 0 ) 2
−
( 0) 
 3 4   3 4 
   

5
= units 2
12

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 158

Question 12
49
a ∑2
0
0.2 n

= 1023 (1 + 20.2 + 20.4 + 20.6 + 20.8 )

= 6879.7

10 − 0
b =A × 6879.7
50

= 1375.94 units 2

100
c ∑2
1
0.1n

= 15 276.2

10 − 0
=A ×15 276.2
100

= 1527.6 units 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 159