SADLER MATHEMATICS

METHODS UNIT 3
WORKED SOLUTIONS
Chapter 3 Antidifferentiation

Exercise 3A

Question 1

dy
= x6
dx
x7
=
y +c
7

Question 2

dy
= x3
dx
x4
=
y +c
4

Question 3

dy
= 10 x 4
dx
10 x 5
=y +c
5
= 2 x5 + c

Question 4

dy
= 7 x2
dx
7 x3
=y +c
3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 1

 Question 5

dy
= 8x
dx
8x2
=y +c
2
= 4x2 + c

Question 6

dy
=8
dx
=
y 8x + c

Question 7
1
dy
= x2
dx
2 32
=y x +c
3

Question 8
1
dy
= x3
dx
3 43
=y x +c
4

Question 9
5
dy
= x2
dx
2 72
=y x +c
7

Question 10
3
dy
= 6x 2
dx
2 52
= y 6× x + c
5
12 52
= x +c
5

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 2

 Question 11
1
dy −
= 4x 2
dx
1
=y 4 × 2x + c 2

1
= 8x + c2

Question 12
1
dy −
= 4x 2
dx
=y 8 x +c

Question 13

dy
= 10 x −4
dx
10 x −3
=y +c
−3
10
= − 3 +c
3x

Question 14

dy
= −9 x −2
dx
−9 x −1
=y +c
−1
9
= +c
x

Question 15
1
dy −
= −16 x 2
dx
1
y=
−16 x .2 + c
2

=
−32 x + c

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 3

Question 16

dy
= 6x2 − 4x + 3
dx
y = 2 x3 − 2 x 2 + 3x + c

Question 17

dy
= 12 x 2 + 3
dx
y = 3x 4 + 3x + c

Question 18

dy
=x 3 + 3 x 2 + 2 x
dx
x4
y= + x3 + x 2 + c
4

Question 19

dy
=+
1 4 x + 18 x 2
dx
y =+
x 2 x 2 + 6 x3 + c

Question 20
1
dy
= 3x 2 + 6 x
dx
3
2
=
y 3x 2 × + 3x 2 + c
3
3
= 2 x + 3x 2 + c
2

Question 21

dy
= 3 x 2 + 14 x + 8
dx
y = x3 + 7 x 2 + 8 x + c

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 4

Question 22

(3 x + 2)( x + 4) = 3 x 2 + 14 x + 8
dy
= 3 x 2 + 14 x + 8
dx
y = x3 + 7 x 2 + 8 x + c

Question 23

dy
= x 2 + 4 x − 12
dx
x3
y = + 2 x 2 − 12 x + c
3

Question 24

dy
= 9x2 − 4
dx
y = 3x3 − 4 x + c

Question 25

dy
= 12 x3 + 12 x
dx
y = 3x 4 + 6 x 2 + c

Question 26

dy
= 4x + 5
dx
y = 2 x2 + 5x + c

Question 27

dy
= 2 x −2 + x −3
dx
−1 x −2
y= −2 x + +c
−2
2 1
=− − 2 +c
x 2x

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 5

Question 28
1 1
dy −
= 6x 2 + 4x 2
dx
2 32 1
y = 6 × x + 4x 2 × 2 + c
3
3 1
= 4 x 2 + 8x 2 + c

Question 29
1 3
dy −
= x 2 − x2
dx
1
2 52
y =2 x − x + c
2
5
2 5
=2 x − x +c
5

Question 30
1
dy −
= x 2 +1
dx
1
y= 2 x 2 + x + c
= 2 x + x+c

Question 31

dy
= 6x2 + 1
dx
y= 2 x 3 + x + c
13= 2(8) + 2 + c
c = −5
∴ y= 2 x 3 + x − 5

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 6

Question 32

dy
= 4x − 3
dx
y = 2 x 2 − 3x + c
29 = 2(−3) 2 − 3(−3) + c
= 27 + c
29
c=2
∴ y= 2 x 2 − 3 x + 2

Question 33

dA
= 1 − 6t −2
dt
A= t + 6t −1 + c
−2 = 2 + 3 + c
c = −7
6
∴ A =t + − 7
t

Question 34
1
dv −
= x+x 2
dx
1
x2
v = + 2x 2 + c
2
2 =8+ 4+c
c = −10
x2
∴v= + 2 x − 10
2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 7

Question 35

6 x 2 5 −2
a f ′(=
x) − x
5 6
6 x3 5 −1
=
f ( x) × + x
5 3 6
2 x3 5
= + +c
5 6x

2 5
51= × 125 + +c
5 6(5)
1
c = 51 − 50 −
6
5
=
6
2 x3 5 5
f ( x) = + +
5 6x 6

2 5 5
b f (1) = + +
5 6 6
31
=
15

2 5 5
c f (−1) =− − +
5 6 6
2
= −
5

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 8

 Exercise 3B

Question 1

∫ (3x + 2) dx
3

1
3∫
= 3(3x + 2)3 dx

1 (3 x + 2) 4
= × +c
3 4
1
= (3 x + 2) 4 + c
12

Question 2

∫ (3x + 2) dx
4

1
=
3 ∫ 3(3 x + 2) 4 dx

1 (3 x + 2)5
= × +c
3 5
1
= (3 x + 2)5 + c
15

Question 3

∫ x(3x + 2)dx
= ∫ (3 x + 2 x) dx
2

= x3 + x 2 + c

Question 4

∫ (1 + 5 x) dx
4

1
=
5 ∫ 5 (1 + 5 x) 4 dx

1 (1 + 5 x)5
= × +c
5 5
1
= (1 + 5 x)5 + c
25

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 9

 Question 5

∫ (1 − 5 x) dx
3

1
− ∫ (−5) (1 − 5 x)3 dx
=
5
1 (1 − 5 x) 4
=
− × +c
5 4
1
=
− (1 − 5 x) 4 + c
20

Question 6

∫ 10 x( x + 5) dx
2 4

= 5∫ 2 x( x + 5) dx 2 4

( x 2 + 5)5
= 5× +c
5
= ( x 2 + 5)5 + c

Question 7

∫ 20 x( x − 7) dx
2 4

= 10 ∫ 2 x( x − 7) dx 2 4

( x 2 − 7)5
= 10 × +c
5
= 2( x 2 − 7)5 + c

Question 8

x(1 + 5 x) 2
= x(1 + 10 x + 25 x 2 )
=
x + 10 x 2 + 25 x 3

∫ x + 10 x + 25 x 3 dx
2

x 2 10 x 3 25 x 4
= + + +c
2 3 4

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 10

 Question 9

∫ (2 x + 1) dx
2

1
2∫
= 2(2 x + 1) 2 dx

1 (2 x + 1)3
= × +c
2 3
1
= (2 x + 1)3 + c
6

Question 10

x(2 x + 1) 2
= x(4 x 2 + 4 x + 1)
= 4 x3 + 4 x 2 + x

∫ (4 x + 4 x 2 + x) dx
3

4 x3 x 2
= x4 + + +c
3 2

Question 11

∫ (5 x + 1) dx
3

1
5∫
= 5(5 x + 1)3 dx

1 (5 x + 1) 4
= × +c
5 4
1
= (5 x + 1) 4 + c
20

Question 12

∫ 21(5 − 7 x) dx
3

= −3∫ (−7) (5 − 7 x) dx 3

(5 − 7 x) 4
=
−3 × +c
4
3(5 − 7 x) 4
=
− +c
4

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 11

 Question 13

∫ 16(2 x + 1) dx
3

= 8∫ 2(2 x + 1) dx 3

(2 x + 1) 4
= 8× +c
4
= 2(2 x + 1) 4 + c

Question 14

∫ 45(3x − 2) dx
4

= 15∫ 3(3 x − 2) dx 4

(3 x − 2)5
= 15 × +c
5
= 3(3 x − 2)5 + c

Question 15

d 2
( x − x + 3) = 2 x − 1
dx

∫ (x − x + 3) 4 (2 x − 1) dx
2

( x 2 − x + 3)5
= +c
5

Question 16

∫ 48(6 x + 1) dx
3

= 8∫ 6(6 x + 1) dx 3

(6 x + 1) 4
= 8× +c
4
= 2(6 x + 1) 4 + c

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 12

 Question 17

∫ 2(5 x + 1) dx
3

2
5∫
= 5(5 x + 1)3 dx

2 (5 x + 1) 4
= × +c
5 4
1
= (5 x + 1) 4 + c
10

Question 18

d
(3 x 2 − 6 x + 1) = 6 x − 6
dx
= 6( x − 1)

∫ 150( x − 1)(3x − 6 x + 1) dx
2

= 25∫ 6( x − 1)(3x − 6 x + 1) dx + c
2 4

(3x 2 − 6 x + 1)5
25 × +c
5
= 5(3 x 2 − 6 x + 1)5 + c

Question 19

∫ 5(3x − 1) dx
4

5
=
3 ∫ 3(3 x − 1) 4 dx

5 (3 x − 1)5
= × +c
3 5
1
= (3 x − 1)5 + c
3

Question 20

∫ 3(9 x + 1) dx
2

1
=
3 ∫ 9(9 x + 1) 2 dx

1 (9 x + 1)3
= × +c
3 3
1
= (9 x + 1)3 + c
9

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 13

 Question 21

∫ x(3x + 4) dx
= ∫ (3 x + 4) xdx 2

=x3 + 2 x 2 + c

Question 22

∫ 2(3x − 1) dx
2

2
=
3 ∫ 3(3 x − 1) 2 dx

2 (3 x − 1)3
= × +c
3 3
2
= (3 x − 1)3 + c
9

Question 23

2 x( x − 1) 2
= 2 x( x 2 − 2 x + 1)
= 2 x3 − 4 x 2 + 2 x

∫ 2 x( x − 1) dx
2

= ∫ (2 x − 4 x + 2 x)dx
3 2

2 x 4 4 x3
= − + x2 + c
4 3
1 4 4 3
= x − x + x2 + c
2 3

Question 24

( x + 1)( x − 1) = x 2 − 1

∫ (x − 1) dx
2

1 3
= x −x+c
3

Question 25

∫ (1 + x) dx
3

1
= (1 + x) 4 + c
4

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 14

 Question 26

∫ (1 − x) dx
3

=− ∫ (−1)(1 − x) dx 3

(1 − x) 4
=
− +c
4

Question 27

∫ x(1 + x) dx
∫ ( x + x ) dx
2

1 1
= x + x3 + c
2 3

Question 28

∫ 2 x(1 + x) dx
2

∫ (2 x + 4 x + 2 x) dx
3 2

x 4 4 x3
= + + x2 + c
2 3

Question 29

∫ 12 x(1 + x ) dx
2 2

= 6 ∫ 2 x(1 + x ) dx 2 2

(1 + x 2 )3
= 6× +c
3
=2(1 + x 2 )3 + c

Question 30

∫ 2 x(1 + x ) dx
2 6

(1 + x 2 )7
= +c
7

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 15

 Question 31

∫ −24(1 − 2 x) dx
3

= 12 ∫ (−2)(1 − 2 x) dx 3

(1 − 2 x) 4
= 12 × +c
4
=3(1 − 2 x) 4 + c

Question 32

∫ 54(2 x − 1) dx
8

= 27 ∫ 2(2 x − 1) dx 8

(2 x − 1)9
= 27 × +c
9
= 3(2 x − 1)9 + c

Question 33

∫ 15(5 − 6 x) dx
4

5
− ∫ (−6)(5 − 6 x) 4 dx
=
2
5 (5 − 6 x)5
=
− × +c
2 5
1
=
− (5 − 6 x)5 + c
2

Question 34

∫ (3 − 2 x) dx
3

1
− ∫ (−2)(3 − 2 x)3 dx
=
2
1 (3 − 2 x) 4
=
− × +c
2 4
1
=
− (3 − 2 x) 4 + c
8

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 16

 Question 35

∫ 6(2 x − 3) dx
8

= 3∫ 2(2 x − 3) dx 8

(2 x − 3)9
= 3× +c
9
1
= (2 x − 3)9 + c
3

Question 36

∫ 12(5 − 6 x) dx
3

= −2 ∫ (−6)(5 − 6 x) dx 3

(5 − 6 x) 4
=
−2 × +c
4
1
=
− (5 − 6 x) 4 + c
2

Question 37

d 2
( x + x + 3) = 2 x + 1
dx
∫ (2 x + 1)( x + x + 3) 4 dx
2

( x 2 + x + 3)5
= +c
5

Question 38

∫ 20 x(5 x + 3) dx
2 7

= 2 ∫ 10 x(5 x + 3) dx 2 7

(5 x 2 + 3)8
= 2× +c
8
(5 x 2 + 3)8
= +c
4

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 17

 Question 39

d 2
( x − x + 3) = 2 x − 1
dx
= −1(1 − 2 x)

∫ (1 − 2 x)( x − x + 3) dx
2 4

=− ∫ (2 x − 1)( x − x + 3) dx
2 4

=− ∫ (2 x − 1)( x − x + 3)
2 4

( x 2 − x + 3)5
=
− +c
5

Question 40

∫ ( x + 2)
−4
dx
( x + 2) −3
= +c
−3
1
=
− +c
3( x + 2)3

Question 41

∫ 5( x + 1)
−2
dx
( x + 1) −2
= 5∫ dx
−2
( x + 1) −1
= 5× +c
−1
5
=− +c
( x + 1)

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 18

 Question 42

d 2
( x − 2 x + 1) = 2 x − 2
dx
1
1 − x =− (2 x − 2)
2
∫ (1 − x)( x − 2 x + 1) dx
2 3

1
= − ∫ (2 x − 2)( x 2 − 2 x + 1)3 dx
2
1 ( x 2 − 2 x + 1) 4
= − ×
2 4
( x − 2 x + 1) 4
2
= − +c
8

Question 43

∫ 2( x + 3)
−3
dx
( x + 3) −2
= 2× +c
−2
1
=− +c
( x + 3) 2

Question 44

∫ 18 x( x − 3) dx
2 −4

= 9 ∫ 2 x( x − 3) dx 2 −4

( x 2 − 3) −3
= 9× +c
−3
3
=− 2 +c
( x − 3)3

Question 45

∫ ( x − 2)
−2
dx
( x − 2) −1
= +c
(−1)
1
=
− +c
( x − 2)
1
= +c
2− x

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 19

 Question 46

∫ (2 x − 1)
−2
dx
1
2
=∫ 2(2 x − 1) −2 dx

1 (2 x − 1) −1
= × +c
2 −1
1 1
=
− × +c
2 (2 x − 1)
1
= +c
2(1 − 2 x)

Question 47

∫ 20(3 − 2 x) dx
−3

= −10 ∫ (−2)(3 − 2 x) −3
dx
(3 − 2 x) −2
=
−10 × +c
−2
5
= +c
(3 − 2 x) 2

Question 48

d
(3 x 2 − x + 1) = 6 x − 1
dx
∫ 10(6 x − 1)(3x − x + 1) 4 dx
2

10 ∫ (6 x − 1)(3 x 2
− x + 1) 4 dx
(3 x 2 − x + 1)5
10 × +c
5
= 2(3 x 2 − x + 1)5 + c

Question 49

− ∫ ( x − 2) −3 dx
( x − 2) −2
=
− +c
−2
1
= +c
2( x − 2) 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 20

 Question 50

∫ 12(3x − 1) dx
−2

= 4 ∫ 3(3 x − 1) dx −2

(3 x − 1) −1
= 4× +c
−1
−4
= +c
(3 x − 1)
4
= +c
1 − 3x

Question 51

∫ 20(1 − 5 x) dx
−3

= −4 ∫ (−5)(1 − 5 x) −3
dx
(1 − 5 x) −2
=
−4 × +c
−2
2
= +c
(1 − 5 x) 2

Question 52
1

∫ (3x + 2) 2 dx
1
1
3∫
= 3(3 x + 2) 2 dx
3
1 (3 x + 2) 2
= × 3
+c
3 2
3
2
= (3 x + 2) 2 + c
9

Question 53
1

∫ 12(2 x − 5) 2 dx
1
= 6 ∫ 2(2 x − 5) 2 dx
3
(2 x − 5) 2
= 6× 3
+c
2
3
= 4(2 x − 5) 2 + c

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 21

 Question 54
1
−
∫ 6(1 + 2 x) 2 dx
1
−
= 3∫ 2(1 + 2 x) 2 dx
1
(1 + 2 x) 2
= 3× 1
+c
2

= 6 1+ 2x + c

Question 55

∫ (1 + (1 − 5 x) ) dx
2

1
= ∫ 1dx − 5 ∫ (−5)(1 − 5 x) dx
2

1 (1 − 5 x)3
=
x− +c
5 3
1
=
x − (1 − 5 x)3 + c
15

Question 56
1

∫ 12(3x − 2) dx 3

1
= 4 ∫ 3(3 x − 2) 3 dx
4
(3 x − 2) 3
= 4× 4
+c
3
4
= 3(3 x − 2) 3 + c

Question 57

∫ 1 + x(1 − 5 x) dx
2

= ∫ (1 + x − 10 x + 25 x ) dx 2 3

1 2 10 x 3 25 x 4
=
x+ x − + +c
2 3 4

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 22

 Question 58

∫ 12(2 x − 3) dx
−4

= 6 ∫ 2(2 x − 3) dx −4

(2 x − 3) −3
= 6× +c
−3
2
=
− +c
(2 x − 3)3

Question 59

∫ (12(2 x + 1) + 9(3x − 2) )dx

2 2

= 6 ∫ 2(2 x + 1) dx + 3∫ 3(3 x − 2)
2 2
dx
(2 x + 1)3 (3 x − 2)3
= 6× + 3× +c
3 3
= 2(2 x + 1)3 + (3 x − 2)3 + c

Question 60

 1 1

∫  ( x + 3) 2
+ ( x + 1) 2
dx

3 3
2 2
= ( x + 3) 2 + ( x + 1) 2 + c
3 3

Question 61

d 2
( x + 3 x − 1) = 2 x + 3
dx
10 x + 15= 5(2 x + 3)
1
−
∫ (10 x + 15)( x + 3 x − 1) dx
2 2

1
−
= 5∫ (2 x + 3)( x 2 + 3 x − 1) 2 dx
1
( x 2 + 3 x − 1) 2
5× 1
+c
2
1
= 10( x 2 + 3 x − 1) 2 + c
= 10 x 2 + 3 x − 1 + c

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 23

 Question 62

dA
= 6( p + 1) 2
dp
=A 6 ∫ ( p + 1) 2 dx
6( p + 1)
3
= +c
3
= 2( p + 1)3 + c
= 16 + c
21
c=5
∴ A= 2( p + 1)3 + 5

Question 63

= ∫ 20(2 x + 1) dx
4
y

= 10 ∫ 2(2 x + 1) dx
4

(2 x + 1)5
= 10 × +c
5
= 2(2 x + 1)5 + c
25= 2 + c
c = 23
∴=
y 2(2 x + 1)5 + 23

Question 64

f ′=
( x) 32(3 − 2 x)3
−16 ∫ (−2)(3 − 2 x)3 dx
f ( x) =
(3 − 2 x) 4
=−16 × +c
4
=−4(3 − 2 x) 4 + c
1 =−4 + c
c=5
∴ f ( x) =
−4(3 − 2 x) 4 + 5

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 24

 Question 65

dy 3
= 15 x(5 x 2 −= 1) 2 × 10 x (5 x − 1)
2 2

dx 2
3
2∫
= y 10 x(5 x 2 − 1) 2 dx

3 (5 x 2 − 1)3
= × +c
2 3
(5 x 2 − 1)3
= +c
2
= 32 + c
40
c =8
(5 x 2 − 1)3
=
∴y +8
2

Question 66

= ∫ 100t (t + 1) −3 dx
2
v

= 50 ∫ 2t (t 2
+ 1) −3 dx
(t 2 + 1) −2
= 50 × +c
−2
25
=− 2 +c
(t + 1) 2
When t = 2
25
7= − 2 +c
(2 + 1) 2
c =8
25
∴ v =− +8
(t + 1) 2
2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 25

 Question 67

∫ −10(2t − 1) dx
−2
x=

−5∫ 2(2t − 1) −2 dx
=
(2t − 1) −1
=−5 × +c
−1
5
= +c
(2t − 1)
When t = -1
5
=
2 +c
−1
c=7
5
=
∴x +7
(2t − 1)

Question 68

= ∫ 24(2 x − 1) dx
3
y
= 12 ∫ 2(2 x − 1) dx 3

(2 x − 1) 4
= 12 × +c
4
= 3(2 x − 1) 4 + c
When x = 0
5= 3 + c
c=2
∴=
y 3(2 x − 1) 4 + 2

b y = 3(2 − 1) 4 + 2
=5

c 245= 3(2 x − 1) 4 + 2
= 3(2 x − 1) 4
243
=
81 (2 x − 1) 4

(2 x − 1) =3 or (2 x − 1) =−3
2x = 4 2 x = −2
x= 2 x = −1

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 26

Exercise 3C

Question 1

a =
v 6t 2 + 4
dv
=
a = 12t
dt
=
At t 4,= a 48 m/s 2

= ∫ (6t + 4)dt
2
b x
= 2t 3 + 4t + c
5 = 2+4+c
c = −1
∴ x= 2t 3 + 4t − 1

When t = 2,
x = 2(2)3 + 4(2) − 1
= 23 m

Question 2

a a= 6t − 2
When t = 1
a = 4 m/s 2

b =v ∫ (6t − 2)dt
= 3t 2 − 2t + c
1 = 3(0) − 2(0) + c
∴ v= 3t 2 − 2t + 1
When t = 4,
v = 3(4) 2 − 2(4) + 1
= 9 m/s

= ∫ (3t − 2t + 1)dt
2
c x
x = t3 − t2 + t + c
5 = 0−0+0+c
∴ x = t3 − t2 + t + 5
When t = 3,
x = 27 − 9 + 3 + 5
= 26 m

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 27

Question 3

a =
a 2t (5 − 6t )
v = ∫ adt
= ∫ 2t (5 − 6t )dt
= ∫ (10t − 12t )dt
2

= 5t 2 − 4t 3 + c

When =t 0,=v 2
2 = 0−0+c
c=2
∴ v= 5t 2 − 4t 3 + 2

When t = 2,
v = 5(4) − 4(8) + 2
= −10 m/s

b 10 m/s

c x = ∫ vdt

= ∫ (5t − 4t 3 + 2)dt
2

5 3 4
= t − t + 2t + c
3

When= t 0,= x 0
∴c = 0
5
x = t 3 − t 4 + 2t
3

When t = 3,
5 3
x= (3) − (3) 4 + 2(3)
3
5
= × 27 − 81 + 6
3
= −30 m

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 28

 Question 4

=a 6(t + 1) −3
=t 0,=v 2,= x 5

∫ 6(t + 1)
−3
∴=
v dt
6(t + 1) −2
= +c
−2
3
=− +c
(t + 1) 2
3
2 =− + c
1
c=5
−3
=v +5
(t + 1) 2

When t = 4
−3
=
v +5
25
= 4.88 m/s

x = ∫ (−3(t + 1) −2 + 5)dt
−3(t + 1) −1
= + 5t + c
−1
3
t = +0+c
1
c=2
3
∴
= x + 5t + 2
(t + 1)

When t = 4,
3
x = + 20 + 2
5
= 22.6 m

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 29

 Question 5

v= (t + 1) −2

∫ (t + 1)
−2
=
x dt
(t + 1) −1
= +c
−1
−1
= +c
(t + 1)
−1
=
3 +c
1
c=4
1
⇒ x =− +4
(t + 1)

When t = 4,
1
x =− + 4
5
= 3.8 m

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 30

Question 6
1
a a= 2 + t 2
1
=
v ∫ (2 + t 2 )dt
2 32
=2t + t + c
3

=
At t 0,=v 0,=c 0
2 3
v= 2t + t 2
3
t = 9,
3
2
=
v 18 + (32 ) 2
3
= 36 m/s

2 32
b =x ∫ (2t +
3
t )dt

2 2 5
=
t2 + × t 2 + c
3 5
4 52
=+
t2 t +c
15

Initially at 0, c = 0.
4 52
x= t 2 + t
15
5
4
= 81 + × (3 )2 2

15
= 145.8 m

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 31

 Question 7

5t + 4t −1 , t > 0
x=
dx
v=
dt
4
4= 5 −
t2
By ClassPad
t= ±2 but t > 0.
∴ t =2.
4
=x 5(2) +
(2) 2
= 12 m

Question 8

If a =8 − t, t ≥ 0
=
At t 0,= x 16,= v 20
=
v ∫ (8 − t )dt
t2
= 8t −+c
2
20 =0 − 02 + c
c = 20
t2
v = 8t − + 20
2
t2
2 = 8t − + 20
2
By ClassPad : t = −2, 18
∴ t =18

t2
x= ∫ (8t − 2
+ 20)dt

t3
= 4t 2 −
+ 20t + c
6
=t 0,=x 16,=c 16
t3
x = 4t 2 − + 20t + 16
6
When t = 18,
183
x= 4(18) 2 − + 20(18) + 16
6
= 700 m

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 32

 Question 9

48
=a (2t + 1) 2
5
48
= v ∫ (2t + 1) 2 dt
5
48 (2t + 1)3
= × +c
5 6
=44 1.6(3)3 + c
c = 0.8
∴
= v 1.6(2t + 1)3 + 0.8

1.6(2t + 1) 4
x = ∫ vdt = + 0.8t + c
4.2
(2t + 1) 4
= + 0.8t + c
5
When= t 1,= x 19
34
19 = + 0.8 + c
5
c=2
(2t + 1) 4
=
∴x + 0.8t + 2
5

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 33

 Question 10

a= 3t − 11
=v ∫ (3t − 11)dt
3t 2
= − 11t + c
2
When= t 0,= v 14
∴c = 14
3t 2
v= − 11t + 14
2

 3t 2 
=
x ∫ 2
 − 11t + 14 dt

3 2
t 11t
= − + 14t + c
2 2
=t 0,= x 0
∴c = 0

When body at 0,
t 3 11t 2
0= − + 14t
2 2
By ClassPad, t = 0s, 4s, 7s
At t = 4,
3 2
v= (4) − 11(4) + 14
2
= −6 m/s

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 34

Question 11

a =t 0,=v 0,= x 0
a= 18 − 6t
=v ∫ (18 − 6t )dt
= 18t − 3t 2 + c
Given v = 0 when t = 0, ∴ c = 0
so=
v 18t − 3t 2

When body is at rest, v = 0

=0 t (18 − 3t )
=∴t 0 = or t 6
Body is next at rest at t = 6

= ∫ (18t − 3t
2
x )dt
= 9t 2 − t 3 + c
=t 0,= x 0,= c 0
∴ x= 9t 2 − t 3

=
When t 6,=x 9.62 − 63
= 108 m

b x when t = 5,
=x 9 × 52 − 53
= 100 m

x when t = 6,
x = 108 m

x when t = 7,
=x 9 × 7 2 − 73
= 98 m

Distance of t= 5 to t= 6= 8 m
Distance of t= 6 to t= 7= 10 m
∴ Total distance =18 m

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 35

Question 12

a =t 0,=x 0,=v 0
a = 0.25
=v 0.25t + c
but t = 0, v = 0 ∴ c = 0
v = 0.25t

x = ∫ 0.25tdt
= 0.125t 2 + c
When t = 0, x = 0 ⇒ c = 0
t2
so x =
8
1202
∴=
x = 1800 m
8
= 1.8 km

b v = 0.25(120)
= 30 m/s

Question 13
a=a
=t 0,=v u=
,s 0
v = ∫ a dt
= at + c
=
When t 0,=v u
u=c
∴ v = at + u

=s ∫ (u + at )dt
1 2
=+
ut at + c
2
When t = 0, s = 0 ∴ c = 0
1
=
s ut + at 2
2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 36

Question 14

a= 6t + 1
When= t 2,=s 12.
When= t 3,=s 34.
v= 3t 2 + t + c
x = ∫ v dt
t2
= t3 + + ct + k
2
At t = 2,
12 = 8 + 2 + 2c + k
2c + k = 2

At t = 3,
1
34 = 27 + 4 + 3c + k
2
1
3c + k = 2
2
1
k =2 − 2c =2 − 3c
2
1
c=
2
∴k = 1
t2 t
∴ s = t3 + + +1
2 2

When t = 4,
s = 64 + 8 + 2 + 1
= 75 m
1
v= 3t 2 + t +
2
1
= 3 × 16 + 4 +
2
= 52.5 m/s

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 37

 Question 15

=
a (3t + 2) m/s 2
=t 0, v > 0
s4 − s3 =
30
=v ∫ (3t + 2)dt
3t 2
= + 2t + c
2
∴ c > 0 (body has initial positive velocity)

 3t 2 
=
s ∫  2 + 2t + c dt
t3
= + t 2 + ct + k
2
1
s4 − s3= (32 + 16 + 4c + k ) − (13 + 9 + 3c + k )= 30
2
25.5 + c =30
c = 4.5

3 2
∴ v= t + 2t + 4.5
2
When t = 5,
3
=
v × 25 + 10 + 4.5
2
= 52 m/s

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 38

Miscellaneous exercise three

Question 1

y =+( x 3)( x 2 + 1)
dy
=( x + 3)(2 x) + ( x 2 + 1)(1)
dx
= 2x2 + 6x + x2 + 1
= 3x 2 + 6 x + 1

Question 2

y =−
( x 5)( x 2 − 7)
dy
=( x − 5)(2 x) + ( x 2 − 7)(1)
dx
= 2 x 2 − 10 x + x 2 − 7
= 3 x 2 − 10 x − 7

Question 3

y = ( x + 1)( x 2 + x + 1)
dy
= ( x + 1)(2 x + 1) + ( x 2 + x + 1)(1)
dx
= 2 x 2 + 3x + 1 + x 2 + x + 1
= 3x 2 + 4 x + 2

Question 4

y =(2 x − 3)( x 2 + 5)
dy
= (2 x − 3)(2 x) + ( x 2 + 5)(2)
dx
= 4 x 2 − 6 x + 2 x 2 + 10
= 6 x 2 − 6 x + 10

Question 5

y= (3 x − 2)(3 x 2 + x − 1)
dy
= (3 x − 2)(6 x + 1) + (3 x 2 + x − 1)(3)
dx
= 18 x 2 − 9 x − 2 + 9 x 2 + 3 x − 3
= 27 x 2 − 6 x − 5

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 39

Question 6

y = (4 x + 1)( x 2 − 5 x + 1)
dy
= (4 x + 1)(2 x − 5) + ( x 2 − 5 x + 1)(4)
dx
= 8 x 2 − 18 x − 5 + 4 x 2 − 20 x + 4
= 12 x 2 − 38 x − 1

Question 7

a f (=
x) (2 x − 3)5
f=
'( x) 5(2 x − 3) 4 × 2
= 10(2 x − 3) 4

b f ′(2) 10(2(2) − 3) 4
=
= 10

c f ′′( x) 4 × 10(2 x − 3)3 × 2

=
= 80(2 x − 3)3

d f ′′(2) 80(2(2) − 3)3

=
= 80

Question 8

y′= 3ax 2 + 2 x + b
y′=
(2) 3a (2) 2 + 2(2) =
+ b 50
12a + 4 + b = 50
12a + b = 46

y′′= 6ax + 2= 23
y′′(1)
= 6a (1) +=
2 23
6a = 21
a = 3.5
12(3.5) + b =46
42 + b =46
b=4

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 40

 Question 9

x = 2t 3 − 9t 2 + 5
dx
=
v = 6t 2 − 18t
dt
dv
=
a = 12t − 18
dt
12t − 18 = 0
12t = 18
t = 1.5

When t = 1.5,
=v 6(1.5) 2 − 18(1.5)
= −13.5 m/s

When t = 1.5,
x = 2(1.5)3 − 9(1.5) 2 + 5
= −8.5 m

Question 10

dy
a =6 x + 2 =−10
dx
6 x = −12
x = −2
When x = −2,
y = 3(−2) 2 + 2(−2)
=8
∴ (−2, 8)

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 41

 dy
b = 3 x 2 − 5= 43
dx
3 x 2 = 48
x 2 = 16
x = ±4
When x = 4,
=
y 43 − 5(4)
= 44

When x = −4,
y =(−4)3 − 5(−4)
= 44
∴ (−4, −44) and (4, 44)

dy (3 x + 1)(−1) − 3(5 − x)
c =
dx (3 x + 1) 2

−16
=1
(3 x + 1) 2
(3 x + 1) 2 =16
3 x + 1 =±4
3 x =−1 ± 4
−1 ± 4
x=
3
5
= − ,1
3

5
When x = − ,
3
5
5+
y= 3
5
3× ( ) +1
3
5
= −
3

When x = 1,
5 −1
y=
3 +1
=1
 5 5
∴ (1, 1) and  − , − 
 3 3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 42

Question 11

a When = t 0,= x 0,=v 0

a = 28 − 0.2t 0 ≤ t ≤ 120
=v ∫ (28 − 0.2t )dt
0.2t 2
=28t − +c
2
=28t − 0.1t 2 + c

At t = 0, v = 0 ∴ c = 0
∴ v= 28t − 0.1t 2

x = ∫ vdt

= ∫ (28t − 0.1t
2
)dt
28t 2 0.1t 3
= − +c
2 3
t2
= 14t 2 − + c
30
At t = 0, x = 0 ∴ c = 0
t2
∴ x= 14t 2 −
30

After 1 minute, t = 60
 603 
=x 14(60) −
2
m
 30 
= 43200 m
= 43.2 km

b After 2 minute, t = 120

 1203 
=x 14(120) 2 − m
 30 
= 144 km

c After 3 minute, t = 180

 1803 
=x 14(180) 2 − m
 30 
= 259.2 km

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 43

Question 12

Marginal cost
dC 1 2
= n − 24n + 800
dn 4
When n = 100,
dC 1
= × 1002 − 24(100) + 800
dn 4
= $900
It means that the cost per item at this time is $900 and the 101st item will cost $900.

Question 13

300
xy= 300 ⇒ y=
x
Cost= 9(2 x + y ) + 15 y
= 18 x + 9 y + 15 y
= 18 x + 24 y
300
= 18 x + 24 ×
x
7200
= 18 x +
x

dC 7200
= 18 − 2
dx x
7200
= 18
x2
7200
x2 =
18
x = 400
2

x = 20
300
y=
20
= 15
∴ Measurements of area 15 m by 20 m with one of the 15 m sides having the $15/m fencing.

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 44

Question 14

1000 p
a i C=
100 − p
1000 × 1
= 10.10
100 − 1
∴ $10

1000 × 5
ii C=
100 − 5
= 52.63
∴ $53

1000 × 50
iii C=
100 − 50
= 1000
∴ $1000

1000 × 95
iv C=
100 − 95
= 19 000
∴ $19 000

dC (100 − p )1000 − 1000 p (−1)

b =
dp (100 − p ) 2
100 000 − 1000 p + 1000 p
=
(100 − p ) 2
100 000
=
(100 − p ) 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 45

Question 15

a i C=
5(16) + 120 16 + 5000 f '( x) =
= $5560

ii C=5(400) − 120 400 + 5000

= $9400

5560
b i = $347.50
16

9400
ii = $23.50
400

dC 60
c = 5+
dx x

d i At x = 16,
dC 60
= 5+
dx 16
= $20

ii At x = 400,
dC 60
= 5+
dx 400
= $8

e C (17) − C (16)
= 5579.77 − 5560
= 19.77
$19.77 is close to $20.

C (401) − C (400)
= 9408.00 − 9400
= $8
This gives the same result.

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 46

Question 16

dy 54
=3(2 x + 5) 2 × 2 − 2
dx x
54
0 = 6(2 x + 5) 2 − 2
x
By ClassPad, x =−3, −1.5, −1, 0.5
When x =−3, y =−19 (−3, −19)
When x =
−1.5, y =
−28 (−1.5, −28)
When x =−1, y =−27 (−1, −27)
=
When =
x 0.5, y 324 (0.5, 324)
∴ There are four stationary points.

d2y 108
2
= 6 × 2(2 x + 5) × 2 + 3
dx x
108
= 24(2 x + 5) + 3
x
When x = −3,
d2y 108
= 24(−6 + 5) +
dx 2
−27
= −28
∴ (−3, −19) is a maximum point.

When x = −1.5,
d2y 108
= 24(−3 + 5) +
dx 2
(−1.5)3
= 16
∴ (−1.5, −28) is a minimum point.

When x = −1,
d2y 108
= 24(−2 + 5) +
dx 2
−1
= −36
∴ (−1, −27) is a maximum point.

When x = 0.5,
d2y 108
2
= 24(1 + 5) +
dx 0.53
= 1008
∴ (0.5, 324) is a minimum point.

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 47